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HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

OHIO.

VOLUME I

HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

OHIO

AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE STATE:

history both general and local, geography with descriptions
of its counties, cities and villages, its agricultural manu-
facturing, mining and business development, sketches
of eminent and interesting characters, etc.,
with notes of a tour over it in 1886.

Illustrated by about Five Hundred Engravings,

Contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-S8.

From drawings by the author in 184.6 and photographs taken in 1886, 1887

and 1888 of cities and chief towns, public buildings, historic localities,

monuments, curiosities, antiquities, portraits, maps, etc.

THE OHIO CENTENNIAL EDITION.

By HENRY HOWE, LL. D.,

HONORARY MEMBER OKTO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,

AUTHOR " HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF VIRGINIA n

AND OTHER WORKS.

Vol. I.

COLUMBUS:

HENRY HOWE & SON,

KING BUILDING.

[Sold by Canvassers Exclusively .J
Copyright, 1888, by Hbnxv Howb.

1890.

FERGUSON BROS. & CO.

PRINTERS ANO ELECTROTYPERS,

PHILADELPHIA.

PREFACE.

[This is the Preface to the first edition .issued in 1847, and printed
from the old plates.]

Introductory to this work, we state some facts of private history.

In the }ear 1831, Mr. John W. Barber of New Haven, Ct., prepared a
work upon that our native city, which combined history, biography and dp.
scription, and was illustrated by engravings connected with its rise, progress
and present condition. Its success suggested to him the preparation of one, on
a similar plan, relative to the State. For this object he travelled through it,
from town to town, collecting tb e materials and taking sketches. After two
years of industrious application in this, and in writing the volume, the His-
torical Collections of Connecticut was issued, a work which, like its suc-
cessors, was derived from a thou sand different sources, oral and published.

As in the ordinary mode, the circulation of books through "the trade," is
so slow in progress and limited in sale, that no merely local work, however
meritorious, involving such an u'n isually heavy outlay of time and expense as
that, will pay even the mechanic al labor, it, as well as its successors, was
circulated by travelling agents solely, who thoroughly canvassed the state, until
it found its way into thousands of families in all ranks and conditions, — in
the retired farm-house equally with the more accessible city mansion.

That book, so novel in its character, was received with great favor, and
highly commended by the public press and the leading minds of the state.
It is true, it did not aspire to high literary merit : — the jignified style, — the
generalization of facts, — the philosophical deductions of regular history were
not there. On the contrary, not the least of its merits was its simplicity
of style, its fullness of detail, introducing minor, but interesting incidents,,
the other, in " its stately march," could not step aside to notice, and in avoid-
ing that philosophy which only tho scholastic can comprehend. It seemed,
in its variety, to have something adapted to all ages, classes and tastes, and
the unlearned reader, if he did not stop to peruse the volume, at least, in
nmny instances could derive gratification from the pictorial representation of
his native village — of perhaps the very dwelling in which he first drew
breath, and around which entwined oarly and cherished associations. The
book, therefore, reached more minds*, and has been more extensively read,
than any regular state history ever issued; thus adding another to the many
examples often seen, of the productions of industry and tact, proving of a
more extended utility than those emanating from profound scholastic ac-
quirements.

This publication becn^e the pioneer -of others : a complete list of all, with
the dates of tbe ; .r issui, follows :

1 2 36. The Hfsiv Com, <>v Connecticut ; by John W. Barber.
1^39. w " Massachusetts ; 4 * John W. Barber.

1^41. 4 l NewYp.rk; ' " J. W. Barber and H. Horr.

H43. •' N Pennsylvania; " Sherman Day.

1844 % ' 4 New Jgrsky ; " J. W. Barber arid H. Howe.

IS 45. n " Virginia ; " Henry Howe.

1*47. k4 ~ Ohio: " Henry Howe.

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14 PREFACE.

From this list it will he perceived that OHIO makes the seventh state
work published on the original plan of Mr. Barber, all of which thus fai
circulated, were alike favorably received in the states to which each respect,
ively related.

Early in January, 1846, we, with some previous time spent in preparation,
commenced our tour over Ohio, being the fourth state through which we
have travelled for such an object. We thus passed more than a year, in the
course of which we were in seventy-nine of its eighty-three counties, took
sketches of objects of interest, and every where obtained information by con-
versation with early settlers and men of intelligence. Beside this, we have
availed ourselves of all published sources of information, and have received
about four hundred manuscript pages in communications from gentlemen in
all parts of the state.

In this way, we are enabled to present a larger and more varied amount
of materials respecting Ohio, than was ever before embodied ; the whole
giving a view of its present condition and prospects, with a history of its
settlement, and incidents illustrating the customs, the fortitude, the bravery,
and the privations of its early settlers. That such a work, depicting the
rise and unexampled progress of a powerful state, destined to a controlling
influence over the well-being of the whole nation, will be looked upon with
interest, we believe : and furthermore expect, that it will be received in the
generous spirit which is gratified with honest endeavors to please, rathei
than in the captious one, that is dissatisfied short of an unattainable perfection.

Whoever expects to find the volume entirely free from defects, has but
little acquaintance with the difficulties ever attendant upon procuring such ma-
terials. In all of the many historical and descriptive works whose fidelity we
have had occasion to test, some misstatements were found. Although we
have taken the best available means to insure accuracy, yet from a variety
of causes unnecessary here to specify, some errors may have occurred. If
any thing materially wrong is discovered, any one will confer a favor by ad-
dressing a letter to the publishers, and it shall be corrected.

Our task has been a pleasant one. As we successively entered the va-
rious counties, we were greeted with the frank welcome, characteristic of
the west. And an evidence of interest in the enterprize has been variously
shown, not the least of which, has been by the reception of a mass of valua-
ble communications, unprecedented by us in the course of the seven years
we have been engaged in these pursuits. To all who have aided us, — to
our correspondents especially, some of whom have spent much time and re-
search, we feel under lasting obligations, and are enabled by their assistance
to present to the public a far better work, than could otherwise have been
produced. H. H.

MAP OF OHIO

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4" L.OSC1TI-DE W.FST VROM Wa^UIXCTOK

INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION.

A once aged friend of mine, now no longer aged, was wont to refine a very
beautiful life with golden scraps of philosophy that seemed to fit in with the
varying incidents of seeming good or ill that he or his friends met on their path-
way. One of his expressions was : " We don't know what is before us."

When, in 1847, 1 had written the preface on the preceding pages I could little
imagine that forty years later I should make a second tour over Ohio and put
forth a second edition Not a human being in any land that I know of has done
a like thing. It is in view of what I have been enabled to do for a great people
I regard myself as having been one of the most fortunate of men. A spot is
now reached which even in my dreams could not have been visioned, and I here
rejoice that in the year 1839, now just half a century, I turned my back on
Wall Street, with its golden allurements, where I had passed more than a year,
to follow an occupation that was congenial with my loves and would widely
benefit my fellow-men. " He that hasteth to be rich shall not be innocent," but
he that labors to spread knowledge in the form of good books that will reach
the humblest cabin in the wilderness will feed his own soul, and earth and sky
be a delight in his eyes all his days through.

When, in 1846, my snow-white companion, Old Pomp, carried me his willing
burden on his back entirely over Ohio it was a new land opening to the sun.
Its habitations were largely of logs, many of them standing in the margins of
deep forests, amid the girdled monsters that reared their sombre skeleton forms
over a soil for the first time brought under the benign influence of human culti-
vation.

So young was the land that in that year the very lawmakers, 84 out of 107,
were born strangers. The list of the nativities of the members of the legisla-
ture, which I have saved from that day, is as follows : Pennsylvania, 24 ; Ohio,
23 ; Virginia, 18 ; New York, 10 ; all the New England States, 18, of whom 6
were from Connecticut ; Maryland, 7 ; Europe, 6 ; Kentucky 1, and North Caro-
lina, 1. Only four years before had the State grown its first governor in the per-
son of Wilson Shannon, born in a log-cabin, down in Belmont county, in 1802,
and to be soon thereafter a fatherless infant, for George Shannon, whose son he
was, in the following winter, while out hunting, got lost in the woods in a snow-
storm, and, going around in a circle, at last grew sleepy, fell and froze to death.
The present governor, J. B. Foraker, that very year of my tour, was born in a
cabin in Highland county, July 5th, the day after the American flag had been
thrown out joyously to the breeze while booming cannon announced the seven-
tieth anniversary of that great day when the old bell proclaimed liberty and
independence throughout the land.

The very State Capitol, as is shown on these pages, in which the legislature
assembled, was a crude structure that scarce any Ohio village of this day would
rear for a school-house. But the legislators made wise laws, and on the night of

(i5)

16 INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION.

their adjournment in that year, after having been absent from their families for
months, were hilarious as so many school-boys, and to my astonished eyes from
their seats some of the more frolicsome were pelting each other with paper wads.
In September, 1847, I published my book in Cincinnati with 177 engravings,
mainly from my drawings. Seven years of my young life had been given to the
travel — very much of it pedestrian — over four States of the Union, and making
books upon them — New York and New Jersey in connection with Mr. J. W. Bar-
ber, and Virginia and Ohio alone. For thirty years Cincinnati was my home.
There my children were born and there I devoted myself to the writing and
publishing of books, a very secluded citizen, mingling not in affairs of church
nor State, still paying my pew-rent and always voting on election days a clean
ticket. In my life a third of a million of my books have gone out among the
people and done good — gone out exclusively in the hands of canvassers number-
ing in the aggregate thousands and penetrating every State in the Union.

In 1878 I returned to my native city, New Haven, and the proud, stately elms
appeared to welcome me, there in that charming spot where even the very bricks
of old Yale seem to ooze knowledge. In September, 1885, I resolved to again
make the tour of Ohio for a new edition. The romance of the project and its
difficulties were as inspirations. Since 1846 Ohio had more than doubled in
population, while its advance in intelligence and resources no arithmetic could
measure.

No publisher or capitalist, even if I had desired, which I did not, had the
courage to unite with me — the enterprise was too risky, involving years of time
and many thousands of expense, its success depending upon the uncertain tenure
of the life of a man entering his seventieth year. Furthermore, any publisher
would have looked upon my enterprise simply from the money-making point of
view. I should have been hampered for the means to make the work every way
worthy. I could brook no restrictions and would not give the people of this
great State any other than the best and most complete results of my efforts.
The book must be brought down to the wonderfully advanced point of the Ohio
of to-day. I could not in the years of labor required supply the capital to do
this, but my. health Was and is perfect, and I have a light body to move. I
formed my plan. First I went among my fellow-townsmen of means for a sub-
scription loan to fairly launch me upon the soil. They responded nobly, more
than glad to aid me, looking upon me as the instrument for a public good.
Some of them had been school-boys with me. Together we had conjugated in
the old Hopkins Grammar School : "Amo, amas, amat," " I love, thou lovest, he
loves," and this was a second conjugation.

In the meantime Judge Taft, Gov. Hoadley and ex-President Hayes had written
me encouraging words. I had known the three from their early lives. The
latter invited me to his home and was my first subscriber in the State. My plan
for getting over Ohio was by obtaining advance-paying subscribers. And so good
was the memory of the old book and so strong the love of the State with its
leading men upon whom I called that it worked to a charm. My tour had
something of the character of an ovation. I was continually greeted with ex-
pressions of gratitude from men of mark for the good my book had done them
in their young lives in feeding the fires of patriotism and in giving them an
accurate knowledge of their noble State. It had been the greatest factor extant
to that end, and, as Mr. R. B. Hayes, who has had no less than ten copies in the
course of his life, once wrote, has been of an inestimable benefit to the people.

INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION. 17

Sometimes the expressions of those upon whom I called were too strong for
my humility. One old gentleman said : u What ! you are not the Henry Howe
who wrote our Ohio History?" " Yes." With that he sprang for me, grasped
me around the waist, hugged me, lifted me off my feet and danced around the
floor. Short of stature, but strong as a bear, there was no resisting his hug.
Speaking of it afterward, he said he never did such a thing before — embracing a
man ! But when I told him who I was a crowd of memories of forty years came
upon him and he was enthused beyond control. In other cases old gentlemen
brought in their children to introduce to me. In many places visited I did not
offer my subscription list. Time would not allow ; only when funds were short
did I pause for the means to move. Beside, it is not honorable to draw upon
the resources of generous spirits beyond absolute necessity.

Everywhere I made arrangements with local photographers and took them to
the standpoints I selected for views to be taken. These were for new engravings
to make a pictorial contrast of the Ohio of 1&46 with that of 1886. About one
hundred were seen.

My tour finished, in March, 1887, 1 returned my family to Ohio — to Columbus
— for a permanent home, where, in connection with my son, I am now publishing
the work, and will endeavor to give every family in Ohio an opportunity to
obtain it through township canvassers. In no other possible way can the
people be reached and a fair remuneration given for the extraordinary labor and
expense.

No other State has in its completeness such a work as this, and none under
the same extraordinary circumstances of authorship. The introductory articles
are written by the best capacity in the State upon the subjects treated. Sketches
of those contributors are given with their articles, as I wish the living public and
that unborn to know about the gentlemen who have thus aided me.

And as for my own part, no one living has had an equal and like experience,
and my self-appointed task has absorbed the best of which I am capable. To
call it 1 a history tells but a part of the truth. So broad its scope that, to speak
figuratively, it is the State itself printed and bound, ready to go into every family
in the State, to show the people of every part concerning the whole collectively,
and each part in succession, and in all the varied aspects that go to form the
great Commonwealth of Ohio, and the history that went to make the sons of Ohio
the strong men they are, ever appearing in the front in every department of
activity and acquisition.

Wherever I have introduced living characters my rule has been to admit only
such as the public at large should know of, and never to the knowledge of those
introduced if it could be avoided. None have been allowed to pay their way
into this book, and, where portraits have been engraved for it, it has been at my
expense. Sketches of living men with their portraits are herein, which they will
never learn from me personally. I have adopted this course to make the
work clean throughout, feeling that the people will sustain me in perfect
uprightness.

Throughout are occasionally introduced Travelling Notes, so that it should
combine the four attractions of History, Geography, Biography, and Travels.
The observations of one travelling over the same ground after a lapse of forty
years would naturally be interesting. This feature enables me to make it more
useful and instructive to the young, and to give some of the philosophy that has
come from experience, and which has helped to brighten and make glad my own

18 INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION,

way so well that, though the rolling years have at last whitened my locks, within
I still feel young, move with agility, and love the world the better the longer I
live in it. "I love the world 1 ," wrote old Isaac Walton; "it is my Maker's
creature ; " but how much stronger would not that old fisherman love it were he
here now. Human life never had such a full cup as in these our days of expand-
ing knowledge and humanities.

When I began this work I did not anticipate bestowing upon it so much time
and labor, but as I progressed my ambition enlarged, and so I enlarged the plan.
Throughout, my great struggle has been financial, but in the darkest hour when
beside this burden I was brain-weary from incessant work and diversities re-
quiring thought and the turning aside for investigation, I had full faith I should
triumph. Providence would not allow such a work for such a people to perish.
From the citizens of the State I have received, with a single exception, no direct
pecuniary aid other than by advance payments of subscriptions. This exception
was Mr. Henry C. Noble, of Columbus, who, in the last dark, trying moment,
most generously came to my rescue, and then the fog lifted that had gathered
around the ver} r summit of final success.

Of my old townsmen in New Haven who, in 1885, first aided me for a start,
I am more especially indebted to Profs. Henry W. Farnam and Salisbury, of
Yale; Henry T. Blake, attorney-at-law ; Dr. E. H. Bishop; Charles L. English,
ex-banker, and Dr. Levi Ives. Of the twenty-seven on the list five have since
finished their life-work and passed away, viz., Henry C. Kingsley, Treasurer of
Yale ; Major Lyman Bissell, U. S. A. ; Robert Peck ; Thomas Trowbridge, shipping
merchant, and John Beach, attorney-at-law. Prof S. E. Baldwin, of theYale Law
School, was the first subscriber anywhere to this* work.

One effect of my work will be to increase the fraternal sentiment that is so
marked a characteristic of Ohio men wherever their lot is cast, and that leads
them to social sympathy and mutual help. And if we look at the sources of this
State love we will find it arises from the fact that, Ohio being the oldest and
strongest of the new States of the Northwest, by its organic law and its history has
so thoroughly illustrated the beneficence and power of that great idea embodied
in the single word Americanism.

But I must here close with the observation that I have passed the allotted age

of human life, and, although in sound health, cannot expect for many more years

to witness its mysterious, ever-varying changes. But it will be a just satisfaction

to me if, in my declining days, I can see that this work is proving of the same

widespread benefit to the present people of Ohio as did that of my young life

to those of forty years ago.

Henry Howe.

41 Third Avenue, Columbus, 0., January 1, 1889.

CONTENTS.

VOL.. I.

Abbott, David, Escape of . 579

Abolitionists, Salem .... 449
Academies and High Schools . .143
Agriculture in Ohio, History of . .100
Ammens, Sketch of the . . .338

Amusing Incidents .... 277
Ancient Works, 264, 285, 325, 470, 552, 586
Andrews, Lorin, Ohio's First Volunteer, 253
Andrews, S. J., Sketch of . . .511
Anthony, Charles, Notice of . . 404

Anti-Slavery Societies .... 280
Appleseed, Johnny .... 260
Armstrongs, Notice of . . . . 608
Arnett, Eev. Dr., Notice of . . .45
Ashtabula Harbor .... 273

Assault on Gen. Jackson . . . 606

Bachelor Hermits, The Two . . .488
Badger, Rev. Joseph .... 279
Bark Cutters, The m . . . .231
Baldwin, John, Notice of 526

Bears and Wolves . 278, 317, 491, 552

. 581
150
348
349
597
299
405
637
421
300
549
279
693
476
472
93
694
565
674
551
479
515
200
202
693

Beatty, John, Sketch of

Beatty, Gen. John, Sketch of

Bebb, Gov.' William, Sketch of .

Beckett, William, Sketch of . ^

Beech er, Hon. Philemon, Notice of

Black Hoof, Sketch of .

Black Watch, A Veteran of

Blind, Institution for the

Bloss, G. M. D., Sketch of

Blue Jacket, Sketch of

Bockinghelas, Notice of

Bodily Exercises .

Boone, Daniel, Anecdotes of

Bouquet, Col. Henry, Sketch of .

Bouquet's Expedition .

Boulders .

Bowman, Expedition of

Bradstreet's Expedition

Breckinridge, Reminiscences of .

Brown, Hon. Ezekiel, Notice of .

Broadhead's Expedition

Brough, Gov. John

Buckeye State, Why Ohio is Called

Buckeye Songs ....

Bullit, Capt. , Boldness of

Bureau, John Peter Romaine, Notice of 681

Byxbe, Col. Moses, Sketch of . . 551

Campbell, Col. Lewis D., Sketch of . 348

Canal, Sandy and Beaver . ... 358

Captina, Battle of 307

Carney, Gov. Thomas, Notice of . . 558
Carpenter, Charles, Notice of . . 585
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Notice of 358
Case, Leonard, Sketch of
Cass, Major, Allusion to 343

Cascade at Clifton 724

Catholics of St. Martin's . . . 339
Central Insane Asylum .... 634
Chase, Hon. Salmon P. , Boyhood Pranks

.of 611

Cheese Industry on the Western Reserve 690
Chillicothe, Old . . . . . 692
Civil War, Ohio in the . . . . 150
Cleveland, Its Past and Present . . 503
Cleveland, Gen. Moses, Sketch of . 510

Climate, Ohio 87

Climatic Changes 535

Clinton, Gov. George, Sketch of . . 422
Coal Trade on the River, The Early . 322
Cockerill, Col. John A, Notice of . 229
Colleges and Universities . . .144
College Lands, Settlement of . . 283
Confederate Conspiracy at Sandusky . 572
Cooke, Eleutheros, Sketch of . . 574
Cooke, Jay, Anecdote of . . . . 582
Coon-Skin Library . . . .288
Coppock, Edwin, Last Letter of . .451
Copus Tragedy, The ... 257

Corwin, Thomas, Anecdotes of . . 403
Coshocton Campaign . . . .479
Courts, Primitive . . . . . 700
Cowles, Edwin, Sketch of . . .513
Cowles, Betsy M., Sketch of . . 280
Crawford, Col., Notice of . . . 482
Cranberry Marsh . . . . .486
Customs, Early, 243, 260, 318, 342, 534, 550,

565, 589, 733
Cumming, Rev. E. H., Sketch of. . 403
Cyclone at Washington Court-House . 603
Cj clone, the Jamestown . . . 724

Dahlgreen, Madelaine Vinton, Sketch

of 681

Darlington, Gen., Notice of . . .229
Darke, Gen. William, Sketch of . . 529
Dayton, Riley, The Trapper and Hunter 664
Deaf and Dumb Asylum . . . 636
Defiance, Fort, Naming of . . . 545
Delaware Grape, The .... 558
Delaware Tribe, Sketch of . . . 549
Denver, Gen. James W., Sketch of . 430
Dennison, Gov. William, Sketch of . 653
Deserters Executed .... 342

(«9)

CONTENTS.

Deserted Camp, The . . . .424

Devenny, Capt. John, Notice of . . 238

Dickey, Hon. Alfred S., Notice of . 601

Donalson, Israel, Captivity of . . 224

Dora, Hon. Henry, Sketch of . .119

Dow, Lorenzo, Sketch of . . .412

Downing, Escape of . . . 225

Drouth, The Great . . . .683

Drouillard, Joseph, Notice of . . 681

Dunkards, Society of . . . . 254

Drummed Off the Island . . . 574

Early Acquaintance, An . . - . 268

Eckley, Gen. Ephraim R., Notice of . 361
Edgerton, Hon. Alfred P., Sketch of . 547

Edison, Thomas Alva, Sketch of . . 580

Edgingtons, Attack on the . . 227

Educational Progress in Ohio . .137

Elevations in Ohio . . . .60

Ellison, Andrew, Captivity of . . 227

Ewing, Thomas, Autobiography of . 289

Ewing, Thomas, and Family, Sketch of 593

Garden of Ohio

Gas, Natural . . .

Geddes, James, Sketch of .

Geography and Geology of Ohio

Geological Surveys, State

German Colonies .

Giddings, Joshua R. , Anecdotes of

Giddings, Joshua R. , Sketch of

"Globe Factory," The .

Glacial Man in Ohio

Goodale, Dr. Lincoln, Notice of

Grant, U. S., Chronology of Life

Grant, Jesse R. , Notice of .

Grant, U. S. , Boyhood of .
Reminiscences of Parents of
Analysis of Character of .

Grape Culture at Martin's Ferry

Graveyard, Ancient

Great Indian Council .

Greenville Treaties

Greene, Mrs. , Captivity of .

Grindstone Consumption, The

Girty Brothers, Notice of

264.

PAGE

341

77
120

62
305
269
271
525

90
649
420
413
331
333
334
326
470
543
532
589
525
303

Factory and Workshop Inspection

Factories, Children in .

Famous Fifth Ohio, The

Farrar, Hon. Wm. M., Sketch of

Feeble-Minded Youth, Institution for .

Fee, Mary E., Notice of

Female, Sharp-Shooting of a

Flood, The Xenia

Fins, The

Fire Escapes

Firelands

First Great Northwestern Confederacy .

First Anti-Slavery Speech in U. S. Con-
gress

Fink, Mike . .

Fink, Capt. John, Notice of . .

Foote, John A., and the Connecticut
Legislature

Force, Gen. M. F., Sketch of

Ford, Gov. Seabury, Sketch of

Forts : Amanda, 241 ; Barbee, 302 ; De-
fiance, 540; Dillie's, 306; French
Margarets, 282 ; Gower, 283 ; Green-
ville, 530 ; Hamilton, 341 ; Harri-
son, 393 ; Industry, 565 ; Jefferson,
529 ; Jennings, 303 ; Junandat, 565 ;
Recovery, 529 ; Winchester, 542 ;
Sandusky . . .

Forrer, Samuel, Sketch of .

Fourierite Association, A

Four Literary Men

Frankensteins, The, Sketch of

French Policy

French Traders, 255, 282, 564, 584, 585,

French Settle Gallipolis

Funks, Fighting Family of .

Fortieth Ohio Infantry .

Forks of the Muskingum

Four Little Maids

Gallagher, William Davis, Sketch of
Galloway, Samuel, Sketch of

208
216
405
200
639
420
527
703
275
212
165
471

415
322
322

524
570

686

565
121
419
712
404
255
662
672
602
537
480
268

712

658

Halstead, Murat, Sketch of . . . 351
Hamer, Gen. Thomas Lyon, Sketch of . 331
Hammond, Charles, Sketch of . . 311
Harrison, General, Anecdote of . .361
Harrison Campaign Meeting . . 374"

Harrison, Gen. , In terview with Tecumseh 392
Harrison, Gen. W. H., Inimitable Tact

546
539
266
659

556
322

Hardshell Baptists
Harpers, Privations of the .
Hayden Falls ....
Hayes, ex- President Rutherford B..

Youth of ....
Heatheringtons, The
Hewitt, Moses, Captivity and Escape of 284

Hinkson, Col., Notice of . . . 425

Hitchcock, Judge Peter, Sketch of . 687

Hoge, Rev. Dr. James, Sketch of . 649

Horse-Thieves and Counterfeiters . .734

House That Jack Built . . .323

Howells, William Dean, Sketch of . 327

Ho wells, William Dean, Notice of .718

Howard, J. Quay, Sketch of . .184

Hughes, Rev. Joseph S. , Notice of . 552

Hunt, Josiah, The Indian Fighter . 698

Hunter, Capt. Joseph, Notice of . . 588

Hunter, Hocking H. , Notice of . . 597
Huntington, Gov. Samuel, Sketch of . 505

Hutchins, Capt. Thomas, Sketch of . 478

Indian, Pleasing Feature in Character of

the 609

Game of Ball 294

Customs 297

Murders ...... 306

Indians, Delaware, Notice of . 255, 548
Indian Towns 242, 255, 293, 387. 466, o32,

542, 553, 578, 608, 662, 692
Indian Chiefs 242, 299, 391, 476, 532,

543, 549, 571, 602, 609, 664
' Industrial Home for Girls . . . 558

Industrial Home for Boys - . 599

CONTENTS.

Industrial Home for Boys, Visit to . 599

Incription Rock . . . . . 586

Jamieson, Milton, Notice of . . 421

Jerome, John Baptiste, Notice of . 255

Jerks, The . . . . . -279

Johnny Cake, A Huge . . .278

John, Capt., Ferocity of . . .602

Johnson's Island 572

Jurisdiction, Early Civil . . .122

Kail, Mrs. Mary E., Sketch of . . 363

Keifer, Gen. J. Warren, Sketch of . 406

Kelly, Hon. Alfred, Sketch of . . 649

Kelley's Island, Grape Culture of. . 585

Kelley, Datus, Notice of 585

Kenton, Gen. Simon, Adventures of . 375

Anecdote of . 374

Kilbourne, Col. James, Sketch of. .612

Kilbourne, John, Sketch of . . .128

Killbuck, Notice of . . . . 549

Kinney, Col. Coates, Sketch of . .714

Kingsburys, Sufferings of the . . 263

Kirkwood, Capt. , Cabin of, Attacked . 314

Kirtland, Jared Potter, Sketch of .511

Knight, Prof. George W., Sketch of .137

McKeever, Abbie C, Notice of . . 421

MacLean, J. P., Sketch of . . . 349

Medary, Samuel, Notice of . . .413

Medill, Gov. William, Sketch of . . 597

Milliken, John M., Sketch of . . 348

Milliken, Thomas, Sketch of. . . 348

Milliken, Col. Minor, Sketch of . . 356

Miner and His Mule Partner, The % . 322

Mines and Mining Besources of Ohio . 110
Minter, Capt. John .... 552

Missionaries . .301, 467, 578, 584

Monstrous Apple-Tree .... 545

Morehouse, Gov. A. P., Notice of . 558

Morgan, Gen. John, Anecdote of . . 359

Morgan's Baid Through Ohio . . 451

Morris, Sr., Thomas, Sketch of . .413

Mt. Pleasant . . . . . .590

Mud Cottage of an Emigrant . . 463

Murder, Execution of Indian for . . 497

Mutiny, The Black Swamp . . .248

Nash, Judge Simeon, Sketch of . . 681
NaturaJ Gas Wells of Lancaster , . 592
Niggering Corn 243

128-

101,

■133

577
582
687
45
609
730
558.
406
687
656
661
315
321
354
416

Lands, Public, of Ohio .

Lane, Judge Ebenezer, Sketch of

Large Fruit Trees

Latham, E. P., Sketch of

Laws, The Black . ^

Leatherlips, Execution of

Leatherwood God, The

Lee, Gen. John Calvin, Notice of

Leffel, James, The Inventor, Sketch of

Leggett, Gen. Mortimer, Sketch of

Lesquereux, Prof. Leo, Sketch of .

Life Among the Indians of the Maumee

Life in the Woods, Our Cabin, or

Lombardy Poplars .

Longstreth, Lorenzo, Notice of

Lost Child, The .....

Loyal Legion, Sketch of, and Boll of Ohio

Commandery . . . .155

Lundy, Benj., Sketch of . . .311
Lytle, Gen., Notice of . . . . 415

Mad Ann Bailey, Heroine of Point Pleas-
ant ...... 677

Mann, Horace, Sketch of . . . 723
Mansfield, E. D., Sketch of # . . 429
Manufactures of Springfield, Origin and

Growth of . . . .399

Maple Sugar Industry . . . . 685

Map, First, of Ohio . . . .612

Mastodons, Bemains of . . . 293, 483
McArthur, Gov. Duncan, Anecdote of 307
McBride, James, Sketch of . . . 355
McCooks, The Fighting . . .365
McDonald, Senator J. E., Notice of . 349
McDowell, Gen. Irvin, Sketch of . . 647
McFarland, President, Notice of . . 354

Ogontz, The Story of . .

Ohio in New York Journalism

Ohio, General Description of

Ohio Society of New York .

Ohio, Outline History of

Ohio Officers, State and National

Ohio History and Historical Men

Ohio Biver Experiences . . .

Ohio Flour, The First Sent East .

Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans'

Home ... . .

Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans'

Home, Notes on .
Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Home
Ohio State Fish Hatchery
Oil-Field, Largest on the Globe .

Oil Befineries

O. K., Origin ot . . . .
Oldest Methodist Church in Ohio
Ordinance of 1787 .

Orton, Prof. Edward, Sketch of .

Paddy's Bun

Paper-Mill, First in Ohio

Past and Present of Columbus

Payne, Sr. , Henry B. , Sketch of

Penny royaldom

Pensioner of the Bevolutionary Wa

Perkins, Joseph, Sketch of

Petroleum

Petroleum Nasby Characters .

Penitentiary, Ohio

Phenomenon, Singular

Pioneer Engineers of Ohio

Pioneer Trials

Pipe, Capt. . ^ .

Piqua, Destruction of .

Plucky Pioneer Woman, A

Plumb, Senator Preston B. , Notice of

571
718

51
178

33
166
184
237
584

707

709
569
570
246
247
375
411
217
59

351
435
614
514
732
603
514
77
490
642
231
119
266
255
387
527
558

CONTENTS.

Poe, Adam and Andrew, The Indian

Fighters 435

Poems : Alone With Night and the Stars 236

Centennial Ode 715

Crown Our Heroes .... 363
Drift Away . . . . . 421
Epitaph of Reuben Miller . . .407
Fifty Years Ago . . . .713

Hills of Ohio, Song with Music . 296

Lament for the Dead .... 432
Marching Song of Sherman's Army . 596

Only . 422

Ohio 363

Rain on the Roof . . . . 717
Song of Bucyrus .... 484
The Spotted Fawn . . . .714
The Lassie Music . . . .355

Pompey's Pillar 723

Pontiac, Birth-place of . . . . 543
Poor Man's Railroad ... .318
Popejoy, Esq., Method of Dispensing

Justice 601

Powder-Mill Explosion . . . .702
Powell, Judge Thomas W., Notice of . 558
Purcell, Archbishop John B. , Notice of 339

Quitman, John Anthony, Notice of . 558

Railway Disaster, Ashtabula . . . 274
Rankin, Rev. John, Sketch of . . 337
Read, Prof. M. C, Sketch of . . 188
Reese, Wm. J. , Notice of . . . 597
Reid, Whitelaw, Sketch of . . .718

Reilly, John 348

Relic, Ancient 264

Reminiscences of Dr. Watt and James

Galloway . . . . . 704
Reserve, Western . . . . 261, 565
First Landing of Sur-
veyors on . . 261
Missionary in . . 279
Settlement of . . 682
Drouth in . . .683
Reynolds, Jeremiah N., Romantic His-
tory of .430

River Beacons 239

Rockefeller, John D 517

Rosecrans, Gen. W. S. , Sketch of . 558
Rouse, Mrs. R. E. C, Sketch of . .515
Rudolph, Major, Fate and Cruelty of . 342
RufFner Fight, The ... . 257
Ruffner Family, Massacre of . . . 257
Ruggles, Hon. Almon, Sketch of . . 583
Russell, Addison P., Sketch of . . 429

Sandstone Industry . . . . 525
Sanitary Commission, Ohio's Work in . 188
Schools, Graded, Beginning of . .142
Scioto Company .... 612, 668

Scotch-Irish, The 237

Seitz, Enoch Berry, Sketch of . . 532
Serpent Mound, The ... . 233
Shannon, Gov. Wilson, Sketch of. .313
Shaylor, Capt. , Escape of . # . . 529
Shellabarger, Hon. Samuel, Notice of . 404

Sherman, Senator John, Speech on Pot-
tery Industry

Sherman, Judge Charles, Sketch of
Sherman, Gen. W. T., Sketch of
Slave Hunters at Rankins
Slave Rescue, The Ad. White Case
Smith, Solomon, Sketch of
Socialistic Society, A
Society of Friends at Wapakonetta
Soldier's Creed, The .
Soldier's Widow, The .
Spencer, Piatt R., Sketch of.
Spiritualistic Community, A .
Springs . . . 486, 554, 558, 584,
Squirrels, A Grand Hunt for
Stage-Coach Talk .
Stanbery, Hon. Henry, Sketch of
Notice of
State Institutions at Columbus
Starling, Lyne, Sketch of
St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, Biography of .
Steptoe, Rev. Stephen, Experience of .
Stone, Amasa, Sketch of
Strawberry Culture ....
Strength, Sources of Ohio's .
Sullivan t, Lucas, Sketch of .
Sullivant, William, Sketch of
Sullivant, Michael L. , Sketch of .

Sullivant, Joseph

Swan, Joseph R., Sketch of .
Swayne, Chief Justice, Sketch of .
Sweatland, Solomon, Driven Across Lake

m Erie
Swinonia
Symmes' Hole
Symmes, Judge, Notice of
Sycamores, The Twin .

Tailor Justice, The ....

Tarhe, The Crane

Tecumseh . . 328, 374, 387, 391,
Temperance Crusade, The Women's
Thoburn, Bishop J. M., Sketch of
Thomas, Capt., Death of
Thrilling Adventure of Mary Robinson .
Thurman, Judge Allen G. , Sketch of .
Tile Drainage in Ohio .
Tobacco, ' l White Burley ' '
Topography of Ohio
Tornadoes ..... 374,
Touching Incidenl, A .
Tourgee, Albion W. , Sketch of .
Townshend, Prof. N. S., Sketch of
Trout Streams ....
Tupper, Gen. E. W. : Anecdote of
Tut tie, Hudson, Notice of .

460
594
595
338
384
551
582
301
357
711
276
419
722
658
691
652
597
633
649
311
606
517
324
124
648
648
649
649
655
655

264
245
348
347
730

488
588
532
427
313
371
410
656
625
330
60
682
585
280
J 00
691
680
583

TJ.

Underground Railroad, First Station on .337
Underground Railroad, The . . .418

Vallandigham, Clement L. , Biography of 438
Vallandigham Campaign . . 445

Van Derveer, Gen. Ferdinand, Sketch of 349
Vance, Gov. Joseph, Sketch of . . 382
Van Tassel, Rev. Isaac, Notice of . . 664

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Vaughn, John C. , Notice of . . . 558
Virginia Military Lands . . 223, 232
Volunteers to Civil War, First Company

of 337

Voorhees, Senator Daniel W. , Notice of 349

Wade, Benj. R, Sketch of . 271

Wade, Jephtha H., Sketch of . . 519
Wagoners, Attack on . . . . 342
Walk-In-The- Water, First Steamboat on

Lake Erie 585

Ward, J. Q. A., Sketch of . . 383

Washburn, Neil . . . . 411, 416
Wayne, "Mad Anthony," Anecdotes of 225
Welch, Judge J., Sketch of . . . 287
Weller, Hon. J. B., Sketch of . . 348

Wetzel, Lewis 308

Wet Land . m . . . . .409
Whingwy Pooshies, Grief of . . . 543

Whiteeyes, Capt. , Death of . . . 435
White Woman, Mary Harris, The . . 468
Whittridge, Worthington, Sketch of . 405
Whittlesey, Col. Charles, Sketch of . 519
Wickedest Man in Ohio . . . 427

Wilberforce University . . . .721
Willich, Gen. August, Sketch of . . 303
Wills' Creek, Whites Attacked near . 726
Wilcox, Phineas Bacon, Sketch of . 658
Windom, William, Notice of . . . 325

Witch Story, A 413

Wiwelipea, Oratory of . . . . 299
Woods, John, Sketch of 348

Woodmansee, James, Sketch of . . 349
Wormlee, Dr. T. G. and Mrs., Sketch of 657
Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, Sketch of. 90

Zane's Trace . ... 588,681,728
Zane, Elizabeth, Heroism of . .314

CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES

VOL. I.

Aberdeen

Albany .

Arcanum

Archbold

Ansonia

Ashland

Ashley .

Ashtabula

Athens .

Austinburg

Barnesville

Batavia

Beaver Dam

Bedford

Bell aire

Bentonville

Bellbrook

Berea

Berlin Heights

Bethel .

Blanchester

Bloomingburg

Bluffton

Boston .

Bridgeport

Brooklyn

Buehtel

Bucyrus

Cairo

Cambridge

Canal, Winchester

Carrollton

Castalia

Cedarville

Chagrin Falls

Chambersburg

Chardon

Chester Cross Bo ads

Clarksville

Cleveland

Clifton .

College Corner

Collinwood

Columbiana

Columbus

Conneaut

Coolville

Coshocton

Crestline

Crown City

PAGE

340

292
538
668
539
251
563
272
286
279

324

409
251

528
320
240
724
525
582
413
433
607
250
420
313
528
292
482

251

728

660

359.

584

725

526

681

689

692

434

497

724

357

528

465

612

263

292

469

492

681

PAGE

Defiance 541

Delaware 553

Delphos 249

Delta 667

East Cleveland
East Liverpool
East Palestine
Elida .
Enon
Euclid .

Fairfield

Fayette

Fayetteville

Felicity .

Flushing

Franklinton

Galena .

Galion .

Gallipolis

Geneva

Georgetown

Gettysburg

Glenville

Greenville

Hamilton

Harlem Springs

Hayesville

Hicksville

Higginsport

Huntsburg

Huron .

Independence

Jamestown .
Jefferson
Jeffersonville
Jeromeville .

Kingsville

I.
J.

528
459
465
251

407

528

. 725
. 667
. 340
. 420
. 327
. 611

. 563

. 487
. 677
. 275
. 330
. 538
. 528
. 530

. 346

. 364

. 260
. 547
. 339
. 692

. 584

. 528

724
266
607
255

279

(2S>

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Rome ....... 240

Lafayette 251

Roscoe . 470

Lancaster

. 591

Russellville 340

Leesburg

. 362

Leetonia

. 465

Lima
Locust Grove

. 242
. 240

Sabina 433

Loudonville .

. 260

Salem .

. 448

Loveland

. 420

Salineville

. 465

Sandusky

. 567

Sandy Springs
Savannah

. 240

Manchester 280

. 260

Martin's Ferry
Martinsville .

. 325
. 433

Somerville

South Charlestown

. 358
. 407

Mechanicsburg
Mechanicstown

. 384
. 364

Spencerville .
Springfield .

. 251

. 397

Middlefield .

. 692

Spring Valley

. 725

Middletown .

. 349

St. Clairsville

. 308

Milan

577

St. Mary's .

. 302

Milford . !

. 411

Sunbury

. 563

Minster

. 306

Morristown .

. 327

Moscow

. 420

Union City 539

Mutual . .

. 386

Urbana 371

Utopia . 419

Nelsonville . . . . . . . 292

Neville .

. 420

Newburgh
New Bremen

. 528
. 305

Venice . . . . . . . 584

Vermillion 587

New Carlisle .

. 407

Versailles . . . . .539

New Harrisburg .

. 364

New Lisbon .

. 437

New Paris

. 386

Walker's 465

New Richmond

. 417

Wapakonetta

. 295

New Vienna .

. 433

Washington C. H.

. 603

North Lewisburg

. 386

Washington .

. 730

Washingtonville .

. 466

Wauseon . . .

. .611

Ohio City . . . . . .499

Wellsville

. 464

Olmstead Falls

. 528

West Chester

. 358

Osborn

. 725

West Cleveland

. 528

Ostrander

. 563

Westerville .

. 659

Oxford . .

. 353

Westminster

. 251

West Union ...

. 228

Williamsburg

. 415

Parkman 692

Wilmington . .

. 424

Patriot .

. 681

Winchester .

. 240

Perrysville

. 260

Woodstock ...

. 386

Plain City

. 660

Worthington

. 611

Point Pleasant

. 419

Polk .

. 260

Port Williams

. 434

Xenia . . . . . . .700

Ripley 335

Rock Creek .

. 282

Yellow Springs

. 722

ILLUSTRATIONS.

VOL. I.

[TOTAL, TWO HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-EIGHT.]

Frontispiece.
Andrews, Col. Lorin

unteer .
Ancient Map, Sandusky
Apple Dale Tile Works
Ashland, 1846
Ashland, 1888
Ashtabula, 1846
Ashtabula, 1887
Ashtabula Bridge
Ashtabula Bridge,
Athens Asylum for

Ohio's First Vol-

Ruins of
the Insane

253
565
625
252
252
272
272
273
274
288

Bailey, Mad Ann, Heroine of Point

Pleasant ..... 679

Bailey, Mad Ann, Cabin of . . . 680

Batavia, 1846 410

Beatty, Gen. John, Portrait of . .150
Beautiful Beech at Athens . . .287
Bellaire, 1887 . . . . . 321
Blind Asylum, 1846 . . . 631

Blind Asylum, 1888 . . . .632
Boquet's Council with the Indians . 476

Boquet, Surrender of Captives to . . 476
Bower of the Lost Child . . .416
Brough, Gov. John, Portrait and Auto-
graph of . . . . .516
Brush Electric Light Company's Works 509
Buckeye, Leaf, Nut, Burr and Flower . 206

Bucyrus, 1846 482

Bucyrus, 1887 . . ■ . . .482
Butler County Court-House, Hamilton . 344

Cambridge, 1846 729

Cambridge, 1887 729

Carrollton, 1846 . . . . . 360
Carrollton, 1887 . . . . . 360
Cascade at Clifton . . . . . 725

Catholic Church After the Cyclone . 606
Central Insane Asylum, 1846 . .631

Central Insane Asylum, 1888 . .631

Chagrin Falls, 1846 . . . . 527
Champion Mower Shops . . . 401

Chardon, 1846 689

Chardon, 1887 689

Cheese-Factory, Interior of . . . 690
Clark, Gen. George Rogers, Portrait and

Autograph of .... 395

Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, Portrait of . 511
Cleveland Medical College, 1846 . . 499
Cleveland, Superior Street, 1846 . .502
Cockerill, Col. John A., Portrait of .231

Columbus, J 846 617

Columbus, 1887 618

Conneaut in July, 1 796 . . . 262

Coppock, Edwin, Monument of . . 450
Copus Family, Monument to Memory of 259

PAGE

Cowles, Betsy M., Portrait of . . 281

Cowles, Edwin M., Portrait of . .513

Coshocton, 1846 469

Coshocton, 1887 ... . .469

Cottage of a German-Swiss Emigrant . 463

Crusading Women of New Vienna . 428

Cummings, Be v. E. H. , Portrait of . 408

Dawes, Major E. C, Portrait of . .155
Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 1846 . .631
Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 1888 . .632
Decline of Day on the Upper Ohio . 462
Defiance, Fort . . . . .540
Defiance, 1846 . . . . 541

Defiance, 1887 . . . . .541

Delaware, 1846 555

Delaware, 1886 555

Dennison, Gov. William, Portrait and

Autograph of . . . .516

Dorn, Hon. Henry, Portrait of . . 208
Dow, Lorenzo, Portrait of . . .413

Early Settlers Pounding Corn . . 244
Edgerton, Hon. Alfred P., Portrait of . 547
Edison, Thomas Alva, Portrait of . 580

Edison, Thomas Alva, Birth-place of . 581
Ewing Mansion, The .... 504
Ewing, Hon. Thomas, Portrait and

Autograph of .... 593

Ewing, Gen. Thomas . . . .178

Farrar, Hon. William, Portrait of . 200

Fern Cliff . . . . . . 401

Field of Derricks, Lima . . . 248

First Court-House in Greene County . 695
Forks of the Muskingum . . . 468
Forrer, Samuel, Portrait of . . .119
Frankenstein Homestead, The . . 404
Franklin County Court-House . . 624
French Settlers Cutting Down Trees . 675
Friends' Yearly Meeting-House, Barnes-

ville 325

Galion, 1887 488

Gallipolis, 1790 672

Gallipolis, 1846 678

Gallipolis, 1886 .. . . . . 678

Garfield's Monument .... 508

Geddes, James, Portrait of . . .119

Geneva, 1888 276

Geological Map of Ohio . . . .65
Georgetown, 1846 . . . . . 330
Giddings, Joshua R. , Portrait and Auto-
graph of . . . . .269
Giddings, Joshua R., Law Office of . 270
Giddings' and Wade's Monuments . 269

(27)

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Glaciated Area of Ohio, Map of . .91
Glaciated Area of North America, Map of 92
Glaciated Area, Hamilton County, Map of 93
Glaciated Area of New Jersey, Map of . 97
Grant School-House, Georgetown . . 332
Grant Homestead and Tannery . . 332
Grant, Birth-place of . . . .419
Grant, U. S., Portrait and Autograph of 333
Grant, Jesse R., Portrait and Autograph

of . . . . b . . .333
Grant, Mrs. Hannah, Portrait and Auto-

graph of

333

Halstead, Murat, Portrait of . . . 352
Halstead, Murat, Boyhood Home and

Sycamore Grove at . . .352

Halstead, Murat . . . . ^ . 352
Hamer, Gen. Thomas Lyon, Portrait of 331

Hamilton, 1846 345

Hayden's Falls . . . . .650
Hayes, President, Birth-place of . . 557
Heatherington, Jacob, Portrait of . 323

Hitchcock, Judge Peter, Homestead . 687
House That Jack Built . . . .323
Howard, J. Q., Portrait of . . .184
Howells, William Dean, Portrait of . 327
Howells, William Dean, Birth-place of . 327
Hunter, Capt. Robert, Portrait of . 155

Imbecile Youths, Asylum for . . 631

Inscription Bock . . . . . 585

Jack, the Mule 323

Jefferson, 1846 . # ^ . , .267
Johnson's Island Prison . . . 576

Kail, Mrs. Mary E., Portrait of . . 363

Kelly, Hon. Alfred, Portrait of : . 649

Keifer, Gen. J. Warren, Portrait and

Autograph of .... 406

Kenton, Simon, Portrait of . . . 376

Kenton, Simon, The Grave of . . 376

Kinney, Col. Coates, Portrait of . .714

Knight, Prof. Geo. W., Portrait of . 137

Lancaster, 1846 591

Lancaster, 1886 591

Latham, E. P., Portrait of . . . 688
Latham, E. P., Specimen of Handwriting

of . . .. . . .688

Lee, Homer, Portrait and Autograph of 178

Lima, 1846 245

Lima, 1887 . . # . . . 245

Lundy, Benjamin, Portrait of . .312

Manchester Landing .... 230
Maple Sugar, Old-Time Way of Making 685
Martin's Ferry, 1887 . . . .326
McBride, James, Portrait of . . 355

McCook, Major Daniel, Portrait of . 365
McCook, Dr. John, Portrait of . . 365
McCook, Martha L., Portrait of . # . 366
McCook, Gen. Robert Latimer, Portrait

of 367

McCook, Brig. -Gen. Daniel, Portrait of 367
McCook, Charles Morris, Portrait of . 368
McCook, Brig. -Gen. Anson George, Por-
trait of . . . . . .369

McCook, Col. John James, Portrait of . 370

PAGE

McDowell, Gen. Irvin, Birth-place of . 648
McKeever, Abbie C. Portrait of . .421
Miami University, Oxford . . . 353

Middletown, 1846 350

Middletown, 1887 . . . . . 350

Milan, 1846 578

Millikin, Col. Minor, Portrait of . . 356

Miners' Cottages 320

Monnett Hall . . . . .556
Morgan, Gen. John, Portrait and Auto-
graph of 453

Morgan, Gen. John, Surrender of . 453
Morris, Senator Thomas, Monument of 414
Mount Pleasant 590

New Lisbon, 1846
New Lisbon, 1886

437

438

Ohio Boys' Industrial School . ^ . 598

Ohio Penitentiary, Prisoners Marching in 631
Ohio Penitentiary, 1846 . . . 644

Ohio River Beacon .... 235
Ohio State University . . . .621
Ohio University, 1846 . . . . 286
Ohio Wesleyan University . . . 556
Ohio, Map of . . ; . . 8
Orton, Prof. Edward, Portrait of . . 59
Our Cabin, or Life in the Woods . . 316

Paleolith from Abbeville, France . . 95
Paleolith from Trenton, New Jersey . 96
Pennyroyal Distillery, A 732

Perkins, Joseph, Portrait of . . .514
Perry's Den .... . 735

Perrv Statue, Monumental Park, Cleve-
land . . . . ' . .507
Poison Crystals, Forms of 657

Pompey's Pillar 723

Pottery, Knowles, Taylor & Knowles,

East Liverpool .... 460
Purcell, Archbishop, Portrait of . . 340
Purchase of the Ohio and Scioto Land

Companies ..... 671

Quarries at Berea

526

E,ankin, Rev. John, Portrait of . .337
Read, Prof. M. C, Portrait of . .188
Reid, Whitelaw, Portrait and Autograph

of 721

Reid, Whitelaw, Birth-place of . . 721

Ripley, 1846 336

Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., Portrait and

Autograph of. . . . . 559
Rossville, View from Hamilton, 1846 . 345
Rouse. Mrs., Portrait of . . .515
Roy, Hon. Andrew, Portrait of . .110
Ruggles, Hon. Almon, Portrait of . 583

Salem, 1846 449

Salem, 1887 . . r . . .449
Salem Town Hall, Audience Room . 450
Sandusky Harbor, 1846 . . . 569

Sanduskv Harbor, 1888 . . . 57t">

Seal of Ohio 51

Seitz. Enoch Berry, Portrait of . . 533
Serpent Mound, Diagram of . . 232

Serpent Mound, The Head of . . 234
Serpent. Mound Park .... 233

ILLUSTRA TIONS.

PAGE

Serpent Mound, Skeleton Found in . 233
Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home . 711
Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home,

Sitting-Room , . . .711

Solitary Elm, The . . . .352

Springfield, 1846 397

Spencer, Piatt R., Portrait and Auto-
graph of 277

Sherman, Gen. W. T. , Portrait and

Autograph of . . . . 593

St. Clair, G-en. Arthur, Portrait and

Autograph of .... 395
St. Clairsville, 1846 . . . . 309
State Capitol of Ohio . . . .615
Stanbery, Hon. Henry, Portrait of .653
Strata Along the Niagara River . . 98
Surveys of Public Lands, Map . .134
Swayne, Chief-Justice, Portrait of . 655
Symmes, Judge J. C. , Autograph of . 347
Symmes, Judge J. C, Monument to
Memory of 347

Tecumseh, Birthplace of . . .391
Thurman, Hon. A. G., Portrait and

Autograph of .... 559
Tod, Gov. David, Portrait and Auto-
graph of 516

Tourgee, Judge Albion W., Portrait of 280
Townshend, Dr. N. S., Portrait of . 100
Twin Sycamores, The .... 730

Urbana, 1846
Urbana, 1886

372
372

Vallandigham, Clement L., Portrait of . 439

Vallandigham Homestead . . . 439

Valley of the Cuyahoga . . . 504

Viaduct, Cleveland . . . . 504

Wade, Senator Benj. F., Portrait and

Autograph of .... 269

Wapakonetta, 1887 .... 295
Ward, J. Q. A., Portrait of . . 383

Washington C. H., 1846 . . .604
Washington C. H., 1886 . . . 604
Wauseon, Central View in . . . 662
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Portrait and

Autograph of .... 395

Wellsville, 1846 464

West Union, 1846 . . . .229

Wetzel's Springs 308

White Sulphur Springs . . .559

Whittlesey, Col. Charles, Portrait and

Autograph of .... 522

Whittlesey Homestead .... 522
Wilberforce University . . . 722

Willich, Gen. August, Portrait of . 303

Willich, Gen. , Monument to Memory of 303
Wilmington, 1846 .... 423

Wilmington, 1886 . . . .423

Wittenberg College .... 398
Worthington Female Seminary, 1846 . 611
Wright, Prof. G. Frederick, Portrait of 90

Xenia, 1846 . . . . 701

Xenia, 1886 701

LIST OF INTRODUCTORY ARTICLES.

PAGE

Outline History of Ohio 33

General Description of Ohio Frank Henry Howe, 51

Geography and Geology of Ohio Prof. Edward Orton, 59

Glacial Man in Ohio Prof. G. FredericJc Wright, 90

History of Agriculture in Ohio . . . . Prof. Norton S. Townshend, 100

Mines and Mining Resources of Ohio . . . . . . Hon. Andrew Roy, 110

Pioneer Engineers of Ohio Col Chas. Whittlesey, 119

CivilJurisdiction of Ohio . . . Col Chas. Whittlesey, 122

Sources of Ohio's Strength Col Chas. Whittlesey, 124

Public Lands of Ohio .......... John Kilbourne, 128

Public Land Surveys in Ohio . . . . . . Col Chas. Whittlesey, 133

Educational Progress in Ohio Prof G. W. Knight, 137

Ohio in the Civil War Gen. John Beatty, 150

Ohio Officers, State and National .166

Ohio Coinmandery of the Loyal Legion 155

Ohio Society of New York 178

A Glance at Ohio History and Historical Men J. Q. Howard, 184

Ohio's Work in the United States Sanitary Commission . . Prof. M. C Read, 188

Ohio, the Buckeye State Hon. Wm, M. Farrar, 200

Workshop and Factory Inspection Frank Henry Howe, 208

Ordinance of 1787 217

(3i)

OHIO.

OUTLINE HISTORY.

The territory now comprised within the limits of Ohio was formerly a
part of that vast region claimed by France, between the Alleghany and
the Rocky mountains, first known by the general name of Louisiana. In
1673, Marquette, a zealous French Missionary > accompanied with Monsieur
Joliet, from Quebec, with five boatmen, set out on a mission from
Mackinac to the unexplored regions lying south of that station. They
passed down the lake to Green Bay, thence from Fox River crossed
over to the Wisconsin, which they followed down to its junction with the
Mississippi. They descended this mighty stream a. thousand miles to its
confluence with the Arkansas. On their return to Canada, they did not
fail to urge, in strong terms, the immediate occupation of the vast and
fertile regions watered by the Mississippi and its branches.

On the 7th of August, 1679, M. de la Salle, the French commandant of
Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, launched, upon Lake Erie, the Griffin,
a bark of about 60 tons, with which he proceeded through the Lakes to
the Straits of Michillimackinac. Leaving his bark at this place, he pro-
ceeded up Lake Michigan, and from thence to the south west, till he
arrived at Peoria Lake, in Illinois. At this place he erected a fort, and
after having sent Father Lewis Hennepin on an exploring expedition,
La Salle returned to Canada. In 1683, La Salle went to France, and, by
the representations which he made, induced the French Government to
fit out an expedition for the purpose of planting a colony at the mouth
of the Mississippi. This expedition failed, La Salle being murdered by
his own men.

This disaster did not abate the ardor of the French in their great plan
of obtaining possession of the vast region westward of the English colo-
nies. A second expedition sailed from France, under the command of
M. DTberville. This officer entered the mouth of the Mississippi, and
explored the river for several hundred miles. Permanent establishments
were made at different points ; and from this time the French colony west
of the Alleghanies steadily increased in numbers and strength. Previous
to the year 1725, the colony had been divided into quarters, each having
its local governor, or commandant, and judge, but all subject to the
superior authority of the council general of Louisiana, One of these
quarters was established north west of the Ohio.

At this period the French had erected forts on the Mississippi, on the
Illinois, on the Maumee, and on the lakes. Still, however, the communi-
cation with Canada was through Lake Michigan. Before 1750, a French

(33)

34 OUTLINE HISTORY.

post had been fortified at the mouth of the Wabash, and a communication
was established through that river and the Maumee with Canada. About
the same time, and for the purpose of checking the progress of the French,
the Ohio Company was formed, and made some attempts to establish
trading houses among the Indians. The French, however, established a
chain of fortifications back of the English settlements, and thus, in a meas-
ure, had the entire control of the great Mississippi valley. The English
government became alarmed at the encroachments of the French, and
attempted to settle boundaries by negotiations. These availed nothing,
and both parties were determined to settle their differences by the force of
arms.

The claims of the different European monarchs to large portions of the
western continent were based upon the first discoveries made by their
subjects. In 1609, the English monarch granted to the London Company,
all the territories extending along the coast for two hundred miles north
and south from Point Comfort, and " up into the land, throughout from sea
to sea, west and north-west." In 1662, Charles II. granted to certain set-
tlers upon the Connecticut all the territory between the parallels of lati-
tude which include the present State of Connecticut, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific ocean. The claims which Massachusetts advanced, during the
revolution, to an interest in the western lands, were founded upon a
similar charter, granted thirty years afterwards.

When the king of France had dominions in North America, the whole
of the late territory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio,
was included in the province of Louisiana, the north boundary of which,
by the treaty of Utrecht, concluded between France and England in 171 3,.
was fixed at the 49th parallel of latitude north of the Equator. After the
conquest of the French possessions in North America by Great Britain,
this tract was ceded by France to Great Britain, by the treaty of Paris,
in 1763.

The principal ground whereon the English claimed dominion beyond
the Alleghanies was, that the Six Nations owned the Ohio valley, and had
placed it with their other lands under the protection of England. Some
of the western lands were also claimed by the British as having been
actually purchased, at Lancaster, Penn., in 1744, at a treaty between the
colonists and the Six Nations at that place. In 1748, the "Ohio Com-
pany/' for the purpose of securing the Indian trade, was formed. In
1749, it appears that the English built a trading house upon the Great
Miami, at a spot since called Loramie's Store. In 175 1, Christopher Gist,
an agent of the Ohio Company, who was appointed to examine the west-
ern lands, made a visit to the Twigtwees, who lived upon the Miami river,
about one hundred miles from its mouth.

Early in 1752, the French having heard of the trading house on the
Miami, sent a party of soldiers to the Twigtwees and demanded the
traders as intruders upon French lands. The Twigtwees refused to deliver
up their friends. The French, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas,
then attacked the trading house, which was probably a block house, and
after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and
others wounded, took and destroyed it, carrying away the traders to
Canada. This fort, or trading house, was called, by the English, Pickawil-
lany. Such was the first British settlement in the Ohio valley, of which
we have any record.

After Braddock's defeat, in 1755, the Indians pushed their excursions as
far east as the Blue Ridge. In order to repel them, Major Lewis, in Janu-
ary, 1756, was sent with a party of troops on an expedition against the
Indian towns on the Ohio. The point apparently aimed at, was the upper
Shawanese town, situated on the Ohio, three miles above the mouth of

OUTLINE HISTORY. 35

the Great Kanawha. The attempt proved a failure, in consequence, it is
said, of the swollen state of the streams, and the treachery of the guides.
In 1764, Gen. Bradstreet, having dispersed the Indian forces besieging
Detroit, passed into the Wyandot country by way of Sandusky Bay. He
ascended the bay and river as far as it was navigable for boats, and there
made a camp. A treaty of peace was signed by the Chiefs and head men.
The Shawnees of the Scioto river, and the Delawares of the Muskingum,
however, still continued hostile. Col. Boquet, in 1764, with a body of
troops, marched from Fort Pitt into the heart of the Ohio country on the
Muskingum river. This expedition was conducted with great prudence
and skill, and without scarcely any loss of life, as treaty of peace was
effected with the Indians, who restored the prisoners they had captured
from the white settlements. The next war with the Indians was in
1774, generally known as Lord Dunmore's. In the summer of that year,
an expedition, under Col. M'Donald, was assembled at Wheeling, marched
into the Muskingum country and destroyed the Indian town of Wapato-
mica, a few .miles above the site of Zanesville. In the fall, the Indians
were defeated after a hard fought battle at Point Pleasant, on the Virginia
side of the Ohio. Shortly after this event, Lord Dunmore made peace
with the Indians at Camp Charlotte, in what is now Pickaway country.

During the revolutionary war, most of the western Indians were more or
less united against the Americans. In the fall of 1778, an expedition
against Detroit was projected. As a preliminary step, it was resolved that
the forces in the west, under Gen. MTntosh, should move up and attack
the Sandusky Indians. Preliminary to this, Fort Laurens, so called in
honor of the President of Congress, was built upon the Tuscarawas, a
short distance below the site of Bolivar, Tuscarawas county. The expe-
dition to Detroit was abandoned and the garrison of Fort Laurens, after
suffering much from the Indians and from famine, were recalled in August,
1779. A month or two previous to the evacuation of this fort, Col.
Bowman headed an expedition against the Shawnees. Their village,
Chillicothe, three miles north of the site of Xenia, on the little Miami, was
burnt. The warriors showed an undaunted front, and the whites were
forced to retreat. In the .summer of 1780, an expedition directed against
the Indian towns, in the forks of the Muskingum, moved from Wheeling
under Gen. Broadhead. This expedition, known as " the Coshocton cam-
paign," was unimportant in its results. In the same summer, Gen. Clark
led a body of Kentuckians against the Shawnees. Chillicothe, on the
Little Miami, was burnt on their approach, but at Piqua, their town on
the Mad River, six miles below the site of Springfield, they gave battle to
the whites and were defeated. In September, 1782, this officer led a
second expedition against the Shawanese. Their towns, Upper and
Lower Piqua, on the Miami, within what is now Miami county, were
destroyed, together with the store of a trader.

There were other expeditions into the Indian country from Kentucky,
which, although of later date, we mention in this connection. In 1786,
Col. Logan conducted a successful expedition against the Mackachack
towns, on the head waters of Mad River, in what is now Logan county.
Edwards, in 1787, led an expedition to the head waters of the Big Miami,
and, in 1788, Todd led one into the Scioto valley. There were also
minor expeditions, at various times, into the present limits of Ohio.

The Moravian missionaries, prior to the war of the revolution, had a
number of missionary stations within the limits of Ohio. The mission-
aries, Heckewelder and Post, were on the Muskingum as early as 1762.
In March, 1782, a party of Americans, under Col. Williamson, murdered
in cold blood, ninety-four of the defenceless Moravian Indians, within the
present limits of Tuscarawas county. In the June following, Col. Craw-
3

36 OUTLINE HISTORY.

ford, at the head of about 500 men, was defeated by the Indians, three
miles north of the site of Upper Sandusky, in Wyandot county. He
was taken prisoner, and burnt at the stake with horrible tortures.

By an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, passed in 1774, the whole
of the late north-western Territory was annexed to, and made a part of
the province of Quebec, as created and established by the royal proclama-
tion of the 7th of October, 1763. But nothing therein contained, relative
to the boundary of the said province of Quebec, was in any wise to affect
the boundaries of any other colony.

The colonies having, in 1776, renounced their allegiance to the British
king, and assumed rank as free, sovereign and independent States, each
State claimed the right of soil and jurisdiction over the district of country
embraced within its charter. The charters of several of the States
embraced large portions of western unappropriated lands. Those States
which had no such charters, insisted that these lands ought to be appro-
priated for the benefit of all the States, according to their population, as
the title to them, if secured at all, would be by the blood and treasure of
all the States. Congress repeatedly urged upon those States owning
western unappropriated lands, to make liberal cessions of them for the
common benefit of all.

The claim of the English monarch to the late north-western Territory
was ceded to the United States, by the treaty of peace, signed at Paris,
September 3, 1783. The provisional articles which formed the basis of
that treaty, more especially as related to the boundary, were signed, at
Paris, November 30, 1782. During the pendency of the negotiation
relative to these preliminary articles, Mr. Oswald, the British commis-
sioner, proposed the river Ohio as the western boundary of the United
States, and but for the indomitable perseverance of the revolutionary
patriot, John Adams, one of the American commissioners, who opposed the
proposition, and insisted upon the Mississippi as the boundary, the proba-
bility is, that the proposition of Mr. Oswald would have been acceded to
by the United States commissioners.

The states who owned western unappropriated lands, with a single
exception, redeemed their respective pledges by ceding them to the United
States. The State of Virginia, in March, 1784, ceded the right of soil and
jurisdiction to the district of country embraced in her charter, situated to
the north-west of the river Ohio. In September, 1786, the State of Con-
necticut also ceded her claim of soil and jurisdiction to the district of
country within the limits of her charter, situated west of a line beginning
at the completion of the forty-first point degree of north latitude, one
hundred and twenty miles west of the western boundary of Pennsylvania ;
and from thence by a line drawn north parallel to, and one hundred and
twenty miles west of said line of Pennsylvania, and to continue north until
it came to forty-two degrees and two minutes north latitude. The State
of Connecticut, on the 30th of May, 1800, also ceded her jurisdictional
claims to all that territory called the " Western Reserve of Connecticut."
The states of New York and Massachusetts also ceded all their claims.

The above were not the only claims which had to be made prior to the
commencement of settlements within the limits of Ohio. Numerous tribes
of Indian savages, by virtue of prior possession, asserted their respective
claims, which also had to be extinguished. A treaty for this purpose was
accordingly made at Fort Stanwix, October 27, 1784, with the Sachems
and warriors of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and
Tuscaroras; by the third article of which treaty, the said Six Nations
ceded to the United States all claims to the country west of a line extend-
ing along the west boundary of Pennsylvania, from the mouth of the
Oyounayea to the river Ohio.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 37

A treaty was also concluded at Fort Mcintosh, January 21, 1785, with the
Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa nations, by which the boundary
line between the United States and the Wyandot and Delaware nations was
declared to begin " at the mouth of the river Cuyahoga, and to extend up said
river to the Portage, between that and the Tuscaroras branch of the Muskin-
gum, thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort Laurens, then
westerly to the Portage of the Big Miami, which runs into the Ohio, at the
mouth of which branch the fort stood which was taken by the French, in 1752 ;
then along said Portage to the Great Miami, or Omee river, and down the south
side of the same to its mouth ; then along the south shore of Lake Erie to the
mouth of the Cuyahoga river, where it began." The United States allotted all
the lands contained within said lines to the Wyandot and Delaware nations, to
live and hunt on, and to such of the Ottawa nation as lived thereon ; saving and
reserving for the establishment of trading posts, six miles square at the mouth
of the Miami, or Omee river, and the same at the Portage, on that branch of
the Big Miami which runs into the Ohio, and the same on the Lake of Sandusky
where the fort formerly stood, and also two miles square on each side of the
Lower Rapids of Sandusky river.

The Indian title to a large part of the territory within the limits of Ohio
having been extinguished, legislative action on the part of Congress became
necessary before settlements were commenced ; as in the treaties made with the
Indians, and in the acts of Congress, all citizens of the United States were pro-
hibited settling on the lands of the Indians, as well as on those of the United
States. Ordinances were accordingly made by Congress for the government
of the Northwestern Territory, and for the survey and sale of portions of lands
to which the Indian title had been extinguished.

In May, 1785, Congress passed an ordinance for ascertaining the mode of
disposing of these lands. Under that ordinance, the first seven ranges, bounded
on the east by Pennsylvania, and on the south by the Ohio river, were surveyed.
Sales of parts of these were made at New York, in 1787, the avails of which
amounted to $72,974, and sales of other parts of said range were made at Pitts-
burg and Philadelphia, in 1796. The avails of sales made at the former place
amounted to $4344-6, and at the latter, $5,120. A portion of these lands were
located under United States military land warrants. No further sales were
made in that district until the Land Office was opened at Steubenville, July 1,
1801.

On the 27th of October, 1787, a contract in writing was entered into between
the Board of Treasury for the United States of America, of the one part, and
Manassah Cutler and Winthrop Sargeant, as agents for the directors of the
New England Ohio Company of associates, of the other part, for the purchase
of the tract of land bounded by the Ohio, from the mouth of the Scioto to the
intersection of the western boundary of the seventh range of townships then
surveying ; thence by said boundary to the northern boundary of the tenth
township from the Ohio; thence by a due west line to Scioto; thence by the
Scioto to the beginning. The bounds of that contract were afterwards altered
in 1792. The settlement of this purchase commenced at Marietta, at the mouth
of the Muskingum river, in the spring of 1788, and was the first settlement
formed within the limits of Ohio, An attempt at settlement within the bounds
of Ohio had been made in April, 1785, at the mouth of the Scioto, on the site
of Portsmouth, by four families from Redstone, Pa. ; but difficulties with the
Indians compelled its abandonment.

In October, 1787, Congress appointed Gen. Arthur St. Clair, an officer of the
Revolution, Governor ; Winthrop Sargeant, Secretary ; and the Hon. Samuel
Holden Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum, Judges, in, and over the Territory.
The territorial government was organized, and sundry laws were made, or
adopted, by the Governor and Judges Parsons and Varnum. In 1788 John

38 OUTLINE HISTORY.

Cleves Symmes was also appointed judge. The county of Washington, having
its limits extended westward to the Scioto, and northward to Lake Erie, em-
bracing about half the territory within the present limits of the State, was estab-
lished by the proclamation of the Governor.

On the 15th of October, 1788, John Cleves Symmes, in behalf of himself
and his associates, contracted with the Board of Treasury for the purchase of
a large tract of land situated between the Great and Little Miami river, and the
first settlement within the limits of that purchase, and second in Ohio, was com-
menced in November of that year, at Columbia, at the mouth of the Little
Miami, five miles* above the site of Cincinnati.

" A short time after the settlement at Marietta had commenced, an association
was formed under the name of the Scioto Land Company. A contract was made
for the purchase of a part of the lands included in the. Ohio Company's pur-
chases. Plats and descriptions of the land contracted for, were, however, made
out, and Joel Barlow was sent as an agent, to Europe to make sales of the lands
for the benefit of the company ; and sales were effected of parts thereof to com-
panies and individuals in France. On February 19, 1791, two hundred and
eighteen of these purchasers left Havre de Grace, in France, and arrived in Al-
exandria, D. C, on the 3d of May following. During their passage, two were
added to their number. On their arrival, they were told that the Scioto Com-
pany owned no land. The agent insisted that they did, and promised to secure
to them good titles thereto, which he did, at Winchester, Brownsville, and
Charleston (now Wellsburg.) When they arrived at Marietta, about fifty of
them landed. The rest of the company proceeded to Gallipolis, which was laid
out about that time, and were assured by the agent that the place lay within
their purchase. Every effort to secure titles to the lands they had purchased
having failed, an application was made to Congress, and in June, 1798, a grant
was made to them of a tract of land on the Ohio, above the mouth of the Scioto
river, which is called the ' French Grant' "

The Legislature of Connecticut, in May, 1795, appointed a committee to
receive proposals and make sale of the lands she had reserved in Ohio. This
committee sold the lands to sundry citizens of Connecticut and other States,
and, in September of the same year, executed to several purchasers deeds of
conveyance therefor. The purchasers proceeded to survey into townships of
five miles square the whole of said tract lying east of the Cuyahoga ; they
made divisions thereof according to their respective proportions, and com-
menced settlements in many of the townships, and there were actually settled
therein, by the 21st of March, 1800, about one thousand inhabitants. A num-
ber of mills had been built, ancj roads cut in various directions to the extent of
about 700 miles.

The location of the lands appropriate for satisfying military land bounty
warrants in the district appropriated for that purpose, granted for services in the
Revolutionary war, commenced on March 13, 1800; and the location of the
lands granted to the Canadian and Nova Scotia refugees commenced February
13, 1802. The lands east of the Scioto, south of the military bounty lands,
and west of the fifteenth range of townships, were first brought into market,
and offered for sale by the United States on the first Monday of May, 1801.

The State of Virginia, at an early period of the Revolutionary war, raised
two description of troops, State and Continental, to each of which bounties in
land were promised. The lands within the limits of her charter, situate to the
northwest of Ohio river, were withdrawn from appropriation on treasury war-
rants, and the lands on Cumberland river, and between the Green and Tennes-
see rivers on the southeasterly side of the Ohio, were appropriated forthese
military bounties. Upon the recommendation of Congress, Virginia ceded her
lands north of the Ohio, upon certain conditions ; one of which was, that in
case the lands south of Ohio should be insufficient for their legal bounties to

OUTLINE HISTORY. 39

their troops, the deficiency should be made up from lands north of the Ohio,
between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami.

In 1783, the Legislature of Virginia authorized the officers of their respective
lines to appoint superintendents to regulate the survey of the bounty lands
promised. Richard C. Anderson was appointed principal surveyor of the lands
of the troops of the continental establishment. An office for the reception of
locations and surveys was opened at Louisville, Kentucky, August 1, 1784, and
on the 1st of August, 1787, the said office was open for the reception of surveys
and locations on the north side of the Ohio.

In the year 1789, January 9th, a treaty was made at Fort Harmar, between
Governor St. Clair and the Sachems and warriors of the Wyandot, Chippewa,
Potawatomie, and Sac nations, in which the treaty at Fort Mcintosh was re-
newed and confirmed. It did not, however, produce the favorable results anti-
cipated. The Indians, the same year, assuming a hostile appearance, were seen
hovering round the infant settlements near the mouth of the Muskingum and
between the Miamies, and nine persons were killed within the bounds of
Symmes' purchase. The new settlers became alarmed and erected block-houses
in each of the new settlements. In June, 1789, Major Doughty, with 140 men,
from Fort Harmar, commenced the building of Fort Washington, on a spot now
within the present limits of Cincinnati. A few months afterwards, Gen. Har-
mar arrived, with 300 men, and took command of the fort.

Negotiations with the Indians proving unavailing, Gen. Harmar was directed
to attack their towns. In pursuance of his instructions he marched from Cin-
cinnati, in September, 1790, with 1,300 men, of whom less than one-fourth' were
regulars. When near the Indian villages, on the Miami of the lake in the
vicinity of what is now Fort Wayne, an advanced detachment of 310, consisting
chiefly of militia, fell into an ambush and was defeated with severe loss. Gen.
Harmar, however, succeeded in burning the Indian villages and in destroying
their standing corn, and having effected this service, the army commenced its
march homeward. They had not proceeded far when Harmar received intelli-
gence that the Indians had returned to their ruined towns. He immediately
detached about one-third of his remaining force, under the command of Col.
Hardin, with orders to bring them to an engagement. He succeeded in this
early the next morning ; the Indians fought with great fury, and the militia and
the regulars alike behaved with gallantry. More than one hundred of the
militia, and all the regulars except nine, were killed, and the rest were driven
back to the main body. Dispirited by this severe misfortune, Harmar imme-
diately marched to Cincinnati, and the* object of the expedition in intimidating
the Indians was entirely unsuccessful.

As the Indians continued hostile, a new army, superior to the former, was
assembled at Cincinnati, under the command of Gov. St. Clair. The regular
force amounted to 2,300 men ; the militia numbered about 600. With this
army, St. Clair commenced his march towards the Indian towns on the Maumee.
Two forts, Hamilton and Jefferson, were established and garrisoned on the route,
about forty miles from each other. Misfortune attended the expedition almost
from its commencement. Soon after leaving Fort Jefferson, a considerable
party of the militia deserted in a body. The first regiment, under Major
Hamtramck, was ordered to pursue them and to secure the advancing convoys
of provisions, which it was feared they designed to plunder. Thus weakened
by desertion and division, St. Clair approached the Indian villages. On the
3d of November, 1 791, when at what is now the line of Darke and Mercer
counties, he halted, intending to throw up some slight fortification for the pro-
tection of baggage, and to await the return of the absent regiment. On the
following morning, however, about half an hour before sunrise, the American
army was attacked with great fury, as there is good reason to believe, by the
whole disposable force of the northwest tribes. The Americans were totally

40 OUTLINE HISTORY.

defeated. Gen. Butler and upwards of six hundred men were killed. Indian
outrages of every kind were now multiplied, and emigration was almost entirely
suspended.

President Washington now urged forward the vigorous prosecution of the
war for the protection of the Northwest Territory ; but various obstacles re-
tarded the enlistment and organization of a new army. In the spring of 1794
the American army assembled at Greenville, in Darke county, under the com-
mand of Gen. Anthony Wayne, a bold, energetic and experienced officer of the
Revolution. His force consisted of about two thousand regular troops, and
fifteen hundred mounted volunteers from Kentucky. The Indians had collected
their whole force, amounting to about two thousand men, near a British fort,,
erected since the treaty of 1783, in violation of its obligations, at the foot of
the rapids of the Maumee. On the 20th of August, 1794, Gen. Wayne en-
countered the enemy, and after a short and deadly conflict, the Indians fled in
the greatest confusion, and were pursued under the guns of the British fort.
After destroying all the houses and corn-fields above and below the British
fort, on the Maumee, the victorious army returned to the mouth of Au Glaize„
where Wayne erected Fort Defiance. Previous to this action, various fruitless
attempts had been made to bring the Indians to peace. Some of the messen-
gers sent among the Indians for that object were murdered.

The victory of Wayne did not at first reduce the savages to submission.
Their country was laid waste, and forts were erected in the heart of their ter-
ritory before they could be entirely subdued. At length, however, they became
thoroughly convinced of their inability to resist the American arms and sued
for peace. A grand council was held at Greenville, where eleven of the most
powerful northwestern tribes were represented, to whom Gen. Wayne dictated
the terms of pacification. The boundary established by the treaty at Fort
Mcintosh was confirmed and extended westward from Loramie's to Fort Re-
covery, and thence southwest to the mouth of the Kentucky river. The Indians
agreed to acknowledge the United States as their sole protector, and never to
sell their lands to any other power. Upon these and other conditions, the
United States received the Indian nations into their protection. A large quan-
tity of goods was delivered to them on the spot, and perpetual annuities, pay-
able in merchandise, etc., were promised to each tribe who became a party to
the treaty.

While the war with the Indians continued, of course but little progress was
made in the settlement in the west. The next county that was established after
that of Washington, in 1788, was Hamilton, erected in 1790. Its bounds in-
cluded the country between the Miamies, extending northward from the Ohio-
river to a line drawn due east from the Standing Stone forks of the Great
Miami. The name of the settlement opposite the Licking was, at this time,,
called Cincinnati.

At this period there was no fixed seat of government. The laws were
passed whenever they seemed to be needed, and promulgated at any place
where the territorial legislators happened to be assembled. In 1789 the first
Congress passed an act recognizing the binding force of the ordinance of 1787,,
and adapting its provisions to the federal constitution. At this period, the
judges appointed by the national executive constituted the supreme court of
the territory. Inferior to this court were the county court, courts of common
pleas, and the general quarter sessions of the peace. Single judges of the
common pleas, and single justices of the quarter sessions were also clothed
with certain civil and criminal powers to be exercised out of court.

In 1795 the governor and judges undertook to revise the territorial laws,,
and to establish a system of statutory jurisprudence, by adoptions from the
laws of the original States, in conformity to the ordinance. For this purpose
they assembled in Cincinnati in June and continued in session until the latter

OUTLINE HISTORY. 41

part of August. The general court was fixed at Cincinnati and Marietta;
other courts were established, and laws and regulations were adopted for
various purposes.

The population of the territory now continued to increase and extend. From
Marietta, settlers spread into the adjoining country. The Virginia military
reservation drew a considerable number of revolutionary veterans, and others,
from that State. The region between the Miamies, from the Ohio far up
toward the sources of Mad river, became chequered with farms, and abounded
in indications of the presence of an active and prosperous population. The
neighborhood of Detroit became populous, and Connecticut, by grants of land
within the tract, reserved in her deed of cession, induced many of her hardy
citizens to seek a home on the borders of Lake Erie. In 1796 Wayne county
was established, including all the northwestern part of Ohio, a large tract in
the northeastern part of Indiana, and the whole territory of Michigan. In
July, 1797, Adams county was erected, comprehending a large tract lying on
both sides of the Scioto, and extending northward to Wayne. Other counties
were afterwards formed out of those already established. Before the end of
the year 1798 the Northwest Territory, contained a population of five thousand
free male inhabitants, of full age, and eight organized counties.

The people were now entitled, under the ordinance of 1787, to a change in
their form of government. That instrument provided that whenever there were
five thousand free males, of full age, in the territory, the people should be au-
thorized to elect representatives to a territorial legislature. These, when chosen,
were to nominate ten freeholders of 500 acres, of whom the president was to
appoint five, who were to constitute the legislative council. Representatives
were to serve two, and councilmen five years. The first meeting of the terri-
torial legislature was appointed on the 16th of September, 1799, but it was not
till the 24th of the same month that the two houses were organized for busi-
ness ; at which time they were addressed by Gov. St. Clair. An act was passed
to confirm and give force to those laws enacted by the governor and judges,
whose validity had been doubted. This act, as well as every other which
originated in the council, was prepared and brought forward by Jacob Burnet,
afterwards a distinguished judge and senator, to whose labors, at this session,
the territory was indebted for some of its most beneficial laws. The whole
number of acts passed and approved by the governor was thirty-seven. Wil-
liam H. Harrison, then secretary of the Territory, was elected as delegate to
Congress, having eleven of twenty-one votes.

Within a few months after the close of this session, Connecticut ceded to the
United States her claim of jurisdiction over the northeastern part of the ter-
ritory; upon which the president conveyed, by patent, the fee of the soil to the
governor of the State, for the use of grantees and purchasers claiming under
her. This tract, in the summer of the same year, was erected into a new county
by the name of Trumbull. The same congress which made a final arrangement
with Connecticut, passed an act dividing the Northwestern Territory into two
governments, by a line drawn from the mouth of the Kentucky to Fort Re-
covery, and thence northward to the territorial line. East of this line, the
government, already established, was continued ; while west of it another, sub-
stantially similar, was established. This act fixed the seat of the eastern gov-
ernment at Chillicothe ; subject, however, to be removed at the pleasure of the
legislature.

On the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed an act authorizing the call of
a convention to form a State constitution. This convention assembled at Chil-
licothe, November 1st, and on the. 29th of the same month a constitution of
State government was ratified and signed by the members of the convention.
It was never referred to the people for their approbation, but became the fun-
damental law of the State by the act of the convention alone ; and, by this act,
Ohio became one of the States of the Federal Union.

42 OUTLINE HISTORY.

Besides framing the constitution, the convention had another duty to per-
form. The act of Congress, providing for the admission of the new State into
the Union, offered certain propositions to the people. These were, first, that
section sixteen in each township, or, where that section had been disposed of,
other contiguous and equivalent lands, should be granted to the inhabitants for
the use of schools ; second, that thirty-eight sections of land, where salt-springs
had been found, of which one township was situated on the Scioto, one section
on the Muskingum, and one section in the United States military tract, should
be granted to the State, never, however, to be sold or leased for a longer term
than ten years; and third, that one-twentieth of the proceeds of public lands
sold within the State, should be applied to the construction of roads from the
Atlantic, to and through the same. These propositions were offered on the
condition that the convention should provide, by ordinance, that all lands sold
by the United States after the 30th day of June, 1802, should be exempt
from taxation, by the State, for five years after sale.

The ordinance of 1785 had already provided for the appropriation of section
sixteen to the support of schools in every township sold by the United States ;
and this appropriation thus became a condition of the sale and settlement of
the western country. It was a consideration offered to induce purchases of
public lands, at a time when the treasury was well-nigh empty, and this source
of revenue was much relied upon. It extended to every township of land
within the territory, except those in the Virginia military reservation, and
wherever the reserved section had been disposed of, after the passage of the
ordinance, Congress was bound to make other equivalent provision for the
same object. The reservation of section sixteen, therefore, could not, in 1802,
be properly made the object of a new bargain between the United States and
the State ; and many thought that the salt reservations and the twentieth of
the proceeds of the public lands were very inadequate equivalents for the pro-
posed surrender of the right to tax. The convention, however, determined to
accept the propositions of Congress, on their being so far enlarged and modified
as to vest in the State, for the use of schools, section sixteen in each township
sold by the United States, and three other tracts of land, equal in quantity,
respectively, to one thirty-sixth of the Virginia reservation, of the United States
military tract, and of the Connecticut reserve, and to give three per centum of
the proceeds of the public lands sold within the State, to be applied under the
direction of the legislature, to roads in Ohio. Congress assented to the pro-
posed modifications, and thus completed the compact.

The first General Assembly under the State constitution met at Chillicothe,
March 1, 1803. The legislature enacted such laws as were deemed necessary
for the new order of things, and created eight new counties, namely : Gallia,
Scioto, Franklin, Columbiana, Butler, Warren, Greene and Montgomery. The
first State officers elected by the assembly were as follows, viz. : Michael Bald-
win, Speaker of the House of Representatives ; Nathaniel Massie, Speaker of
the Senate ; William Creighton, Jr., Secretary of State ; Col. Thomas Gibson,
Auditor; William McFarland, Treasurer; Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Hun-
tington and William Sprigg, Judges of the Supreme Court ; Francis Dunlavy,
Wyllys Silliman and Calvin Pease, Judges of the District Courts.

The second General Assembly convened in December, 1803. At this ses-
sion, the militia law was thoroughly revised and a law was passed to enable
aliens to enjoy the same proprietary rights in Ohio as native citizens. At this
session, also, the revenue system of the State was simplified and improved.
Acts were passed providing for the incorporation of townships, and for the
establishment of boards of commissioners of counties.

In 1805, by a treaty with the Indians at Fort Industry (site of Toledo), the
United States acquired, for the use of the grantees of Connecticut, all that part
of the western reserve which lies west of the Cuyahoga. By subsequent trea-

OUTLINE HISTORY. 43

ties, all the country watered by the Maumee and the Sandusky have been
acquired, and the Indian title to lands in Ohio extinguished.*

In the course of the year 1805 the conspiracy of Aaron Burr began to
agitate the western country. The precise scope of the conspiracy does not
distinctly appear. " The immediate object, probably, was to seize on New Or-
leans and invade Mexico. The ulterior purpose may have been to detach the
West from the American Union. In December, 1806, in consequence of a con-
fidential message from the Governor, founded on the representations of an agent
of the general Government deputed to watch the motions of Burr, the legisla-
ture passed an act authorizing the arrest of persons engaged in an unlawful
enterprise, and the seizure of their goods. Under this act, ten boats, with a
considerable quantity of arms, ammunition and provisions, belonging to Burr's
expedition, were seized. This was a fatal blow to the project."

The Indians, who since the treaty at Greenville had been at peace, about the
year 18 10 began to commit aggressions upon the inhabitants of the West.
The celebrated Tecumseh was conspicuously active in his efforts to unite the
native tribes against the Americans, and to arrest the farther extension of the
settlements. His proceedings, and those of his brother, " the Prophet," soon
made it evident that the West was about to suffer the calamities of another
Indian war, and it was resolved to anticipate their movements. In 181 1 Gen.
Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, marched against the town of the
" Prophet," upon the Wabash. The battle of Tippecanoe ensued, in what is
now Cass county, Indiana, in which the Indians were totally defeated. This
year was also distinguished by an. occurrence of immense importance to the
whole West. This was the voyage, from Pittsburg to New Orleans, of the first
steamboat ever launched upon the western waters.

In June, 18 12, the United States declared war against Great Britain. Of
this war the West was a principal theatre. Defeat, disaster and disgrace marked
its opening scenes ; but the latter events of the contest were a series of splendid
achievements. Croghan's gallant defence of Fort Stephenson ; Perry's victory
upon Lake Erie ; the total defeat, by Harrison, of the allied British and sav-
ages, under Proctor and Tecumseh, on the Thames; and the great closing
triumph of Jackson at New Orleans, reflected the most brilliant lustre upon the
American arms. In every vicissitude of this contest, the conduct of Ohio was
eminently patriotic and honorable. When the necessities of the national Gov-
ernment compelled Congress to resort to a direct tax, Ohio, for successive
years, cheerfully assumed and promptly paid her quota out of her State treasury.
Her sons volunteered with alacrity their services in the field ; and no troops
more patiently endured hardship or performed better service. Hardly a battle
was fought in the Northwest in which some of these brave citizen soldiers did
not seal their devotion to their country with their blood.

In 1 8 16 the seat of the State Government was removed to Columbus, the
proprietors of the town having, pursuant to an agreement entered into, in good
faith, erected the State-house and other public buildings for the accommodation
of the legislature and the officers of State.

" In January, 18 17, the first resolution relating to a canal connecting the
Ohio river with Lake Erie was introduced into the legislature. In 18 19 the

* Indian Treaties. — The Western Reserve tract west of the Cuyahoga river was secured by a
treaty formed at Fort Industry (Toledo) in 1805. The lands west of Huron and Richland counties
and north of the Indian boundary line [that is, the Greenville treaty line, that treaty being the one
made by Gen. Wayne in August, 1795] to the western limits of Ohio, were purchased by the United
States in 1818 by a. treaty made at St. Mary's, Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur, commissioners.
The lands so ceded were called the " New Purchase." By the terms of this treaty certain tracts or
reservations were made within the purchased tract to the Wyandots, Delawares, Senecas, etc. These
reservations were subsequently ceded to the United States ; the last by the Wyandots in 1842, they
then being the only Indians remaining in the State. The next year they removed to Kansas, and
numbered at that time about 700 souls.

44 OUTLINE HISTORY.

subject was again agitated. In 1820, on recommendation of Gov. Brown, an
act was passed providing for the appointment of three canal commissioners,
who were to employ a competent engineer and assistants, for the purpose of
surveying the route of the canal. The action of the commissioners, however,
was made to depend on the acceptance of Congress of a proposition on behalf
of the State for a donation and sale of public lands lying upon and near the
route of the proposed canal. In consequence of this restriction nothing was
accomplished for two years. In 1822 the subject was referred to a committee
of the House of Representatives. This committee recommended the employ-
ment of an engineer, and submitted various estimates and observations to illustrate
the importance and feasibility of the work. Under this act James Geddes, of
New York, an experienced and skilful engineer, was employed to make the
necessary examinations and surveys. Finally, after all the routes had been
surveyed, and estimates made of the expense had been laid before the legisla-
ture at several sessions, an act was passed in February, 1825, ' To provide for
the internal improvement of the State by navigable canals/ and thereupon the
State embarked in good earnest in the prosecution of the great work of in-
ternal improvement."

The construction of the canals gave new life to the progress of the State.
Firstly, the work of their building supplied funds to the settlers along their
lines and then opened a market for the product of agriculture. These in many
sections had previously next to no cash value, and this, with the large amount
of sickness incident to opening up a wilderness, had occasioned the settle-
ments to languish.

The total canal mileage in the State is now 7%% miles, and the reservoirs
cover an area of 32,100 acres, or over fifty square miles. The total cost was
about sixteen millions of dollars.

Railroads soon followed. The first railroad west of New York State was the
u Erie & Kalamazoo," which led from Toledo, Ohio, to Adrian, Michigan. It
was opened with horse-power in the fall of 1836. A locomotive was put on
in the following July, 1837, the first used in the West. The next railroad in
Ohio was the Mad River & Lake Erie, which was incorporated in 1832, with a
prospective route from Dayton via Springfield to Sandusky. Construction
was begun in 1835, and in 1839 a portion opened sixteen miles from Sandusky
to Bellvue, and the second locomotive in Ohio was used there. Ten years later,
in 1 848, this road, in connection with the Little Miami Railway, which was built
from Cincinnati to Springfield, formed the first through line across the State.
The second through line from the lake to the Ohio was opened in 185 1 under
the name of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Little Miami Railroad.
The next year chronicled the opening of a third line from Cleveland to Pitts-
burg. The railroads of Ohio had in 1887 developed to 9,849 miles of track, on
which, with equipment, had been expended nearly 500 millions of dollars.

In 1835 the long dispute between Ohio and Michigan in relation to the
boundary line between them culminated in what was termed the " Toledo
War." TBoth States assembled their troops, but before any opening of hostili-
ties occurred peace commissioners from the President arrived on the ground,
and the next year Congress decided in favor of Ohio, Michigan receiving as
compensation for the relinquishment of her claims the large peninsula bounded
by the three great lakes and so rich in mineral wealth.

In the decade between 1830 and 1840 Ohio made surprising progress, owing
largely to the development of her canal system. Her increase of population
was 68 per cent, and she had become the third State of the Union with 1,519,-
467 inhabitants. Cincinnati, her chief city, had a population of 46,338 ; Co-
lumbus, 6,048 ; Cleveland, 6,071, and Dayton 6,067, which were the three next
in order.

Her manufacturing and commercial interests had received through that of

OUTLINE HISTORY. 45

her agriculture a vigorous start, and her mining began. The number of men
employed was 620.

In 1840 occurred the famous " Hard Cider and Log Cabin Campaign,"
which resulted in the election of General William Henry Harrison to the
Presidency by the Whig party and of Thomas Corwin as Governor by a ma-
jority of 16,000 over Wilson Shannon. Two years later Corwin was defeated
by Shannon, who thus became the first Governor born on the soil.

For the war with Mexico, declared in 1846, Ohio supplied four regiments of
volunteers and a company over, in all 5,536 men, more than any other Northern
State, of whom 57 were killed and wounded. One of the regiments, the
Second, was commanded by Col. Geo. W. Morgan, of Mt. Vernon, later a
brigadier-general in the war of the rebellion.

In this same year, 1846, bituminous coal was introduced into Ohio as a fur-
nace fuel at Lowellville, in Mahoning county, an event of prime importance to
the development of the iron industry of the State and country. Its first suc-
cess was the year before in an adjoining county in Pennsylvania.

At this period the slavery question assumed such importance as to soon
revolutionize the politics of the State. In the session of 1848-9 the legisla-
ture was nearly equally divided between the Whigs and Democrats, with two
Free Soilers, namely, Messrs. N. S. Townshend, of Lorain county, and John
F. Morse, of Lake county, holding the balance of power. The repeal of the
Black Laws,* which had long marred the statute books of Ohio, and their
choice for a United States Senator, were the primary objects with the Free
Soilers. Beside the election of a Senator, two judges were to be elected to
the Supreme Bench. Mr. Morse made overtures to the Whigs, but there were
some few from the southern counties who opposed the repeal of the laws and
to Joshua R. Giddings, his choice for Senator, and hence he failed. Mr.
Townshend was successful with the Democrats. They united with the Free
Soilers, the Black Laws were repealed (in which vote most of the Whigs
joined), Salmon P. Chase, the personal choice of Mr. Townshend, was elected
to the Senate, and two Democratic judges to the Supreme Bench.

This legislation provided schools for colored children. They were, however,
in a certain sense Black Laws, inasmuch as a distinction was thereby shown
between the races. This distinction was not entirely obliterated until the session
of 1886-7, when they were repealed through the eloquent efforts of Benjamin
W. Arnett, D. D., member-elect from Greene county. He was the first colored
man in the United States to represent a constituency where the majority were
white and the first to be foreman of a jury where all the other members were
white.

On May 6, 1850, the second constitutional convention, consisting of 108
members, met at Columbus to revise and change the old constitution and adapt
it to the changed condition of the commonwealth. It was in actual session in
all about four and a half months. The adjournment was March 10 1851
I he constitution was ratified by a majority of 16,288. William Medill its
president, was elected the first Governor under it.

On July 13, 1855, Free Soilers, Whigs, Democrats and Americans, opposed
to the extension of slavery, met at the Town Street Methodist Church in Co-
lumbus and held the first Republican State Convention.

They elected John Sherman chairman and announced in their platform that
they would resist the spread of slavery under whatever shape or color it may
be attempted. They nominated Salmon P. Chase as their Governor The
Whig party was from thenceforth no more. Mr. Chase was elected by a ma-

4 6 OUTLINE HISTORY.

jority of 15,651. His opposing Democratic candidate was Gov. Medill. Ex-
Governor Trimble, the candidate of the American, or Know Nothing party, re-
ceived 24,276 votes. In 1857 Mr. Chase was again re-elected Governor by
1,503 majority over Henry B. Payne, the Democratic candidate.
' The great measure of Mr. Chase's administration was his suggestion to the
legislature to organize the militia. It seems as though his vision was pro-
phetic of coming events. In 1858 a grand review was held of the newly-or-
ganized military forces at Dayton, and rules and regulations governing military
drills were printed and scattered among the militia, thereby creating a martial
and patriotic spirit which afterwards burst out with almost uncontrollable en-
thusiasm.

" Slowly the nation was approaching the crisis of its history, and Mr. Chase
marched abreast of all events that led to it. In October, 1859, J ohn Brown
made his famous invasion of Virginia, and immediately after Gov. Henry A.
Wise wrote to Gov. Chase, notifying him that Virginia would pursue abolition
bands even into sister States to punish them. Mr. Chase dignifiedly replied
that Ohio would obey the constitution and laws of the United States and dis-
countenance unlawful acts, but under no circumstances could the military of
other States invade Ohio territory. This was his last official declaration as
Governor. In January, i860, his term closed, and he was a month later elected
United States Senator."*

William Dennison, the first of " the War Governors, succeeded Mr. Chase,
being elected over Judge Rufus P. Ranney, his Democratic competitor, by a
majority of 13,331 votes. The legislature was in session when the news was
received of the fall of Sumter and sent a thrill through that body. In the
midst of the excitement the shrill tones of a woman's voice resounded from
the gallery: "Thank God! It is the death of slavery." They were the
screaming tones of Abbie Kelly Foster, who for years had been noted as an
anti-slavery lecturer of the most fiery denunciatory type.

Ohio's response to the proclamation of President Lincoln, calling for 75,000
of the militia of the several States, was immediate. From all parts of the
State came proffers of services from tens of thousands, and on the 19th of
April, only four days after the issuance of the call, the First and Second Regi-
ments of Ohio Volunteers had been organized at Columbus and were on their
way to Washington. The legislature simultaneously voted an appropriation
of a million dollars for war purposes.

Senator Garfield also offered a bill, which was passed, " to define and punish
treason against the State." In his report Mr. Garfield said : " It is high time
for Ohio to enact a law to meet treachery when it shall take the form of an overt
act- to provide when her soldiers shall go forth to maintain the Union there
shall be no treacherous fire in the rear." His bill was passed in consequence
of the efforts of the Hon. C. L. Vallandigham, who was in Columbus, and,
believing that the Union could not be sustained by force of arms, was vainly
endeavoring to stem the patriotic fervor which led the Democratic members of
the Assembly equally with the Republican to maintain the Government.

Governor Dennison was soon enveloped " in a whirlpool of events ; but he
proved himself equal to the emergency." Having contributed to the safety of
Washington by the despatching thither of two regiments, his next attention
was given to the southern border, along which for 436 miles Ohio was bounded
by the slave States Virginia and Kentucky, and liable to invasion. The atti-
tude of Virginia was most alarming. Her western mountains were a natural
fortification admitting of perfect defence and behind which Richmond and the

*Froir "A History of Ohio." inclusive of Biographical Sketches of the Governors and the Ordinance
of 1787, by Daniel J. Ryan, Secretary of State. An excellent little compend. A. H. Smythe, pub-
lisher, Columbus, 1888, l2mo. Price #1.00.

OUTLINE HISTORY. 47

whole South was secure and from whence they could make incursions into the
free States. Less than eighty miles of free territory bordered Ohio on the east.
The West Virginians who were loyal called for aid. The Ohio militia in pay
of the State were pushed into West Virginia, gained the first victories of the
war, and drove out the rebel troops. This being after the continued disasters
at the East, electrified the nation. " Thus was West Virginia the gift of Ohio,
through her State militia, to the nation at the outset of the war." Gov. Den-
nison had ere this written, " Ohio must lead throughout the war," and she did.
Geo. B. McClellan, who had general command in West Virginia, through a
prestige obtained by the celerity of action and promptness of his subordinates,
mainly Gen. Wm. S. Rosecrans, was soon called to the head of the Army of
the Potomac and Gov. Dennison to the Cabinet of the nation.

In 1861 David Tod, the second " War Governor," was elected by 55,000
majority over Hugh. J. Jewett, the nominee of the anti-war, or regular Demo-
cratic party of the State. The legislature was overwhelmingly Union Re-
publican.

In September, 1862, occurred an event spoken of as the "Siege of Cincin-
nati." Gen's. Kirby Smith and John Morgan, with united forces, entered
Kentucky, with the Ohio border as the objective point. Cincinnati was de-
fenceless as they approached toward it, when Gov. Tod called for volunteers
from citizens, who, under the general name of " squirrel-hunters," for many
brought their shotguns, flocked to the number of thousands from all parts of
the State to the defence of their great and patriotic city. Major-Gen. Lewis
Wallace was put in command. He proclaimed martial law over the three
cities of Cincinnati, Covington, and Newport, and fortifications were thrown up
on the Kentucky hills, on all the avenues of approach to the city, and full
preparations made to meet the foe. The "squirrel-hunters," Home Guards of
Cincinnati, with some newly-formed regiments, crossed the Ohio on a pontoon,
marched out four miles, and there awaited for four days the attack of the
enemy. There was some slight skirmishing of pickets, when the enemy, seeing
the strength of force arrayed against them, withdrew.

The next year, 1863, Mr. Vallandigham continuing to influence public
sentiment in Ohio by the eloquent and fearless presentation of his peace views,
tending to the aid and comfort of those in arms against the Union, was seized,
tried by court-martial, and found guilty of disobedience of military orders, and
sentenced to imprisonment during the war. Mr. Lincoln changed this sentence
to transportation to his friends within the lines of the Southern Confederacy.
He passed through these rapidly, and reaching Wilmington, North Carolina,
June 17, where, taking a blockade-runner, he reached Canada, and established
himself at Windsor, opposite Detroit, communicated with his friends in Ohio,
and awaited events.

This summer was made further notable by the raid of Gen. John Morgan
through Ohio. With only about 2,000 horsemen he entered it on the Indiana
border, passed within fourteen miles of Cincinnati, went through the entire
southern part of Ohio, and, although over 50,000 men, mostly citizens, were in
pursuit, he escaped capture until within a few miles of a crossing-place on the
Ohio, in its southeasternmost county, on the Pennsylvania line. The object of
this audacious raid was to distract attention from the movements of the Con-
federates in Kentucky and Tennessee, and it accomplished it.

On the 17th of June this year the Union Republican Convention met at
Columbus, and nominated John Brough, an old-line Democrat, for Governor,
he being of great popularity, and of such extraordinary executive ability as
well as oratorical powers as to be thought more likely to carry the State than
Mr. Tod, its then executive.

The peace party nominated Mr. Vallandigham. His banishment had aroused
so much sympathy for him — the " exiled hero " — that 'they were constrained

48 OUTLINE HISTORY.

to nominate him. And there on the border he counselled with his adherents,
watched and directed the canvass. As it drew towards its close, when the
speeches had all been made, and the issues fairly laid before the people, a few
hours remained ere the depositing of the ballots, when a feeling of deep
solemnity pervaded the entire commonwealth. The eyes of the whole nation
were upon Ohio ; on her hung the death or salvation of the Union. If Ohio
should prove recreant all was lost.

Ohio was true; she always is. John C. Brough was elected Governor by
the unprecedented majority of 101,099 votes. Of this the home majority was
61,920, and the soldiers' majority 39,179. Out of 43,755 soldier votes only
2,288 were given for Vallandigham. In multitudes of cases the sons in the
army voted one way, while the fathers at home on their farms, secure from
war's alarms, voted the other. The soldier's vote was a signal illustration of
the noble principle that those who mostly do sacrifice for a righteous cause
mostly do love it.

Of the citizens who remained at home over 180,000 signified their preference
for Vallandigham. Many sincerely regarded him as the subject of oppression ;
they were patriotic, but despairing of success, and tired, sick at heart, of what
seemed an idle effusion of blood and prolongation of suffering and misery. Still
others there were, probably but a trifling number, who, in the malignancy of an
evil nature, desired to see the triumph of the " slave power," that there might
remain a class lower than themselves to tread and spit upon, a spirit that was
illustrated by the riots at this era in New York, where an orphan asylum for
colored children was given to the flames and black men shot dead in cold
blood for no offence but the offence of color.

Mr. Brough, the last of Ohio's War Governors, was the man for the most
trying crisis. From the opposition to the war, Mr. Lincoln was fearful that
another draft upon the people would result in failure, and more troops were
imperative. Seeing this, Gov. Brough called a convention of the Governors
of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, which, with himself representing Ohio,
met in convention, and on April 21, 1864, notified Mr. Lincoln that they could
furnish him with 85,000 men for 100 days, without a dollar of bounty or a
single draft. These were citizen volunteers, largely men advanced in years and
with families, and holding responsible positions, the object of their brief services
being mainly to garrison the forts, and thus relieve the veteran soldiers to
reinforce Grant in Virginia, and enable him by weight of numbers of disciplined
men to crush the rebellion. Of these Ohio supplied nearly half of the required
number — over 30,000 men — National Guards, as they were called. The
measure was most effective and their services most timely. It was a splendid
contribution of the loyal West to the cause of the Union. Mr. Brough declined
a renomination, and died in office.

The arms'of Ohio's sons in the field were sustained by the work of Ohio's
daughters at home. As Ohio's soldiers were the first to gain victories, so the
women of Ohio were the first to organize aid societies. In five days after the
fall of Sumter the ladies of the " Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio "
organized at Cleveland, which eventually distributed food and clothing to the
amount of a million of dollars. A similar organization was started in Cincin-
nati, which was alike successful, and every church and Sunday-school in the
State became tributary channels through which flowed gifts to sustain the
soldiers in front. When the war closed more than one-half of her able-bodied
men had taken up arms for the Union, and she had shown herself to have been
the most efficient of all the States, supplying, as she had, the most successful
generals and the largest number of able men in the Cabinet of the President
and in the councils of the nation.

This was but a natural outcome of the early history further detailed in these

OUTLINE HISTORY. 49

p-ges, and the quality of the varied people of Anglo-Saxon blood, who from
the fringe of the Atlantic slope, from Virginia to New England, a hundred
years ago first began to emigrate to its soil, dedicated while yet a wilderness
to freedom. Unlike the emigrant to the prairie States farther West, starting
earlier, they had greater difficulties to encounter from the savage and the
wilderness. They grew strong by felling its vast forests and opening them to
cultivation, and seeing progress year by year as they overcame obstacle after
obstacle, until an entire race of men were born upon the soil, who, educated
by continued success, were filled with the sentiment of invincibility that will
put a people that possess it everywhere to the front — make them born leaders.

Ohio to-day is in the very heart of the nation ; and, being on its great high-
way, over which its commerce and travel flow, and where its people must
mingle for an interchange and broadening of ideas, she must infallibly be national
and broad in her policy and character. Her soil is of the richest, and there is
no preponderating industry to give to her citizens a one-sided development.
Agriculture, manufactures, mining, and commerce, the four great pursuits of
man, she has in remarkable equipoise. To this should be added prominence
in education.

The unusually large numbers of small colleges, cheap and accessible every-
where, have given multitudes the prime requisite of the higher education, that
is, mental discipline, and the uses of the instruments of knowledge. These,
with natural capacity, will ever enable their possessors to attain to the very
summits. In instructors in learning she has produced a host, and to-day, in
the department of religion, she shows an unsurpassed spirit of Christian enter-
prise and self-sacrifice, leading all the States in the number of missionaries to
heathen lands.

The noble history of the State, the heroic character of her sons and daugh-
ters so signally shown therein, the many eminent leaders she has produced in
every department, remain an imperishable inspiration to the young now born
upon her soil to further advance the commonwealth in everything that will in-
ure to her moral and material grandeur.

A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OHIO.

By Frank Henry Howe.

Note. — In compiling this article the writer has drawn from the following sources of information :
" Topographical and Historical Sketch of Ohio," Whittlesey; "Ohio Archaeological and Historical
Quarterly," Vol. I; "Geography and Geology of Ohio," Orton; "History of Ohio," Ryan ; "Ohio,
A Sketch of Industrial Progress," Short; "Ohio, A Century's Growth," Graham; "United States
Census, 1880; " "Ohio Statistics, 1887."

Primitive Baces. — Evidences of the existence
of man in Ohio previous to the glacial period
have been found, and evidences of a civiliza-
tion in Ohi'o after the glacial period are
abundant. The works of that race of people
popularly called " the Mound-builders," con-
sisting of earthworks, such as mounds, forts,
effigies, etc., are said to number more than
ten thousand in Ohio, and are more numer-
ous in this State than in any other equal area
in the world. The most important of these
are the Serpent Mound, in Adams county,
which in its convolutions is more than a
thousand feet in length ; Fort Ancient, in
Warren county, length of surrounding en-
bankment about five miles and estimated to
contain 628,800 cubic yards of material; Fort Hill, in Highland county, enclos-
ing an area of thirty-five acres ; Graded Way, in Pike county ; fortifications at
Newark, covering over 1000 acres. The largest mound in the State, at Miamis-
burg, is sixty-eight feet in height and 800 feet in circumference at the base.

In the mounds are found portions of human skeletons, frequently partly con-
sumed by fire, with ornaments of shells, bone, stone, mica and copper. Along
the water-shed in the central part of the State the works are not as numerous as
in other parts and indicate that this was neutral ground between two tribes or
races. The works in the northern part of the State, which extend eastward along
Lake Ontario, by their character indicate a more warlike people than those in the
southern part, whose works are largely altars, effigies, pyramids, etc., sacred in
character and indicating a more numerous and industrious people.

A marked difference exists in the shape of the skulls found in these mounds.
Those in the north are generally low and long, while in the south they are mostly
high and short, which furnishes additional evidence that there were two different
tribes or races. The latest conclusion in regard to these Mound-builders is that the
northern, or long-headed, conquered the southern, or short-headed, people ; that
the two intermingled, the result of the amalgamation being the North American
Indian. The Indians, however, have no knowledge of the origin of the mounds
and earthworks and no traditions in support of this theory. The principal In-
dian tribes of Ohio were the Delawares, Shawanese, Miamis, Wyandots,or Hurons,
Ottawas, Senecas and Mingoes. It has been estimated that their entire popula-
tion at the beginning of the Revolutionary war was only about 6,000, which was
about one Indian to every seven square miles.

Historical — The first explorations by Europeans in what is now Ohio were
made by the French, La Salle's discoveries dating from 1667. Its territory was
in dispute between the French and English until by the treaty of 1763 the French
4 (5i)

52 DESCRIPTION OF OHIO.

assigned the " Great West " to the English. In the spring of 1779 George Rogers
Clark, in behalf of Virginia, wrested control of the region afterwards known as
the Northwest Territory from the English by the defeat and unconditional sur-
render of Gov. Hamilton at Fort Vincennes.

By the treaty of 1783 Great Britain relinquished her right and interest in the
Northwest Territory, and the United States assumed control, acknowledging the
claim made by Virginia to 3,709,848 acres, near the rapids of Ohio, and a similar
claim by Connecticut to 3,666,621 acres, near Lake Erie, which became known as
the " Western Reserve." These claims were admitted as to ownership, but in no
way as to jurisdiction. In 1787 Congress passed the ordinance creating the
Northwest Territory, the first commonwealth in the world whose organic law
recognized every man as free and equal. The first permanent settlement made
under the ordinance was at Marietta, in 1788, by officers of the Revolutionary
army. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed by Congress the first Governor of
the Northwest Territory. The early years of the Northwest Territory were har-
assed by Indian warfare until, in 1794, when Gen. Anthony Wayne, at the u Bat-
tle of Fallen Timbers," defeated them with terrible loss. The first territorial
Legislature was organized in 1797 and chose Wm. Henry Harrison delegate to
Congress. In 1800 Congress divided the Northwest Territory into two govern-
ments, the seat of the eastern government being fixed at Chillicothe. November
29, 1802, a constitution of State government was ratified and signed by the mem-
bers of a convention authorized by act of Congress. February 19, 1803, the con-
stitution was approved by Congress and Ohio recognized as^a State, the seven-
teenth in order of admission. Edward Tiffin was elected the first Governor
of Ohio.

The seat of government was at Chillicothe until 1810, in Zanesville till 1812, and
again in Chillicothe till 1816, when Columbus was made the permanent capital.

Geographical. — Ohio is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and the State of
Michigan, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on the south by the
Ohio river, which separates it from West Virginia and Kentucky, and on the
west bv Indiana. It is situated between 38° 27' and 41° 57' north latitude, and
80° 34'" and 80° 49' west longitude. Its greatest length from north to south is
about 210 miles, and the extreme width from east to west about 225 miles. The
area of Ohio is 40,760 square miles. In 1886 the number of acres cultivated was
9,705,735 ; in pasture, 6,180,875 ; woodland, 4,854,473 ; lying waste, 604,699.

The Ohio river extends along half of its east front and the whole of the south-
ern boundary, bordering the State for a distance of 436 miles. The lake shore
of the State is 230 miles, giving a total navigable front of 666 miles. The sur-
face of the State is that of an undulating plateau, with an average elevation of
about 200 feet above Lake Erie, which is 565 feet above the sea-level. The
highest elevation, 1550 feet above mean tide, is near Bellefontaine, Logan county,
the lowest land at the mouth of the Great Miami, a little less than 440 feet above
tide. The main water-shed extends across the State from its northeastern corner
to about the middle of its western boundary, dividing the State into two unequal
slopes, of which the northern, much the smaller, drains into Lake Erie, and the
southern sends its waters through the Ohio into the Gulf of Mexico.

The northern part of the State gently slopes to Lake Erie; the central part is
nearly a level plain, and the southern part uneven and hilly, caused by the
excavative power of the streams flowing into the Ohio. The larger part of the
State was originally well covered with timber.

The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela
rivers at Pittsburg, in the western part of Pennsylvania. Its entire length to the
Mississippi, following its meanderings, is about 950 miles, while an air-line from
Pittsburg to Cairo would only measure about 615 miles. Through a large part of its
course it flows in an excavated trough from 400 to 600 feet below the adjacent hills.
Its average descent is less than five inches to the mile. Its current ranges from
two to five miles an hour, according to the season of the year. The average be-
tween high and low water (times of freshets or droughts) is generally about sixty
feet. At its lowest stage the river is fordable in several places between Cincin-
nati and Pittsburg. The river has many islands, some of which are valuable for
their fertility and very picturesque, while others, known as tow-heads, are sandy.

DESCRIPTION OF OHIO. 53

The streams flowing south into the Ohio are the Muskingum, Scioto, Hocking
and Little and Great Miamis.

The Muskingum is formed by the confluence of the Tuscarawas and Walhond-
ing rivers, which rise in the northern part of the State and unite at Coshocton.
From this point it flows in a southeasterly direction, about 110 miles through a
beautiful, fertile and populous region to the Ohio at Marietta, where it is about
225 yards in width. It is navigated by steamboats as far up as Dresden, ninety-
five miles from Marietta.

The Scioto is a beautiful river, one of the largest streams which intersect the
State. It rises in Hardin county and flows southeasterly to Columbus. There
it receives its principal affluent, the Olentangy, after which its direction is
southerly, till it enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Ohio and Erie canal fol-
lows its valley for a distance of ninety miles. Its tributaries are, besides the
Olentangy, or Whetstone river, the Darby, Walnut and Paint creeks.

The Great Miami river rises in Hardin county, near the head-waters of the
Scioto, and runs southwesterly, passing Troy, Dayton and Hamilton. It is a
beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a highly productive and populous
valley in which limestone and hard timber are abundant. It is about 150 miles
in length and empties into the Ohio at the'southwestern corner of the State.

The chief rivers of the northern slope are the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron and
Cuyahoga, all emptying into Lake Erie, and all but the first being entirely within
the limits of the State.

The Maumee rises in Indiana, but runs for about eighty miles in Ohio, and is
navigable as far as Perrysburg, a distance of eighteen miies.

The other three rivers have rapid courses and afford a large amount of valu-
able water-power.

Lakes.— A remarkable feature of Ohio is the almost entire absence of lakes or
ponds. A very few small ones are only found in the northern part of the State.
Lake Erie, which forms the northern boundary of Ohio, next to Ontario, is the
lowest in mean elevation of the series of great North American lakes. It is 290
miles in length and 57 miles in width at the widest part. There are no islands
except in the west end and very few bays. Its greatest depth is off Long Point,
312 feet. The shores are principally drift clay or hard pan, upon which the waves
are continually encroaching. At Cleveland, from the first survey in 1796 to 1842,
the encroachment was 218 feet along the entire city front. The coast is low,
seldom rising above fifty feet at the water's edge.

Lake Erie, like the other great American lakes, has a variable surface, rising and
falling with the seasons, like great rivers, called the " annual fluctuation," and a
general one, embracing a series of years due to meteorological causes, known as
the u secular fluctuation."

Its lowest known level was in February, 1819, rising more or less each year,
until June, 1838, in the extreme to six feet eight inches. Reducing each year to
«n average the difference between 1819 and 1838 was five feet two inches, and
the average annual rise and fall, obtained by the mean of twelve years, one foot
one and one-half inches.

There are several important harbors and ports in Ohio, among which are
Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky, Port Clinton, Fairport and Ashtabula-. Valuable
improvements have been made in some of these harbors at the expense of the
general government. By means of the Welland canal, in Canada, vessels not
exceeding 130 feet in measurement of keel, 26 feet beam, and 10 feet draught,
can pass to and fro between Lake Erie and the Altantic Ocean. The first steam-
boat was launched upon Lake Erie in 1818.

The Climate of Ohio is one of extremes. Between the average summer and
winter temperatures there is a difference of at least 40° Fahrenheit. In a central
east and west belt the average winter temperature is 73°. Southern Ohio has a
mean annual temperature of 54°, and Northern Ohio of 49°. Notwithstanding
sudden and severe changes, the climate is proved by every test to be excellently
adapted to both vegetable and animal life. The rainfall is generous and admir-
ably distributed. The average total precipitation of Southern Ohio is forty -six
inches ; of Northern Ohio, thirty-two inches ; of a large belt in the centra oi' the
State occupying nearly one-half of its entire surface, forty inches.

54 DESCRIPTION OF OHIO.

Natural Resources. — The southern slopes of the water-shed are very fertile,,
specially adapted for grain, the bottom lands of the rivers growing prolific crops
of corn ; the northern slopes are superior for grazing and dairy products, partic-
ularly on the "■ Western Reserve," long famous for the latter. The uplands
produce large crops of wheat. Fruit culture is a profitable industry, especially
on the shores and islands of the western part of Lake Erie, where grape growing
and wine making have assumed large proportions. Berry culture has been a
source of much profit in the southern and southeastern parts of the State. The
eastern and southeastern parts of Ohio contaiVi about 12,000 square miles of coal-
producing strata. In most of the coal regions iron ore and fire clay are mined to
a greater or less extent and support extensive furnaces and manufactories.
Petroleum and natural gas are abundant and widely distributed. Other mineral
productions are cement rock, gypsum, peat, salt, marl, lime and building stone.
The sandstone quarries are among the best in the United States.

The Population in Ohio in 1790 was 3,000; in 1800, 45,365; 1810, 230,760;
1820,581295; 1830, 937,903; 1840, 1,519,467; 1850,1,980,329; 1860,2,339,511;
1870, 2,665,260 ; 1880, 3,198,062 ; of which were male, 1,613,936 ; female, 1,584,-
126 ; native, 2,803,119 ; foreign, 394,943 ; white, 3,117,920 ; colored, 79,900 ; Chinese,
109; Indians, 130.

Nativities of the People.— Of the population in 1880, 2,361,437 were born in Ohio ;
in Pennsylvania, 138,163; Virginia, 51,647; West Virginia, 12,812; New York,
64,J 38; Maryland, 20,091; Massachusetts, 10,854; Michigan, 11,403; Indiana,
27,202; Illinois, 10,013; Kentucky, 32,492; New Jersey, 10,487; Connecticut,
9,003 ; Vermont, 7,064. Of the foreign population there were born in the Ger-
man Empire, 192,597; Austria, 1,681; Bohemia, 6,232; British America, 16,-
146; England, 41,555 ; Ireland, 78,927 ; Scotland, 8,946 ; Wales, 13,763; France,
60,131; Switzerland, 11,989 ; Holland, 2,455; Hungary, 1,477 ; Italy, 1,064;;
Poland, 2,039; Sweden, 1,186. . . ' .

Emigration from Ohio. — Born in Ohio, resident in Indiana, 186,391 ; in Illinois,
136,884; Iowa, 120,495; Kansas, 93,396; Missouri, 78,938; Michigan, 77,053;
Nebraska, 31,800; West Virginia, 27,535; Pennsylvania, 27,502; Kentucky,.
27,115; Wisconsin, 20,512; California, 17,759; Minnesota, 15,560; Colorado,
11,759; New York, 11,599; Texas, 7,949; Oregon, 6,201; Arkansas, 5,254;
Tennessee, 5,035.

Population of Cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (census of 1880) : Akron,.
16,512; Canton, 12,258; Chillicothe, 10,938; Cincinnati, 255,139; Cleveland,
160,146; Columbus, 51,647; Dayton, 38,678 ; Hamilton, 12,122; Portsmouth,
11,321 ; Sandusky, 15,838 ; Springfield, 20,730 ; Steubenville, 12,093 ; Toledo,
50,137; Youngstown, 15,435; Zanesville, 18,113.

Counties {which number 88) and County Seats. — Adams, West Union. ^ Allen,
Lima. Ashland, Ashland. Ashtabula, Jefferson. Athens, Athens. Auglaize, Wa-
pakoneta. Belmont, St. Clairsville. Brown, Georgetown. Butler, Hamilton. Car-
roll, Carrollton. Champaign, Urbana. Clarke, Springfield. Clermont, Batavia.
Clinton, Wilmington. Columbiana, New Lisbon. Coshocton, Coshocton. Craw-
ford, Bucyrus. Cuyahoga, Cleveland. Darke, Greenville. Defiance, Defiance.
Delaware, Delaware. Erie, Sandusky. Fairfield, Lancaster. Fayette, Washington
C. H. Franklin, Columbus. Fulton, Wauseon. Gallia, Gallipolis. Geauga,,
Chardon. Greene, Xenia. Guernsey, Cambridge. Hamilton, Cincinnati. Han-
cock, Findlay. Hardin, Kenton. Harrison, Cadiz. Henry, Napoleon. High-
land, Hillsboro. Hocking, Logan. Holmes, Millersburg. Huron, Norwalk.
Jackson, Jackson. Jefferson, Steubenville. Knox, Mt. Vernon. Lake, Painesville..
Lawrence, Ironton. Licking, Newark. Logan, Bellefontaine. Lorain, Elyria.
Lucas, Toledo. Madison, London. Mahoning, Youngstown. Marion, Marion.
Medina, Medina. Meigs, Pomeroy. Mercer, Celina. Miami, Troy. Monroe,
Woodsfield. Montgomery, Dayton. Morgan, McConnellsville. Morrow, Mt. Gilead.
Muskingum, Zanesville. Noble, Caldwell. Ottawa, Port Clinton. Paulding,
Paulding. Perry, New Lexington. Pickaway, Circleville. Pike, Waverly. Port-
age, Ravenna. Preble, Eaton. Putnam, Ottawa. Richland, Mansfield. Ross,
Chillicothe. Sandusky, Fremont. Scioto, Portsmouth. Seneca, Tiffin. Shelby,
Sidney. Stark, Canton. Summit, Akron. Trumbull, Warren, Tuscarawas, New
Philadelphia. Union, Marysville. Van Wert, Van Wert. Vinton, Mc Arthur.

DESCRIPTION OF OHIO

Warren, Lebanon. Washington, Marietta. Wayne, Wooster. Williams, Bryan.
Wood, Bowling Green. Wyandot, Upper Sandusky.

Principal Places.— Columbus, capital, site of prominent State institutions, large
carriage and other manufactures, important railroad and centre of great coal-
mining interests. Cincinnati, largest city in the State, noted for public spirit
and public institutions, great commercial and manufacturing centre. Cleveland,
second largest city, most important of the lake ports, notable for commerce and
manufactures, specially iron and petroleum. Akron, seat of flour and woollen
mills, paint and sewer-pipe manufactures. Toledo, commercial, manufacturing
and railroad interests. Sandusky, largest fish-market in the world, wine-making,
lime and lumber interests. Dayton, manufacturing centre, agricultural imple-
ments, paper machinery and cars. Hamilton, manufacturing city, machinery,
steam-engines, paper, etc. Springfield, seat of largest agricultural implement
manufactures in the world, centre of productive wheat-growing region. Newark,
prosperous mining centre and manufacturing city. Mansfield, centre of agricul-
tural region, agricultural implement and other manufactures. Chillicothe, first
seat of government of Ohio, centre of rich agricultural region, railroad repair-
shops. Bellaire, emporium of farming and mining region," and especially nail
and glass manufacturing. Canton, large agricultural implement, and iron man-
ufactures, centre of rich wheat region. Xenia, twine and cordage manufactures
and gunpowder mart. Findlay, manufacturing, natural gas and oil interests.
Lima, petroleum and natural gas interests. Zanesville, manufacturing and espe-
cially fire-clay products, mining centre. Youngstown, mining and iron manu-
facturing. Ashtabula, growing iron and coal-shipping interests. East Liverpool,
centre of great clay goods manufacturing region, next to Trenton, N. J., the
greatest in the United States, producing one-third of all the clay goods. Ironton,
centre of mining and a great iron manufacturing region. Portsmouth, an old
manufacturing town. Steubenville, mining centre, glass, iron and fire-clay
manufactures.

Commerce. — There are four ports of entry in Ohio, Cincinnati, Toledo, Sandusky
and Cleveland. The total imports for the year ending June, 1886, were $2,531,903,
and the exports were $1,363,968. In this aggregate no exports are credited to
Cincinnati, the bulk of the amount having been from Toledo, one of the leading
lake grain-shipping ports. The entrances at the three lake ports for the year
ending June, 1886, were 834 vessels, of 137,171 tonnage; and the clearances were
945 vessels of 180,027 tonnage. The number of vessels registered, enrolled and
licensed was 257, of 102,416 tonnage.

In 1880, Ohio had 24,529,226 acres, valuation $1,127,497,353, devoted to agri-
culture. Of the population 297,495 people were engaged in farming pursuits.
The number of farms was 247,189 ; the average value of cleared land per acre
$47.53; and the value of forest land $41.37.

Staple crops for 1885, U. S. Dept. Agriculture :

Corn .

Wheat

Oats

Rye...

Barley

Buckwheat...
Potatoes

Classes.

Hay

Tobacco

Acres.

3,017,464

2,018,952

1,003,680

35,394

40,583

12,995

166,035

Acres.

2,499,000
36,703

Bushels.

111,865,000

20,593,000

37,470,000

389,000

832,000

182,000

12,453,000

Tons.

2,748,900
33,667,000

Value.

$35,796,800

18,739,630

10,116,900

233,600

557,408

118,255

4,856,524

Value.

$31,447,416
2,127,306

Other statistics drawn from the Ohio State Reports for 1887 give average wage
of farm hands, per month, with board, $15.75; without board, per month, $21.35 :

56 DESCRIPTION OF OHIO.

without board, per dav, $1.05. Broom corn, 1,809,349 lbs. ; flax, 137,112 bushels,
seed, 1,951,406 lbs., rlax fibre; milk, 15,399,265 gals.; butter, 54,466,355 lbs.;
cheese, 19,544,406 lbs.; sorghum, 467,772 gals.; honey, 2,113,479 lbs.; eggs,
41,599,859 dozen; grapes, 26,649,211 lbs.; wine, 680,620 gals.; sweet potatoes,
130,350 bushels ; apples. 23,609,037 ; peaches, 834,962 ; pears, 144,145 ; cherries,
255,487; plums, 135,709 bushels ; wool, 19,702,329 lbs.; number of horses owned,
725,814; cattle, 1,637,130; sheep, 4,277,463; hogs, 1,595,373; mules, 24,378.

Railroads. — For the year 1887 total track mileage of railroads reported to the
Ohio Commissioner of Railroads was 18,358, of which 9,849 miles are within the
State. The amount of capital stock paid in was $512,344,549, of which $44,642,-
612 was owned by 16,389 stockholders resident in Ohio. Total stock and debt
of the entire line was $1,105,625,469, of which the proportion for Ohio was $557,-
845,232. Cost of road and equipment of entire line, $1,007,145,278 ; proportion for
Ohio, $471,763,561. The entire line had 3,769 locomotives, 130,061 cars, of which
126,205 were freight, 1,597 passenger, and 612 express or baggage cars. The en-
tire line transported 34,372,926 passengers, at an average cost per passenger
of 2.179 cents per mile, and 85,739,801 tons of freight, at an average cost per ton
of .707 cents per mile. The net earnings of the entire line were $18,795,072;
operating expenses, $75,275,891 ; interest paid on funded and unfunded debt, $15,-
188,403; dividends paid, $6,481,398.

In 1887 there was in Ohio 49,008 miles of telegraph wire; 1,019 telegraph
offices with 1,158 employees. [Electric light and motor and telephone wires not
included.]

Canals—" The Miami and Erie system, being the main canal, from Cincinnati
to Toledo, 250 miles, the canal from the junction to the State line 18 miles and
the Sidney feeder 14 miles, making in all a total of 282 miles ; the Ohio Canal,
extending from Portsmouth to Cleveland, a distance of 309 miles, together with
25 miles of feeders, or a total of 334 miles ; the Hocking canal, 56 miles long,
and the Walhonding, 25 miles ; the Muskingum Improvement, extending from
Dresden to Marietta, a distance of 91 miles, is now under the control of the Gen-
eral Government. So exclusive of the latter there is a total canal mileage of 697
miles owned by the State of Ohio. The reservoirs are : Grand Reservoir in
Mercer County, covering 17,000 acres ; the Lewistown in Logan County, 7,200
acres; the Lorain in Shelby County, 1,800 acres; Six Mile in Paulding County,
2,500 acres ; Licking in Licking County, 3,600 acres ; and the Sippo in Stark
County, 600 acres, making a total in reservoirs of 32,100 acres. The Paulding
Reservoir has lately been abandoned. The different canals with their reservoirs
were built at a total cost of $15,967,650."

Political— State, congressional and presidential electipns take place on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The number of electoral votes is
23. The Legislature consists of 33 Senators and 108 Representatives, both classes
elected for two vears. The sessions are biennial, convening on the first Monday
in January, without limit of time, but adjourned sessions practically make them
annual. All the elective -officers are chosen for two years, except the Auditor,
whose term is four years, Commissioner of Common Schools, Board of Public
Works, Clerk of the Supreme Court, whose terms are three years, and Judges of
the Supreme Court, whose terms are five years. The number of voters 826,577,
of which 613,485 are native whites, 191,386 foreign whites and 21,706 colored.
(Census of 1880.) All males twenty-one years of age, native or naturalized, are
entitled to vote, provided they have resided one year in the State, thirty days m
the county, and twenty days in the township or ward and have been registered
before the day of election. Salary of the Governor $8,000 per year. The legal
rate of interest is 6 per cent. ; by contract 8 per cent,

fiance* —The amount of funded State debt Nov. 15, 1887, was $3,341 665.
This sum consists of a loan of $600,000, bearing 4 per cent, interest, payable July
1 1888; ten loans of $250,000 each, one payable each year from July 1, 1889, to
July 1, 1898, bearing 3 per cent, interest, and one loan of $240,000, payable July
1, 1899, also bearing 3 per cent, interest, and canal loan without interest of $1,665.
' Irreducible State debt (trust funds), $4,526,716.
The receipts, disbursements and balances for 1887 were as follows :

DESCRIPTION OF OHIO.

Funds.

Balances in the

Treasury, Nov.

16, 1886.

.S s

Jh CD

P3^

Total receipts,
including bal-
ances.

Disbursements

during the fiscal

year.

Balances in the
Treasury, Nov.

15, 1887.

General Revenue,

Sinking,

State Com. Sch'l,

Totals,

$272,794.73
96,136.92
87,189.59

4,456,221.24

*2, 853, 379. 57
1,527,953.09
1,674,535.87

^6,055,868.53

*3, 126, 174. 30
1,624,190.01
1,761,725.46

*6,512,089.77

$3,060,810.21
1,521,895.93
1,707,104.90
6,289,811.04

$65,364.09

102,294.08

54,620.56

222,278.73

The amount of taxable property assessed in 1887, was, real estate in cities,
towns and villages, $464,681,331 ; real estate not in cities, towns and villages,
$720,329,294 ; chattel property, $520,172,094. The rate of State tax was 29 cents
on $100. In addition to the State tax there was levied in 1887, county taxes,
$8,372,519; township, $1,099,963; school, $7,682,120; city, town and village,
$7,606,025 ; special, $1,144,338. The debts of counties in 1887 were $6,892,745
cities of the first and second class, $43,193,963 ; incorporated villages, $1,743,722
townships, $557,883 ; special school districts, $2,455,330. The number of banks
in 1887 was 429 with a capital of $46,568,211 of which 211 were national banks
with a capital of $31,542,003.

Colleges and Universities.

Institution.

Location.

President.

Adelbert College, Western Keserve Univ.

Antioch College

Baldwin University

Belmont College ,

Beverly College

Buchtel College

Calvin College

Capital University .

Denison University

Franklin College

German Wallace College

Harlem Springs College ...

Hebrew Union College

Heidelberg College

Hiram College

Hopedale Normal College

Kenyon College

Marietta College

Miami University

Mount Union College

Muskingum College

National Normal University

Oberlin College

Ohio State University

Ohio University

Ohio Wesleyan University

Otterbein University ....

Rio Grande College

Saint Joseph College

Saint Xavier College

Scio College

The University of Wooster

University of Cincinnati

Urbana University....

Wilberforce University

Wilmington College

Wittenberg College

.vT

Cleveland

Yellow Springs.....

Berea

College Hill

Beverly

Akron

Brooklyn Village..

Columbus

Granville

New Athens ,

Berea

Harlem Springs

Cincinnati

iffin

Hiram

Hopedale

Gambier

Marietta

Oxford

Mount Union

New Concord

Lebanon

Oberlin

Columbus

Athens

Delaware

Westerville

Rio Grande

Cincinnati

Cincinnati....

Scio

Wooster

Cincinnati

Urbana

Wilberforce

Wilmington

Springfield

Carroll Cutler

Daniel A. Long

William Kepler

P. V. N. Myers

L. C. Crippen

O. Cone..

H. J. Ruetenik

M. Loy

Galusha Anderson

J. G. Black

William Nast

John R. Steeves

Isaac M.Wise

George W. Willard

G. H. Laughlin

W. G. Garvey

William B. Bodine

John Eaton

Robert W. McFarland..

O. N. Hartshorn

F. M. Spencer

Alfred Holbrook

James H. Fairchild...y.

1826
1852
1856
1846
1842
1870
1873
1850
1831
1825
1864
1858
1873
1850
1867
1852
1824
1835
1809
1846
1837
1855
1833
1870
1804

William H. Scott..
Charles W. Super.,

Charles H. Payne ! 1842

H. A. Thompson ! 1847

A. A. Moulton.... ! 1876

James Rogers .... ! 1873

Edward A. Higgins 1831

E.J. Marsh 1866

Svlvester F. Scovel 1868

Jacob D. Cox 1870

Frank Sewall 1850

S.T.Mitchell 1856

James B. Unthank 1870

S. A. Ort 1845

Educational — In 1887 there were 12,589 school-houses in the State, valued at

*This amount includes $80,000.00 advance draft drawn on the taxes collected for the fiscal
year 1888.

DESCRIPTION OF OHIO.

$29,287,749. Of 1,102,701 children of school age 767,030 were enrolled in the
schools. There were 24,687 teachers employed, and an income for support of
schools of $14,031,692 ; expenditures, $9,909,813, of which $6,252,518 was paid
to teachers. School age from 6 to 21 years. Ohio has three State Colleges, Ohio
State, Miami and Ohio Universities. The number of volumes in libraries in

1886 was 991,086.

The number of students in colleges and universities in 1887 was 1,613 males
and 765 females ; instructors, 265. Total number of graduates, 6,317 males and
1,821 females. Value of all property, including endowments, $6,998,592. In

1887 there were also in Ohio 81 academies, normal, preparatory and other schools,
with 5,635 male, 3,516 female students and 579 instructors.

Manufactures. — The State Reports of 1887 gave Ohio 6,513 industrial establish-
ments, employing 187,925 men and 29,281 women. Amount of capital invested,
$196,113,670. Value of products, $344,245,690.

The leading branches, as given by the United States census of 1880, are :

Classes.

Agricultural implements,

Boots and shoes

Brick and tile

Carriages and wagons

Clothing, men's

Flour, etc

Foundry, machine shops.

Furniture

Iron and steel

Leather, tanned

Liquors, distilled

Liquors, malt

Lumber

Paper •

Slaughtering, etc

Capital.

$16,111,576

2,285,927

2,723,528

4,234,481

8,651,094

12.328,847

12,770,649

4,417,076

25,141,294

2,022,990

4,813,135

8,178,545

7,944,412

4,804,247

5,487,682

Wages paid,

$2,981,065

1,826,524

1,114,133

2,610,268

4,136,382

1,221,494

5,105,596

2,080,243

8,265,070

373,595

406,197

1,184,125

1,708,300

839,231

633,044

Value of
Material.

$7,243,326
3,684,621
1,185,794
5,416,656

12,043,020

34,157,024
8,407,972
2,694,602

23,997,915
3,247,592
4,533,049
5,110,587
8,896,106
3,024,068

17,173,446

Value of
Product.

$15,479,825

7,055,003

3,481,291

10,043,404

20,008,398

38,950,264

18,242,325

6,865,027

34,918,360

4,357,273

6,692,736

9,125,014

13,864,460

5,108,194

19,231,297

Mining. — Ohio ranks second to Pennsylvania only in the production of bi-
tuminous coal. The number of coal mines worked in Ohio in 1887 was 729, em-
ploying 22,237 men. The total yield was 10,301,708 tons. The total amount of
iron ore mined in 1887 was 377,465 tons ; fire-clay, 366,476 tons. During the year
1885 there was produced of salt 530,000 barrels, about 300,000 barrels of cement,
18,000 tons of mineral fertilizers, $500,000 worth of grindstones and 1,116,375 tons
of limestone.

Relative Rank. — Ohio ranks first in value of quarry products, value of farm
lands, manufacture of agricultural implements, glycerine, number of brick and
tile factories, number of churches, in receipts for school purposes.

Second. In iron and steel manufactures, petroleum, natural gas, number of
farms, tons of freight carried by railroads, miles of railroad track, butter and
cheese establishments, bituminous coal mined, expenditures for school purposes,
number of school teachers and average daily attendance of children at school.

Third. In sheep, salt, wheat, population, in number of tanned leather and
sawn lumber establishments, value of railroads and number of cars in use, capi-
tal employed in railroads, number of dwellings, persons engaged in agriculture
and in the professions, value of church property.

Fourth. Tobacco raised, value of live stock, number of persons engaged in
manufactures, total value of real estate, value of farm implements in use, print-
ing and publishing.

Fifth. Number of milch cows, swine, horses, cattle, hay, barley, corn, oats.

Area. — Ohio ranks the twenty-fourth State in area.

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

EDWARD ORTON.

By EDWARD ORTON, State Geologist.

Edward Orton, LL. D., was born at De-
posit, Delaware county, New York, March 9,
1829. His parents were Rev. Samuel G.
Orton, D. D., and Clara Gregory Orton. The
Ortons are first known in New England about
1640, the name appearing in this year in the
records of Charlestown, Massachusetts.

Thomas Orton came to Windsor, Connecti-
cut, in 1641 or 1642. From Windsor certain
members of the family emigrated in the year
1700 or thereabouts to the new settlements of
Litchfield, which was then on the edge of the
wilderness. There were thus two branches of
the family — one at Windsor and one at Litch-
field. The Litchfield Ortons lived for more
than a century on what was known as Orton
Hill, South Farms. They were well repre-
sented in the Revolutionary war, but beyond <
this do not appear to have taken prominent
part in public life. They seem to have been
a quiet, home-loving, fairly thrifty stock, pos-
sessed of a good deal of family affection and
interest.

Miles Orton, the father of the Rev. Samuel
G. Orton, was a soldier in the war of 1812 and
died soon after the war.

Samuel G. Orton was born at Litchfield and
was brought up on a farm until 20 years old,
when , under the ministry of Dr. Lyman
Beecher, he was encouraged to seek a liberal
education. He was obliged to support him-
self by his own labor both while preparing for
college and during his entire course. He

graduated at Hamilton College in 1822 and studied theology in New Haven. He was an honored
minister in the Presbyterian Church for nearly 50 years; most of which time he spent in Western New
York.

Edward Orton passed his boyhood in his father's country home at Ripley, Chautauqua county, New
York. He acquired here a knowledge of and life-long interest in country life, often working among
the neighboring farmers for weeks and even months at a time. He was fitted for college mainly by his
father, but spent one year in Westfield Academy and another in Fredonia Academy. He entered
Hamilton College, the college where his father had graduated, as a sophomore in 1845 and graduated
in 1848. He taught after graduation for a year in the academy of Erie, Penna. He entered Lane
Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1849, and was under Dr. Lyman Beecher's instruction. He
withdrew from the seminary on account of a temporary failure of his eyes, but after a year or two spent
on the farm and in travel he resumed the work of teaching, becoming a member of the faculty of the
Delaware Institute, Franklin, Delaware county, N, Y. In college his chief interest had been in
literary and classical studies, but in the institute he was set to teaching the natural sciences and a latent
taste for these studies was soon developed. He pursued the studies of chemistry and the natural history
branches with special interest, and to prepare himself better for teaching them took a six months'
course in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, in 1852, studying under Horsford and
Cooke and Gray, Finding that his theological creed was giving way under his later studies he sought
to a vert the change by more thorough investigation in this department, and entered Andover Seminary to
attend for a year Prof. Park's lectures on theology. The experiment was successful to the extent of arrest-
ing the change in his views, but after a few years the process was resumed and ended in the replace-
ment of the Calvinistic creed in which he had been brought up by the shorter statements of Unitarianism.
In 1856 he, was called to the chair of natural science in the State Normal School of New York, at Albany.
He held this position for several years,*resigning it to take charge of Chester Academy, Orange county,
N. Y. After spending six years in this position he was called in 1865 to Antioch College, Yellow
Springs, Ohio. He was first made principal of the preparatory department, then professor of natural
history, and finally in 1872 president of the institution. This last position he held but for one year, resign-
ing it in 1873 to accept the presidency of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, now the State
University, at Columbus. He was also made professor of geology in this institution at the same time.
He held the presidency for eight years and retained the professorship of geology after resigning the
former place.

During his residence in Yellow Springs the State geological survey was organized under Newberry.
Prof. Orton became in 1869 a member of the geological corps, being appointed thereto bv Governor

( 59)

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

R. B. Hayes. He was reappointed by Governor Noyes, and after Newberry's withdrawal from the
field was appointed State geologist by Governor Foster and at a still later day by Governor Hoadly.
This latter position he has held in conjunction with the professorship of geology in the State University.

He was married in 1855 to Mary M. Jennings of Franklin, N. Y», who died in 1873. In 1875 he was
married to Anna Davenport Torrey of Millbury, Mass.

In addition to his geological work proper Prof. Orton has taken an active interest in the applica-
tions of geology to agriculture and sanitary science and especially to the questions of water supply and
sewerage of the towns of Ohio.

A.
GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO.

The boundaries of Ohio, as fixed in the
enabling act by which, in 1802, it was ad-
mitted into the Union, were as follows : on
the east the Pennsylvania line ; on the south
the Ohio river to the mouth of the Great
Miami river ; on the west a due north line
from the mouth of the Great Miami ; on the
north an east and west line drawn through
the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan,
running east after intersecting the meridian
that makes the western boundary of the State
until it intersects Lake Erie or the territorial
line, and thence, with the same, through
Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line,

The eastern, southern and western boun-
daries remain unchanged ; the northern
boundary has been slightly modified. As
finally established by Congress in 1836 it con-
sists of a direct line, or in other words of the
arc of a great circle instead of a parallel of
latitude, from the southern extremity of Lake
Michigan to the most northerly cape of the
Maumee Bay and thence northeast to the
boundary line between the United States and
Canada, and along this boundary to its inter-
section with the western boundary of Penn-
sylvania.

The change here indicated was provided
for in the enabling act above referred to, and
also in the constitution of Ohio which was
established in 1802, but the cause that led to
making it in 1836 was a dispute that had
arisen between the State of Ohio and the
Territory of Michigan as to jurisdiction along
this border. The dispute assumed the char-
acter of a war of small proportions and of
short duration during the administration of
Governor Lucas, of Ohio, an account of
which is given elsewhere in this work.

The territory of the State can be further
defined as included between 38° 27' and 41°
57' north latitude, and between 80° 34' and
84° 49' west longitude ("American Clyclo-
paedia," article Ohio). The longest north
and south line that can be drawn in the State
is about 210 miles ; the longest east and west
line is about 225 miles. The area of Ohio,
according to the most recent computations, is
40,760 square miles (Compendium, 10th Cen-
sus, II, 1413).

Physical Features.

The surface of the State is an undulating
plain, the highest elevation of which thus far
measured is found at a point in Logan
county, three and a half miles northeast of
Bellefbntaine, and which is locally known as
Hogue's hill. The elevation of this highest

land in Ohio is 1,550 feet above mean tide,
counting Lake Erie 573 feet above mean tide.
The lowest land in the State is found at its
southwestern corner at the intersection of the
valleys of the Ohio and the Great Miami
rivers. Low water mark at this point is a
little less than 440 feet above tide. The
highest and the lowest elevations of the State
are thus seen to be only 1,100 feet apart, but
small as is this range the figures used in stat-
ing it unless qualified would be misleading.
In reality the areas less than 550 feet above
tide or more than 1,300 feet above are
insignificant. Practically the range of the
State is reduced to about 750 feet. The
elevations of a few places, variously dis-
tributed through the State, are given below.
The authorities for these figures are quite
unequal in value, but they are the best we
have :

Feet above tide,

Allen county, near Westminster 1,032

Ashland county, Polk 1,241

Ashtabula county, Andover 1,191

Auglaize county, Bitler's 1,084

Belmont county, Jacobsburg 1,330

Butler county, northeast corner of Oxford

township 1,033

Carroll county, summit near Carrollton 1,153

Champaign county, Mingo 1,238

Clarke county, South Charleston 1,126

Clinton county, summit near New Vienna... 1,169

Columbiana county, Round Knob 1,417

Columbiana county, Salem, highest point 1,334

Crawford county, summit near Crestline 1,177

Cuyahoga county, Royalton 1,272

Darke county, Hollansburg 1,150

Delaware county, Peerless 1,179

Geauga county, Claridon 1,366

Greene county, Jamestown 1,071

Hardin county, Silver creek, summit 1,118

Harrison county, Cadiz, court-house 1,270

Highland county, Stultz's mountain ..1,325

Holmes county, Millersburg, hills near 1,235

Jefferson county, Bloomfield, hills near 1,434

Knox county, Mount Liberty 1,215

Lake county, Little mountain 1,248

Licking county, Jacktown, hill near 1,235

Logan county, Hogue's hill, near Bellefon-

taine 1,540

Mahoning county, Damascus 1,188

Marion county, Caledonia 1,066

Medina county, Wadsworth 1,349

Monroe county, Jerusalem 1,300 '

Morrow county, Bloomfield, cemetery 1,149

Perry county, Somerset 1,159

Pike county, Font Hill 1,285

Portage county, Limestone Ridge 1,248

Preble county, Eldorado 1,178

Richland county, highest hills 1,475

Stark county, Wilmot, hill near 1,261

Summit county, Silver creek .1,392

Trumbull county, Mesopotamia 1,172

Tuscarawas county, Mt. Tabor 1,348

Wayne county, summits, northwest part 1,275

It is scarcely necessary to add that in almost

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

every one of the counties named above the
highest land of the State is or has been claimed
by residents of these counties. The figures
given in this table show the highest recorded
elevations, but not necessarily the highest
elevations. They can, however, be made to
indicate by proper combination the highest-
lying districts of the State.

The largest connected areas of high land
extend from east to west across the central
and northern central districts. In some
limited regions of Central Ohio, especially
along the ridge of high land just referred to,
and also in a few thousand square miles of
Northwestern Ohio, the natural drainage is
somewhat sluggish, and, while the land is
covered with its original forest growth, it in-
clines to swampy conditions ; but when the
forests are cleared away and the water-courses
are open most of it becomes arable and all of
it can be made so without excessive outlay by
means of open ditches.

The chief feature in the topography of
Ohio is the main watershed which extends
across the State from its northeastern corner
to about the middle of its western boundary.
It divides the surface of the State into two
unequal slopes, the northern, which is much
the smaller, sending its waters into Lake
Erie and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, while the
drainage of the other is directed to the Gulf
of Mexico by the Ohio river. The average
height of the watershed is about 1,100 feet
above tide, but it is cut by three principal
gaps, viz., those of the Tuscarawas, Scioto
and Maumee rivers respectively. The eleva-
tion is reduced in these gaps to about 950
feet. They have been occupied by canals
and railways for a number of years.

The watershed depends on two diiferent
lines of geological formation in diiferent por-
tions of the State, to the eastward on bedded
rocks which rise in a low arch along the line
that the watershed follows, and to the west-
ward by enormous accumulations of glacial
drift the maximum thickness of which is more
than 500 feet.

Ohio owes but very little of the relief of its
surface to folds of the rocks which underlie
it. There are no pronounced anticlines or
synclines in its structure. When successively
lifted from the sea beneath which they were
formed its several strata were approximately
horizontal and also of approximately the same
elevation. The present relief of the State is
mainly due to erosive agencies. The original
plain has been carved and dissected into com-
plicated patterns during the protracted ages
in which it has been worn away by rains and
rivulets and rivers. Comparatively little of
it now remains. In each river system there
is one main furrow that is deepened and
widened as it advances, and tributary to the
main furrow are countless narrower and shal-
lower valleys which in turn are fed by a like
system of smaller troughs. Most of the
streams have their main valleys directed
through their entire extent to either the north
or the south, adapting themselves thus to the
two main slopes of the State, but occasionally

a considerable stream will for a score or more
miles undertake to make its way against the
general slope. A sluggish flow necessarily
characterizes such streams. Examples are
found in Wills creek, a tributary of the
Muskingum, and in Connotton creek, which
flows into the Tuscarawas river.

Fragments of the old plain still remain in
the isolated " hills " or table-lands that bound
the valleys and which, though often separated
by intervals of miles, still answer to each
other with perfect correspondence of altitude
and stratification. They often occur in nar-
row and isolated serpentine ridges between
the streams. -These high lands rise to a
maximum height of 600 feet above the rivers
in the main valleys. Strictly speaking, there
are no hills in Ohio, to say nothing of moun-
tains, and there never have been any. The
relief, as has been shown, results from val-
leys carved out of the original plain.

The glacial drift has had much to do in
establishing the present topography, but its
influence can be better stated at a later point
in this review.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The geology of Ohio, though free from the
obscurity and complications that are often
met with in disturbed and mountainous re-
gions, is still replete with scientific and
economic interest. It has occupied the at-
tention of students of this science for more
than half a century, and during this time
there haye been a number of able men who
have devoted many years of their lives to
working out its problems. The State has
also made large expenditures in carrying on
geological investigations and in publishing
the results of the same. It is still engaged
in the work.

Previous to 1836, not much was known in
regard to the age and order of the rock for-
mations of the State. In fact, the science
of geology was then but little advanced in any
part of the country. Hon. Benjamin Tappan
published a few notes pertaining to the coal
fields of Ohio, in Sillimarts Journal (after-
wards the American Journal of Science and
Arts), between 1820 and 1830, and Caleb
Atwater included in his archaeological re-
searches some geological observations. It
was, however, to Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of
Marietta, that we owe the first extended and
connected accounts of the geology of any por-
tions of our territory. His notes upon the
salines or salt springs of the State and of the
Ohio valley are full of interesting observa-
tions, but the account begun by him in the
American Journal of Science and Arts in
1836 entitled ''Observations on the Bitumi-
nous Coal Deposits of the valley of the Ohio,
and the accompanying rock strata, with notices
of the fossil organic remains and the relics
of vegetable and animal bodies, illustrated
by a geological map, by numerous drawings
of plants and shells and by views of interest-
ing scenery, ? ' is decidedly the most compre-
hensive and important statement that had

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

been made up to this time upon the geology
of any part of the State. The descriptions
and figures of fossils in this paper were made
by Samuel George Morton, M.I)., of Phila-
delphia.

It was in this year also that the first steps
were taken by the legislature to determine
the geological structure and resources of the
State. A resolution was passed on the 14th
day of March, 1836, providing for the ap-
pointment of a committee to report to the
next legislature the best method of obtaining
a complete geological survey of the State and
the probable cost of the same. The com-
mittee consisted of Dr. S. P. Hildreth, chair-
man, Professors John Locke and J. H. Rid-
dell and Mr. I. A. Lapham, all of whom were
recognized as among the foremost students of
geological science in the State.

The report of this committee was promptly
made and, in accordance with its recom-
mendations, a survey of the State was forth-
with ordered (March 27, 1837). The first
geological corps was organized as follows :

Prof. W. W. Mather, State Geologist.
Dr. S. P. Hildreth.
Dr. John Locke.
Prof. J. P. Rutland.
Col. J. W. Foster.
Col. Chas. Whittjesley.
Prof. C. Briggs, Jr.

The work of this survey was brought to an
abrupt termination at the end of the second
year of field work, the principal cause of dis-
continuance being the embarrassed condition
of the State treasury, which in turn was owing
to the financial panic of 1837. Though the
duration of this survey was short, its results
were of very great importance and value. A
solid foundation had been laid on which ob-
servations could be intelligently carried on in
every portion of the State. Several of the
members of the old corps, and prominent
among them, Col. Charles Whittlesley, main-
tained not only their interest, but their field
work as well, though in a fragmentary and
disconnected way, and from year to year work
was done which could finally be utilized in a
more thorough study of the subject. We
owe very much to the members of this corps
for their contributions to our knowledge of
Ohio geology.

The second survey was ordered by the legis-
lature in 1869, and there was fortunately
placed at the head of it Professor J. S.
Newberry, LL. D., widely recognized as the
ablest geologist that Ohio has yet produced.
Dr. Newberry brought to his task the results
of many years of study of the structure of
Ohio and also a wide experience in other
fields. To his sagacity in interpreting both
the stratigraphical and paleontological record
of the State, science is under great obliga-
tions. The assistant geologists appointed
with Dr. Newberry were Prof. E. B. An-
drews, Prof. Edward Orton and Mr. J. H.
Klippart Prof. T. G. Wormley was ap-
pointed chemist of the survey. Active work

on the survey was discontinued at the end of
five years from the date of beginning, but the
publication of results was kept up for a much
longer time. In fact, some of the results of
Dr. Newberry's work are yet unpublished.
Two reports of progress, 1869 and 1870,
and four volumes of Geology are the pub-
lished results of this survey. Two of these
volumes are double, the second parts being
devoted to paleontology (Vols. I. and II.).

In 1881 the survey was again revived,
under the direction of Prof. Edward Orton,
with special reference to the completion of
the work in economic geology. Two volumes,
viz., vols. V. and VI., have been already
issued in this series. Prof. N. W. Lord was
appointed chemist to the survey under the"
reorganization, and has done all of the work
in this important department.

I. Geological Scale.
A brief review of the scale and structure
of the State will here be given, but before it
is entered upon, a few fundamental facts per-
taining to the subject will be stated.

1. So far as its exposed rock series is con-
cerned, Ohio is built throughout its whole
extent of stratified deposits or, in other
words, of beds of clay, sand and limestone, in
all their various gradations, that were de-
posited or that grew in water. There are in
the Ohio series no igneous nor metamorphic
rocks whatever ; that is, no rocks that have
assumed their present form and condition
from a molten state or that, subsequent to
their original formation, have been trans-
formed by heat. The only qualification which
this statement needs pertains to the beds of
drift by which a large portion of the State is
covered. These drift beds contain bowlders
in large amount, derived from the igneous
and metamorphic rocks that are found around
the shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, but
these bowlders are recognized by all, even by
the least observant, as foreign to the Ohio
scale. They are familiarly known as "lost
rocks " or " erratics. ' '

If we should descend deep enough below
the surface we should exhaust these stratified
deposits and come to the granite foundations
of the continent which constitute the surface
rocks in parts of Canada, New England and
the West, but the drill has never yet hewed
its way down to these firm and massive beds
within our boundaries.

The rocks that constitute the present sur-
face of Ohio were all formed in water, and
none of them have been modified and masked
by the action of high temperatures. They
remain in substantially the same condition in
which they were formed.

2. With the exception of the coal seams
and a few beds associated with them and of
the drift deposits, all the formations of Ohio
grew in the sea. There are no lake or river j
deposits among them, but by countless and
infallible signs they testify to a marine origin.
The remnants of life which they contain,
often in the greatest abundance, are decisive
as to this point.

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

3. The sea in which or around which they
grew was the former extension of the Gulf
of Mexico. When the rocks of Ohio were
in process of formation, the warm waters and
genial climate of the Gulf extended without
interruption to the borders of the great lakes.
All of these rocks had their origin under such
conditions.

4. The rocks of Ohio constitute an orderly
series. They occur in widespread sheets, the
lowermost of which are co-extensive with the
limits of the State. As we ascend in the
scale, the strata constantly occupy smaller
areas? but the last series of deposits, viz. , those
of the Carboniferous period, are still found to
cover at least one-fourth of the entire area of
the State. Some of these formations can be
followed into and across adjacent States, in
apparently unbroken continuity.

The edges of the successive deposits in the
Ohio series are exposed in innumerable natural
sections, so that their true order can gener-
ally be determined with certainty and ease.

5. For the accumulation and growth of this
great series of deposits, vast periods of time
are required. Many millions of years must
be used in any rational explanation of their
origin and history. All of the stages of this
history have practically unlimited amounts of
past time upon which to draw. They have ,
all gone forward on so large a scale, so far as
time is concerned, that the few thousand
years of human history would not make an
appreciable factor in any of them. In other
words, five thousand years or ten thousand
years make too small a period to be counted
in the formation of coal, for example, or in
the accumulation of petroleum, or in the
shaping of the surface of the State through
the agencies of erosion.

The geological scale of the State is repre-
sented in the accompanying diagram (page 6).
The order, of the series is, of course, fixed and
definite, but the thickness assigned to the
several elements depends upon the location
at which the section is taken. The aggregate
thickness of the entire series will reach 5,000
feet, if the maximum of each stratum is
taken into the account, but if the average
measurements are used, the thickness does
not exceed 3,500 feet. The principal ele-
ments of the scale, which extends from the
Lower Silurian to the upper Carboniferous or
possibly the Permian, inclusive, are * given
below, and the geological map appended
shows how the surface of the State is dis-
tributed among the principal formations. A
brief review of these leading elements will be
given at this point.

1. The Trenton Limestone.

The Trenton limestone is one of the most
important of the older formations of the
continent. It is the first widespread lime-
stone of the general scale. It extends from
New England to the Rocky mountains, and
from the islands north of Hudson's bay to
the southern extremity of the Allegheny
mountains in Alabama and Tennessee.

Throughout this vast region it is found ex-
posed in innumerable outcrops. It gives rise
as it decays to limestone soils which are some-
times of remarkable fertility, as, for example,
those of the famous Blue Grass region of
Central Kentucky, which are derived from
it. It is worked for building stone in hun-
dred of quarries, and it is also burned into
lime and broken into road metal on a large
scale throughout the regions where it occurs.
But widespread as are its exposures in out-
crop, it has a still wider extension under
cover. It is known to make the floor of
entire States in which it does not reach the
surface at a single point.

It takes its name from a picturesque and
well-known locality in Trenton township,
Oneida county, New York. The West
Canada creek makes a rapid descent in this
township from the Adirondack uplands to
the Mohawk valley, falling 300 feet in two
miles by a series of cascades. These cascades
have long been known as Trenton Falls, and
the limestone which forms them was appro-
priately named by the New York geologists
the Trenton limestone. The formation, as
seen at the original locality, is found to be a
dark-blue, almost black limestone, lying in
quite massive and even beds, which are often
separated by layers of black shale. Both
limestone and shale contain excellently pre-
served fossils of Lower Silurian age. By
means of these fossils, and also by its strati-
graphical order, the limestone is followed
with perfect distinctness from Trenton Falls
to eyery point of the compass. It is changed
to some extent, in color and composition, as it
is traced in different directions, but there is
seldom a question possible as to its identity.
The Trenton limestone forms several of the
largest islands in whole or in part in the
northern portion of Lake Huron, as the
Manitoulin islands and Drummond's island.
It dips from this region to the southward,
but it is found rising again in outcrop in the
valley of the Kentucky river. Its presence
underneath the entire States of Ohio and
Michigan, and especially under Western
Ohio, has always been inferred, since the
geology of these States was first worked out.
But it is only recently that it has come to be
clearly recognized as one of the surface forma-
tions of Ohio.

The lowest rocks in the State series have
long been known to be exposed in the Point
Pleasant quarries of Clermont county. It is
upon the outcrop of these rocks that the
humble dwelling stands in which Ulysses S.
Grant first saw the light. The claim that
these beds in reality belong to and represent
the Trenton limestone of Kentucky was first
made by S. A. Miller, Esq., of Cincinnati,
and the same view was afterward supported
by the late Wm. M. Linney of the Kentucky
Geological Survey, but the demonstration of
the fact comes in an unexpected way. In the
extensive underground explorations that have
been going forward in Northern Ohio for the
last few years, the Trenton limestone has
been unmistakably identified as the firm

VERTICAL SECTIDN
□F THE RDCKS DF DHID,

SYSTEM

DC
Ui

z
O
m

z .

u
O

SERIES.

GLACIAL DRIFT
O-660

UPPER BARREN COAL MEASURES

UPPER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES

LOWER BARREN COAL MEASURES

LOWER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES

CONGLOMERATE SERIES

SUBCARBONIFEROU8 LIMESTONE
III LOGAN GROUP

WAVERLY

5oo-8oo

[SHALE
^SANDSTONE

[CONOLOMCRATI

FEET

»aoo

500

tso.

950

110 CUYAHOGA SHALE

110 BEREA SHALE

118 BEREA GRIT

MA BEDFORD SHALE

OHIO SHALE

3oo— 26oo

HAMILTON SHALE
DEVONIAN L IME STONES

10© CLEVELAND SHALE

100 ERIE SHALE.
I0A HURON SHALE

- too

300

z
<
S>

D
-J

-J

LOWER HELDERBERG LIMESTONE

DO- 000

NIAGARA Series.

CLINTON Series
MEDINA Shales

SO HILLBBORO SANDSTONE
BO QUCLPH LIMESTONE

So NIAGARA LIMESTONE

6A MIAOAAA tMAU. OAYTON UMI.

T~T

HUDSON RIVER SERIES

600-I060

UTICA SHALES

600

TRENTON LIMESTONE

(64)

TTTTT

QejoJojg icc I Map of Ohio

(65)

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

6 7

limestone that is found at a depth of 1,000
to 2,000 feet below the surface, invariably
covered with about 300 feet of black shale,
containing the most characteristic fossils of
the Utica shale. As this limestone has been
followed southward, it has been found steadily
rising, coming gradually nearer to the surface,
and the rate has been found to be such from
the nearest determination that it would cor-
respond very well with the formation that
crops out in the Ohio valley at Point
Pleasant.

As seen there the Trenton limestone is a
light or grayish-blue limestone, quite crystal-
line in structure, massive in its bedding and
fossiliferous. Its general composition is as
follows :

Carbonate of lime, 75 to 85 %

Carbonate of magnesia, 1 to 5 %

Alumina and oxide of iron, 2 to 8 %
Insoluble residue, 10 to 15 %

It is not, in this phase, a porous rock.

The most surprising discovery ever made
in Ohio geology qomes from this formation.
In 1 884 it was found to be at Findlay a source
of high pressure gas and later a great reposi-
tory of petroleum. These discoveries have
made the name of the Trenton limestone a
household word throughout Ohio, Indiana
and Michigan. These discoveries will be
briefly described on a subsequent page.

2. The Utica Shale.

The immediate cover of the Trenton lime-
stone is a well-known stratum of black shale
300 feet in thickness, which, from its abun-
dant outcrops in the vicinity of Utica, re-
ceived from the New York geologists the
name of Utica shale.

This stratum has been proved to be very
persistent and widespread. It is sparingly
fossiliferous, but several of the forms that it
contains are characteristic, that is, they have
thus far been found in no other stratum.
The first of the deep wells that was drilled in
1884 in Findlay revealed, at a depth of 800
feet, a stratum of black shale containing the
most characteristic fossil of the Utica shale,
viz., Leptobolus insignis, Hall, and it was
thus positively identified with the last-named
formation. This bed of shale has the normal
thickness of the Utica shale in New York,
viz., 300 feet, and with the other elements
involved, it extended and continued the New
York series into Northern Ohio in a most
unexpected and, at the same time, in a most
satisfactory way.

The^ Utica shale, thus discovered and de-
fined, is a constant element in the deep wells
of Northwestern Ohio. Its upper boundary
is not always distinct, as the Hudson river
shale that overlies it sometimes graduates
into it in color and appearance ; but as a rule
the driller, without any geological preposses-
sions whatever, will divide the well section in
his record so as to show about 300 feet of
black shale at the bottom of the column or
immediately overlying the Trenton lime-

stone. This stratum holds its own as far as
the southern central counties. In the wells
of Springfield, Urbana and Piqua it is found
in undiminished thickness, but apparently
somewhat more' calcareous in composition.
From these points southward the black shale
thins rapidly. It is apparently replaced by
dark -colored limestone bands known as pep-
per and salt rock by the driller.

From these and similar facts it appears
that the Utica shale is much reduced and
altered as it approaches the Ohio valley, and
is finally lost by overlap of the Hudson river
shale in this portion of the State and to the
southward.

3. The Hudson River Group.
The very important and interesting series
now to be described appears in all the pre-
vious reports of the geological survey under
another name, viz., the Cincinnati group. It
is unnecessary to review here the long dis-
cussions pertaining to the age of this series,
or the grounds on which the changes in the
name by which it is known have been based.
The return to the older name here proposed
is necessitated by the discoveries recently
made in our underground geology, to which
reference has already been made.

The Hudson river group in Southwestern
Ohio consists of alternating beds of limestone
and shale, the latter of which is commonly
known as blue clay. The proportion of lime
and shale vary greatly in different parts of
the series. The largest percentage of shale
occurs in the 250 feet of the series that begin
50 or 75 feet above low water at Cincinnati.
The entire thickness of the series in South-
western Ohio is about 750 feet. The divi-
sion of the series into lower and upper is
natural and serviceable. ^ The lower is known
as the Cincinnati division and the upper as
the Lebanon division. The Cincinnati divi-
sion has a thickness of 425 to 450 feet, and
the Lebanon division a thickness of about
300 feet. The divisions are separated on
both paleontological and stratigraphical
grounds. Both divisions abound in ex-
quisitely preserved fossils of Lower Silurian
time ; and in fact the hills of Cincinnati and
its vicinity have become classical grounds to
the geologists on this account.

As the series takes cover to the northward
and eastward it retains for a time the same
characteristics already described, but as it is
followed farther it rapidly becomes less cal-
careous. The limestone courses are thinner
and fewer, and the entire series comes to be
counted shale.

The Hudson river group occupies in its
outcrop about 4,000 square miles in South-
western Ohio, but it is doubtless coextensive
with the limits of the State. The shales of
the series contain in outcrop large quantities
of phosphates and alkalies, and the soils to
which they give rise are proverbial for their
fertility.

The presence of 1 these fine-grained and im-
pervious shales in so many separate beds
forbids the descent of water through the

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

formation. In its outcrop the formation has
no water supply, and, as found by the driller,
it is always dry. It gives rise to frequent
"blowers" or short-lived accumulations of
high-pressure gas when struck by the drill,
as has been found in the experience in many
towns of Western Ohio within the last two
years, and it also yields considerable amounts
of low-pressure shale gas which proves fairly
durable.

4. The Medina Shale.
A stratum of non-fossiliferous shale, often
red or yellow in color and having a thickness
of ten to forty feet, directly overlies the
uppermost beds of the Hudson river group
at many points in Southwestern Ohio. The
occurrence of 50 to 150 feet of red shale in
most of the recent deep borings in North-
western Ohio at exactly the place in the gen-
eral column where the Medina should be, and
so much nearer to the known outcrops of the
formation that its continuity with these was
hardly to be questioned, this fact, taken in
connection with the occurrence of like beds of
red shale holding the same relative position
in several deep borings in the central portions
of the State, serves to give warrant for count-
ing the Medina epoch duly represented in the
outcropping strata of Southwestern Ohio. It
occurs here only in included sections, its thin
and easily eroded beds never being found as
surface formations for extensive areas. There
is good reason to believe that the Medina
formation is coextensive with the limits of
the State, except in the regions from which
it has already been removed.

5. The Clinton Limestone.

The Clinton group of New York appears
as a surface formation in Ohio only in ihe
area already named. It forms a fringe or
margin of the Cincinnati group through eight
or ten counties, rising above the soft and
easily eroded rocks of this series, and of the
previously named Medina shale, in a conspicu-
ous terrace. It is everywhere a well-charac-
terized limestone stratum. It is highly
crystalline in structure, and is susceptible of
a good polish. In some localities it is known
as a marble. A considerable part of it, and
especially the upper beds, are almost wholly
made up of crinoidal fragments. In thick-
ness it ranges between ten and fifty feet. Its
prevailing colors are white, pink, red, yellow,
gray and blue. At a few points it is replaced
by the hematite ore that is elsewhere so char-
acteristic of the formation. The ore in Ohio
is generally too lean and uncertain to possess
economic value, but it was once worked for a
short time and in a very small way in a
furnace near Wilmington, Clinton county. ^

The limestone contains a notable quantity
of indigenous petroleum throughout most of
its outcrop, but no very valuable accumula-
tions of oil or gas have been found in it thus
far. It is the source of the low-pressure
gas of Fremont (upper vein), and also of
the gas at Lancaster from 1,962 feet below
the surface, and at Newark from 2,100 feet

below the surface. In fact, a small but
fairly persistent flow is maintained from this
horizon in several of the gas-producing dis-
tricts of Northern Ohio. In a single instance
in Wood county it is proving itself an oil
rock. A well near Trombley, drilled to this
horizon, has been flowing twenty to thirty
barrels of oil for a number of months, the
oil being referable to this formation.

In outcrop the stratum is quite porous as
a rule, and the water that falls upon its un-
covered portions sinks rapidly through them
to the underlying shale (Medina), by which
it is turned out in a well-marked line of
springs.

In composition, the limestone, in its out-
crops in Southern Ohio, is fairly constant.
All of its most characteristic portions con-
tain eighty to eighty-five per cent, of car-
bonate of lime, and ten to fifteen per cent, of
carbonate of magnesia. At a few points,
however, it is found as the purest carbonate
of lime in the State. Under cover, to the
northward, it is much more magnesian m
composition, being indistinguishable from the
Niagara. It also becomes shaly and change-
able in character at many points. As it be-
comes shaly the thickness is much increased.

It is everywhere uneven in its bedding, be-
ing in striking contrast in this respect with
the formations below it and also above it.
The beds are all lenticular in shape, and
they extend but a few feet in any direction.
They seldom rise to one foot in thickness.

The uneven bedding, the crystalline and
crinoidal characters, the high colors, and par-
ticularly the red bands and the chemical
composition, combine to make the Clinton
limestone an exceedingly well-marked stratum
throughout Southwestern Ohio, and from the
hints yielded by the drill in Northwestern
Ohio, it seems to have something of the same
character there, especially so far as color is
concerned. It becomes more shaly and much
thicker to the eastward. It carries bands of
red shale almost universally throughout the
northern central and central parts of the
State.

The limestone is directly followed at a
number of points in the territory occupied
by it by a stratum of very fine-grained, blu-
ish-white clay, containing many fossils dis-
tributed through it, the fossils being crystal-
line and apparently pure carbonate of lime.
A similar bed of white clay is reported at
the same horizon, by the drillers in Northern
Ohio, and the drillings show the presence of
fossils of the same characters. This clay
seam can be designated the Clinton clay, but
it merges in and is indistinguishable from.the
lowest element in the next group. The
Clinton, in its outcrops, is entirely confined
to Southern Ohio.

6. The Niagara Group.
The Clinton limestone is followed in as-
cending order by the Niagara group, a series
of shales and limestones that has consider-
able thickness in its outcrops and that occu-
pies about 3,000 square miles of territory

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

in Ohio. The lowest member is the Niagara
shale, a mass of light-colored clays, with
many thin calcareous bands. It has a thick-
ness of 100 feet in Adams county, but it is
reduced rapidly as it is followed northward,
and in Clarke and Montgomery counties it is
not more than ten or fifteen feet thick.
Still further to the northward, as appears
from the records of recent drillings, the
shale sometimes disappears entirely, but in
the great majority of wells, especially in
Hancock and Wood counties, it is a constant
element, ranging from five to thirty feet.
Wells are often cased in this shale, but a
risk is always taken in doing so.

In Montgomery, Miami and Greene coun-
ties the shale contains in places a very valu-
able building-stone, which is widely known as
the Dayton stone. It is a highly crystalline,
compact and strong stone, lying in even beds
of various thickness, and is in every way
adapted to the highest architectural uses. It
carries about ninety- two per cent, of carbon-
ate of lime. The Niagara shale is, as a rule,
quite poor in fossils. It is apparently desti-
tute of them in many of its exposures.

The limestone that succeeds the shale is
an even-bedded, blue or drab, magnesian
stone, well adapted at many points to quar-
rying purposes. It is known in Ohio by
various local names, derived from the points
where it is worked. There are several sub-
divisions of it that are unequally developed
in different portions of the State. Like the
shale below it, this member is thickest in
Southern Ohio. It cannot be recognized as
a distinct element in the northern part of the
State, either in outcrop or in drillings. It
may be that its horizon is not reached in any
natural exposures of the formation in this
part of the State.

The uppermost division of the formation
is the Guelph limestone, which differs very
noticeably in several points from the Niagara
limestone proper. It obtains its name from
a locality in Canada, where it was first stud-
ied and described. It has a maximum thick-
ness in Southern Ohio of 200 feet. It differs
from the underlying limestone in structure,
composition, and fossils. It is either massive
or very thin-bedded, rarely furnishing a build-
ing stone. It is porous to an unusual extent.
It is generally very light in color, and is
everywhere in the State nearly a typical
dolomite in composition. It yields lime of
great excellence for the mason's use.

Unlike the previously named divisions of
the Niagara, the Guelph limestone is as well
developed in Northern as in Southern Ohio
in all respects. Not more than forty feet are
found in its outcrops here, but the drill has
shown several times this amount of Niagara
limestone, without giving us all of the data
needed for referring the beds traversed to
their proper subdivisions. What facts there
are seem to point to the Guelph as the main
element in this underground development of
the formation in this portion of the State.

The Hillsboro sandstone is the last element
in the Niagara group. It is found in but

few localities, and its reference to the Niagara
series in its entirety is not beyond question.
In Highland county it has a thickness of
thirty feet in several sections. It is composed
of very pure, even-grained, sharp silicious
sand. Other deposits of precisely the same
character are found in the two next higher
limestones of the scale at several points in
the State.

The Hillsboro sandstone is sometimes built
up above all the beds of the upper Niagara
limestone, but again, it is, at times, inter-
stratified with the beds of the Guelph divis-
ion. In the latter case it is itself fossiliferous,
but when found alone it seems destitute of
all traces of life. These sandstones in the
limestone formations suggest in their pecu-
liarities a common origin. They consist of
unworn and nearly perfect crystals, in con-
siderable part.

The Salina group has appeared in all the
recent sections of the rocks of the State, but
in the light of facts obtained within the latest
explorations, it can no longer be counted a
distinct or recognizable element in the Ohio

7. The Lower Helderberg or Water-
lime Formation.

The interval that exists between the Ni-
agara and the Devonian limestones is occupied
in Ohio by a very important formation. It
is filled with a series of beds, which are in
part, at least, the equivalents of the Water-
Jime of New York.

The name is unhappily chosen. Strictly
applicable to only an insignificant fraction of
the beds of this series in New York, we are
still obliged to apply the designation Water-
lime, with its misleading suggestions, to all
deposits of the same age throughout the
country.

Though the last to be recognized of our
several limestone formations, the Waterlime
occupies a larger area in Ohio than any
other, its principal developments being found
in the drift-covered plains of the northwestern
quarter of the State. It has also a much
greater thickness than any other limestone,
its full measure being at least 600 feet, or
twice the greatest thickness of the Niagara
limestone.

It can be described as, in the main, a
strong, compact, magnesian limestone, poor
in fossils, and often altogether destitute of ■
them for considerable areas, microscopic
forms being excepted. It is, for the most
part, drab or brown in color ; but occasionally
it becomes very light-colored, and again it is
often dark blue. It is brecciated throughout
much of its extent, the beds seeming to have
been broken into sometimes small and some-
times large angular fragments affer their
hardening, and then to have been re-cemented
without further disturbance. In addition to
this, it contains an immense amount of true
conglomerate, the pebbles, many of which
are bowlders rather than pebbles, being all
derived from the rocks of the same general
age. The surface of many successive layers

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

at numerous points are covered with sun-
cracks, thus furnishing proof of having been
formed in shallow water near the edge of the
sea In such localities the beds are usually
quite thin, and are also impure in composi-
tion. In these respects it suggests the con-
ditions of the Onondaga salt group of New
York. These features are very characteristic
ones. A rude concretion al structure is also
quite distinctive of the beds of this age. The
Waterlime in Ohio everywhere contains pe-
troleum in small quantity, which is shown
by the odor of freshly broken surfaces. No
noteworthy accumulations of oil or gas have
thus far been found within it. At some
points it carries considerable asphalt, distrib-
uted through the rock in shot-like grains, or
in sheets and films. Thin streaks of car-
bonaceous matter traversing the rock parallel
to its bed-planes are one of the constant
marks of the stratum in Ohio. It is gener-
ally thin and even in its bedding ; but in
some localities it contains massive beds. At
some points it is remarkable for its evenness,
and great value is given to the formation on
this account, when combined with other qual-
ities already named. It is frequently a nearly
pure dolomite in composition, and accord-
ingly it yields magnesian lime of high quality
and is extensively burned in the State, rival-
ing in this respect the Guelph beds of the
Niagara.

In Southern Ohio it has a maximum thick-
ness of 100 feet, and here it reaches its high-
est quality in all respects ; but in Central and
Northern Ohio it attains the great thickness "
previously reported. There also it contains
several distinct types of limestone rock. A
considerable part of it is very tough, strong,
dark-blue limestone, while other portions are
white, porous, and soft.

Its fossils are referable, in type at least, to
the age of the Waterlime, as already stated.
The most characteristic forms are the crusta-
cean named Eurypterus, which was found by
Newberry on the islands of Lake Erie, and
which has not been reported elsewhere in the
State ; and the bivalve crustacean Leperditia .
There are points in the State, however, where
the stratum contains a considerable fauna,
and perhaps ground may be found for remov-
ing some of the higher beds that are now in-
cluded in it into a distinct division, viz., the
Shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
series. Greenfield, Highland county, and
Lima may be named as localities near which
especially fossiliferous phases of the Water-
lime can be found.

The Sylvania Sandstone.

A remarkable series of deposits of ex-
tremely pure glass sand has long been known
in Lucas and Wood counties of Northern
Ohio. ^ The best known beds are those of
Sylvania and Monclova, northwest and south-
west of Toledo.

The Sylvania sandstone has been hitherto
Teferred to the Oriskany period, but a careful
study of the section in which it is included
renders this reference inadmissible. Its

position is about 150 feet below the Upper
Helderberg limestone or somewhat above the
middle line of the Lower Helderberg division.

8. The Upper Helderberg Limestones.

All of the limestone of Devonian age in
Ohio has been generally referred to the Cor-
niferous limestone of New York, but on some
accounts the more comprehensive term used
above is counted preferable. A two-fold di-
vision of the series is possible and proper
in Ohio, the division being based on both
lithology and fossils. The divisions are known
as the lower and upper, respectively, or as the
Columbus and Delaware limestones. The
upper division is sometimes called the San-
dusky limestone. The maximum thickness
of the entire series in Ohio is seventy-five to
one hundred feet.

In chemical composition, the Corniferous
limestone is easily distinguishable from all that
underlie it. It is never a true dolomite in
composition, as the Waterlime and Niagara
limestones almost always are. The composi-
tion of the typical, heavy-bedded lower Cor-
niferous may be taken as seventy per cent,
carbonate of lime and twenty-five per cent,
carbonate of magnesia. The higher beds of
the Columbus stone regularly yield ninety-one
to ninety-five per cent, carbonate of lime.
The upper division, or the Delaware stone, is
much less pure in Central Ohio than the lower,
a notable percentage of iron and alumina, as
well as silica, generally being contained in it.
It is, therefore, seldom or never burned into
lime. In Northern Ohio, on the contrary, it
is often found very strong and pure lime-
stone.

Both divisions, but particularly the lower
one, carry occasional courses of chert, that
detract from the value of the beds in which
they occur. The chert is found in nodules
which are easily detached from the limestone
for the most part. In some conditions in
which the chert occurs, fossils are found in it
in a remarkably good state of preservation.

Throughout the entire formation Devonian
fossils abound in great variety and in great
numbers. They are often found in an excel-
lent state of preservation. The oldest verte-
brate remains of the Ohio rocks are found in
the Corniferous limestone, a fact which gives
especial interest to it. The uppermost bed
of the lower or Columbus division is, in many
places, a genuine t4 bone bed ; " the teeth and
plates and spines of ancient fishes^ largely of
the nearly extinct family of ganoids, consti-
tuting a considerable portion of the substance
of the rock. Corals of various types are also
especially abundant and interesting in this
limestone. In fact, the formation is the most
prolific in life of any in the Ohio scale.

With this formation the great limestones
of Ohio were completed. While they are
built into the foundations of almost the entire
State, they constitute the surface rocks only
in its western half. The Upper Silurian and
Devonian limestones of our scale, which were
formerly known as the Cliff limestone, have
an aggregate thickness of 750 to 1,150 feet

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

where found under cover, and though differ-
ences exist among them by which, as has
already been shown, they can be divided into
four or more main divisions, there is still no
reason to believe that any marked change
occurred in the character of the seas during
the protracted periods in which they were
growing. The life which these seas contained
was slowly changing from age to age, so that
we can recognize three or more distinct faunas
or assemblages of animal life in them. Dif-
ferences are also indicated in the several strata
as to the depth of the water in which they
were formed, and as to the conditions under
which the sedimentary matter that enters into
them was supplied, but no marked physical
break occurs in the long history. No part
of the entire series indicates more genial con-
ditions of growth than those which the De-
vonian limestone, the latest in order of them
all, shows. It is the purest limestone of
Ohio. Foot after foot of the formation con-
sists almost exclusively of the beautifully pre-
served fragments of the life of these ancient
seas. In particular the corals and crinoids
that make a large element in many of its beds
could only have grown in shallow but clear
water of tropical warmth.

The change from the calcareous beds of this
age to the next succeeding formation is very
abrupt and well marked, as much so, indeed,
as any change in the Ohio scale.

10. The Ohio Shale.

(Cleveland Shale, Erie Shale, Huron Shale.)

A stratum of shale, several hundred feet
in thickness, mainly black or- dark-brown in
color, containing, especially in its lower por-
tions, a great number of large and remarkably
symmetrical calcareous and ferruginous con-
cretions, and stretching entirely across the
State from the Ohio valley to the shores of
Lake Erie, with an outcrop ranging in breadth
between ten and twenty miles, has been one
of the most conspicuous and well-known
features of Ohio geology since this subject
first began to be studied. It separates the
great limestone series already described, which
constitutes the floor of all of Western Ohio,
from the Berea grit, which is the first sand-
stone to be reached in ascending the geologi-
cal scale of the State.

This great series of shales was formerly
divided into three divisions, as indicated
above, but a larger knowledge of the system
makes it apparent that no definite boundaries
can be drawn through the formation at large.
The lower part is chiefly black, the middle
contains many light colored bands and the
upper beds again are often dark, but the sec-
tions obtained from top to bottom in the
drilling of deep wells at various points in the
State show alternations of dark and light
colored bands not once but scores of times.
The three-fold division formerly made is not
only unsupported, but is misleading and ob-
jectionable. The terms are used to cover
different phases of one and the same forma-
tion.

The mineral basis of all these shales,
whether black, brown, blue, gray or red, is
essentially one and the same thing, viz., a
fine-grained clay, derived from the waste of
distant land. As supplied to the sea basin it
was originally blue or gray, but a small per-
centage of peroxide of iron goes a great way
in coloring such deposits red, and in like
manner, organic matter in comparatively
small amount gives them a dark or black
color. The organic matter that colors these
shales was probably derived in large part, as
Newberry has suggested, from the products
of growth and decay of sea- weeds by which
these seas were covered, like the Sargasso
seas of our own day.

These organic matters seem to have ac-
cumulated along the shores and in shallow
water in greater quantity than in the deeper
seas. Hence, if the section of these shale
deposits is taken near the old shore-lines, or
where shallow water occurred, a larger pro-
portion is black than if the more central
areas are examined. The only land of Ohio
at this time was to be found in and along the
Cincinnati axis, a low fold that had entered
the State from the southward at the close of
Lower Silurian time, and that had been
slowly extending itself northwards through
the succeeding ages. Southwestern Ohio was
already above water, a low island in the
ancient gulf. But the shales on their western
outcrop, where they are largely black, are ex-
actly equivalent in age to the alternating beds
of black and blue shale, the latter bein^ in
large excess, that were forming at this time
in the central parts of the basin, viz., in
Eastern Ohio. The color of the shales is, in
this view, an accident, and cannot be safely
used as a ground of division. The entire
shale formation that we are considering seems
to have beenlaid down without physical break
or interruption. It must have required an
immensely long period for its accumulation.
This is shown not only by the fineness and
uniformity of the materials which compose it,
and which could not have been rapidly sup-
plied, and by the great thickness of the for-
mation in Eastern Ohio, but also by the geo-
logical equivalents of the shale in the general
column which furnish even more convincing
proof as to its long continued growth. _ The
Ohio shale, as Newberry has shown, is cer-
tainly the equivalent in the general scale of
the Genesee slate, the Portage group and the
Chemung group, the last named being itself
a formation of great thickness and extent.
In other words, the shales of our column
bridge the interval between the Hamilton
proper and the Catskill group, and in the
judgment of some geologists, a wider interval
even than that named above. As Newberry
was the first to show, the oil sands of Penn-
sylvania are banks of pebble rock that are
buried in the eastern extension of the Ohio
shale, but which make no sign within our
own limits.

The shales are, for the most part, poor in
fossils, except in those of microscopic size,
but among the few that they contain are the

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

most striking and remarkable not only of the
scale of Ohio, but of all Devonian time as
well. Reference is here made to the great
fishes which have been described by Newberry
and which constitute so interesting a chapter
of geological history. Some of them belong
to the basal beds of the shale formation, and
others near the summit. The first were found
at the centres of the great concretions already
named as characteristic of the formation.
These fossils are interesting both on account
of their enormous size and of their peculiar
combination of points of structure that are
widely separated now.

Brief mention must be made of the vege-
table fossils of the shales.

Fossil wood, derived from ancient pine trees
of the genus Dadoxylon, is quite common in
the lower beds (Huron). The wood is silici-
fied and the original structure is admirably
preserved. This wood is sometimes found,
like the fish remains already noted, at the
i hearts of the concretions, but occasionally
large sized blocks are found free in the shale.
On account of its enduring nature it is often
found in those beds of glacial drift that have
been derived largely from the destruction of
the shales.

, Strap-shaped leaves, presumably of sea-
weeds, are occasionally found upon the sur-
faces of the shale layers. Sometimes they
form thin layers of bright coal which deceive
the ignorant. Fossil rushes, of the genus
Calamites, are also occasionally met with.

But the forms already named are of small
account, so far as quantity is concerned, when
compared with certain microscopic fossils that
.are, with little doubt, of vegetable origin,
and which are accumulated in large amount
throughout the black beds of the entire shale
formation, composing, sometimes, a notable
percentage of the substance of the rock, and
apparently giving origin, to an important ex-
tent, to the bituminous character of the
beds.

The leading forms of these microscopic
fossils are translucent, resinous discs, ranging
in long diameter from one -thirtieth to one-
two-hundredth of an inch. Several varieties
have already been noted, depending on the
size, particular shape and surface markings
of these bodies. The facts pertaining to them
have of late been more widely published, and
the attention of geologists in various parts of
the world has been called to these and similar
forms, and thus there is the promise of a
Speedy enlargement of our knowledge in re-
gard to them. Sir William Dawson now con-
siders the common forms to be themacrospores
of rhizocarps allied to Salvinia of the present
day. The sporocarps containing these ma-
crospores in place have recently been dis-
covered. This identification would refer these
bodies to floating vegetation on the surface
of the seas in which the shales were formed,
and is thus directly in line with the sagacious
interpretation of Newberry, who many years
,ago attributed the origin of these black shales
to Sargasso seas.

This shale is the undoubted source of most

of the natural gas and petroleum of North-
eastern Ohio. It is the probable source, under
cover, of a considerable part of these highly
valued substances in Western Pennsylvania.
It gives rise to "surface indications "of gas
and oil throughout the whole extent of its
outcrops and thus very often misleads ex-
plorers, since the indications do not stand in
any case for large accumulations of either
substance. The most that is to be expected
of gas-wells m this formation is a domestic
supply. A single well will furnish gas enough
for the heat and light of one or more families
and often the supply will be maintained for
many years. In- the parts of the State where
the shales make the surface rocks, it will no
doubt be found possible to secure from them
valuable additions to our stores of light and
heat for a long while to come. A farm in
such territory will come to be valued on this
account in something of the same way that it
would be if it carried a seam of coal.

11. The Waverly Group.
The important mass of sediments of Sub-
carboniferous age, which is known in Ohio
and in some adjoining States as the Waverly
group, comes next in the column. The name
Waverly was given to these strata by the
geologists of the first survey, from the fact
that at Waverly, in the Scioto valley, excellent
sandstone quarries were opened in them, the
products of which were quite widely distrib-
uted throughout Central and Southern Ohio,
as far back as fifty years ago. Associated
with the sandstone at this locality, and every-
where throughout the district, were several
other strata that were always counted as
members of the group by the geologists who
gave the name. In fact, the boundaries were
made definite and easily applicable. The
Waverly group extended, by its definition
and by unbroken usage in our early geology,
from the top of the great black shale (Cleve-
land shale), to the Coal Measure conglom-
erate. This latter element was, in a part of
the field, confused with the Waverly con-
glomerate, afterwards recognized and defined
by Andrews, until a recent date, it is true,
but the intent of the geologists is apparent,
and many of their sections were complete and
accurate. If the term Waverly is to be re-
tained in our classification, and it bids fair to
be, every interest will be served by recogniz-
ing and retaining the original boundaries.

11a. The Bedford Shale.
This stratum, which makes the base of the
Waverly series, consists of forty to sixty feet,
in the main composed of red or blue shales,
but which sometimes contain fine-grained
sandstone courses. The latter are in places
valuable. They are represented by the Inde-
pendence bluestone of Northern Ohio. The
shales are mainly destitute of fossils, aside
from the burrows of sea worms which are
found on the surfaces of most of the layers
and often with great sharpness of outline.
All the layers are likely to be ripple-marked,
the sculpturings of this sort being very sym-

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

metrical and continuous for layer after layer
through many feet of the formation.

Mb. The Berea Grit.

We have reached in our review the Berea
grit, the second element of the Waverly series,
and not only the most important member of
the series, but by far the most important
single stratum in the entire geological column
of Ohio. Its economic value above ground
is great, but it is greater below. In its out-
crops it is a source of the finest building stone
and the best grindstone grit of the country,
and when it dips beneath the surface it be-
comes the repository of invaluable supplies
of petroleum, gas, and salt-water. Its per-
sistence as a stratum is phenomenal. Seldom
reaching a thickness of fifty feet, its proved
area in Ohio, above ground and below, is
scarcely less than 15,000 square miles, and
beyond the boundaries of Ohio it extends
with continuity and strength unbroken into
at least four other adjacent States. As a
guide to the interpretation of our series, and
especially as a guide in our subterranean
geology, it is invaluable.

The stratum was named by Newberry from
the village of Berea, Cuyahoga county, where
the largest and most important quarries of
the formation are located. The name is the
most appropriate that could have been se-
lected for this stratum, and inasmuch as it
has priority in all fields, it ought to be made
to supersede all others.

The Berea grit, as seen in outcrop, is a
sandstone of medium grain in Northern Ohio,
and of fine grain from the centre of the State
southward. In Northern Ohio it contains
one pebbly horizon over a considerable area,
but the seam is thin and the pebbles are
small. The stratum is sometimes false-
bedded and sometimes remarkably even in
its bedding-planes. Its main beds, or sheets,
have a maximum thickness of six feet, but
this is an unusual measure and is seldom
reached. It ranges in thickness from 5 to
170 feet, and it very rarely fails altogether
from the sections in which it is due.

Like the Bedford shale below it, it stands
for an old shore-line, many of its surfaces
being ripple-marked, and worm-burrows
abounding in its substance.

It is poor in fossils, but not entirely desti-
tute of them. It grows finer grained and
more impure as it is followed southward. In
Southern Ohio it is known as the Waverly
quarry-stone.

The Berea grit is the lowest or main oil-
sand of the Mackburg field. It is also the
gas-rock of Wellsburg, and that part of the
Ohio valley, and is without doubt one of the
main oil- and gas-rocks of Western Pennsyl-
vania.

lie. The Berea Shale.

A bed of dark or black shale, fifteen to
fifty feet thick, makes the constant and im-
mediate cover of the Berea grit throughout
its entire extent inOhio. The shale is highly
fossiliferous, and is rich in bituminous mat-

ter, the amount sometimes reaching twenty
per cent. It is a source of petroleum ona
small scale, as is shown by the fact that in
Southern Ohio an important ledge of sand-
stone that belongs just above it is often found
saturated with a tar-like oil derived from this
source. It was first recognized by Andrews,
who described it under the name of the Wa-
verly black shale. It constitutes an invalu-
able guide in our subterranean geology.

lie?. The Cuyahoga Shale.

This formation consists of light-colored,
argillaceous shales, which are often replaced
with single courses of fine-grained sandstone,
blue in color, and in Southern Ohio weather-
ing to a brownish-yellow. As a constant
characteristic, there are found through the
shales flattened nodules of impure iron ore,
concretionary in origin, and often having
white calcareous centres.

In thickness it ranges from 150 to 400 feet.
It is one of the most homogeneous and per-
sistent formations in the column of the State
throughout most of its extent. Everywhere
through the State there is found at or near
the base of this division a number of courses
of fine-grained stone. These courses are
sometimes separated from each other by beds
of shale, or they may be compacted into a
single stratum. The individual courses also
vary greatly in thickness, and in color and
general characters. Throughout Southern
Ohio, and particularly in Boss, Pike, and
Scioto counties, the stratum yields freestone.
It is best known from its outcrops on the
Ohio river at Buena Vista, where it has long
been ve^ extensively worked for Cincinnati
and other river markets. The Buena Vista
stone, at its best, is one of the finest building
stones of the country. The same horizon
yields excellent stone near Portsmouth, Lucas-
ville, and Waverly. It is known as the
Waverly brown stone at the latter point.

Northward, through the State, stone of
more or less value is found in the bottom
courses of the Cuyahoga, but in Trumbull
county, near Warren, the horizon acquires
extreme importance as the source of the finest
natural flagging that is found in our markets.

It would have been well if the thirty or
forty feet containing these courses had been
cut off from the Cuyahoga shale, in which
case the division thus formed would have
been appropriately named the Buena Vista
stone.

We. The Logan Group.

(The Olive Shales of Read. The Logan Sandstone
of Andrews. The Waverly Conglomerate of
Andrews.)

The divisions of the Waverly series in
Northern Ohio happened to be made at a
point where the section is abnormal and in-
complete. By atrophy or by overlap, the
upper member of the series is wanting in the
Cuyahoga valley, or is at least very inade-
quately represented there. The missing mem-
ber is, in volume, second only to the Cuyahoga
shale, among the divisions of the Waverly.

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

It is much richer in the fossils of the Subcar-
boniferous than any of the other members.
In composition it is varied and striking, one
of its elements being a massive conglomerate
not less than 200 feet in its largest sections,
which extends in unbroken outcrop through
at least a dozen counties of Ohio. No good
reason can be found for dividing the Waverly
series at all if a member like this is to be left
without a name, or is to be merged with an
unlike and incongruous division from which
it is as sharply differentiated as any one
stratum of Ohio is from any other.

The real, though not the formal, separation
of this group from the underlying shale is
due to the late Prof. E. B. Andrews, and
constitutes one of his most important con-
tributions to our knowledge of Ohio geology.
He was the first to show that the great con-
glomerate of Hocking, Fairfield, and Licking
counties is Subcarboniferous in age, and he
further called attention to a highly fossilifer-
ous, fine-grained sandstone overlying the con-
glomerate, to which he gave the name of
Logan sandstone, from its occurrence at
Logan, Hocking county. Up to this time this
conglomerate had been universally counted
as the Coal Measure conglomerate. Read
made known the existence of a heavy body
of shale, which he called Olive shales, over-
lying the conglomerate, and replacing the
Logan sandstone in Knox, Holmes, and
Richland counties.

As both conglomerate and sandstone have
their typical outcrops at Logan, no better
name can be found for the formation which
must include conglomerate, sandstone, and
shale, than that here adopted, viz., Logan
group.

The maximum thickness of the Logan
group is not less than 400 feet. Its average
thickness is perhaps 200 feet.

A typical or representative section of this
group is scarcely possible, but the most char-
acteristic and persistent part of the series is
the conglomerate that is found at the bottom.
At all events, coarse rock, if not always tech-
nically conglomerate, is generally found here.
Pebbles do not make a conspicuous part of
the rock when it takes a conglomeritic phase
in all cases. The most characteristic feature
of the pebbles is their small and uniform
size. The larger pebbles are generally flat.

Its best developments are in Hocking, Fair-
field, Ross, Vinton, Licking, Knox, and
Wayne counties, which constitute the north-
western arc of the sea-boundary of Ohio in
Subcarboniferous time. South of Ross county
it loses most of its pebbles, and south of the
Ohio it becomes the knobstone of Kentucky.
In Northeastern Ohio the Logan group is also
destitute of pebbles, and perhaps the con-
glomerate element proper does not appear
here at all.

Diverse as these elements are, they are
blended and interlocked in the Logan group,
leaving it in stratigraphy and fossils a well-
defined and easily followed series throughout
all parts of the territory in which it is due,
except in possibly a small area in Northern

Ohio, as ahead}' noted, and even here there
is no difficulty in recognizing the presence of
this series. The several elements are, how-
ever, of smaller volume than elsewhere.

Under cover, throughout Southeastern
Ohio, the series is in the highest degree per-
sistent and regular ; much more uniform, in-
deed, than in its outcrops. It consists of 200
feet or more of prevailingly coarse rock,
almost everywhere pebbly in spots, but inter-
rupted with sheets of shale, yellowish and
reddish colors being the characteristic ones.
It has considerable interest in connection with
gas, oil, and salt-water in Ohio, being the
reservoir of the brines of the Hocking and
Muskingum valleys, and furnishing in the
latter large supplies of gas in the early days
of salt manufacture in the State.

12. The Subcarboniferous Limestone.

This element is of comparatively small ac-
count as a surface formation in Ohio, but it
gathers strength to the southeastward of its
outcrops, and is shown in many well records
as a stratum fifty or more feet in thickness.
It was recognized as a member of our geo-
logical column by the geologists of the first
survey, but Andrews was the first to assign
it to its proper place and to show its true
equivalence. He named It the Maxville
limestone, from a locality in southwestern
Perry county.

The limestone, in its best development, is
a fairly pure, very fine-grained, sparingly
fossiliferous rock. It breaks with a con-
choidal fracture. In fineness and homogeneity
of grain it approaches lithographic stone, and
has been tested ^ in the small way for this
special use. It is seldom even and regular
in its bedding. Its color is light-drab or
brown, and often it is a beautiful building
stone, though somewhat expensive to work.
The fire-clay found at this horizon in Southern
Ohio is one of the most valuable deposits of
this sort in our entire scale. The limestone
is found in outcrop in Scioto, Jackson, Hock-
ing, Perry, and Muskingum counties. It is
reported in the well records of Steubenville,
Brilliant, Macksburg, and at several other
points in the Ohio valley.

13-17. The Conglomerate and the
Coal Measures.

These two divisions can be properly consid-
ered under one head, inasmuch as they have
common sources of value. Their aggregate
thickness is not less than 1,500 feet, and they
cover more than 10,000 miles of the surface
of Ohio. The beds of coal, iron ore, fire-
clay, limestone, and cement rock that they
contain render insignificant the contributions
made by all other formations to the mineral
wealth of the State. In the combined sec-
tion of the conglomerate and lower coal
measures, which contains from 500 to 800
feet of strata, the following named coal seams
are found :

Upper Freeport,
Lower Freeport,

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY' OF OHIO.

Upper (Middle) Kittanning,

Lower Kittanning,

Upper Clarion,

Lower Clarion,

Upper Mercer,

Lower Mercer,

Quakertown,

Sharon.

A few sporadic seams are omitted from the
list.

All of these seams belong to the bituminous
division. Thus far they are chiefly worked
in level- free mines and very little coal is taken
from seams less than three feet in thickness.
The average thickness in the important fields
is five feet and the maximum (a small area
of a single district) is thirteen feet. All of
the seams enumerated are worked, but they
have very unequal values. The Middle
Kittanning seam is by far the first. It is
known as the Nelsonville coal, the Hocking
Valley coal, the Sheridan coal, the Coshocton
coal, the Osnaburg coal, etc. The Upper
Freeport seam ranks next in value. It is
mined at Salineville, Dell Roy, Cambridge
and in the Sunday Creek and Monday Creek
valleys on a large scale.

In proportion to its area the Sharon coal is
the most valuable of the entire series. It is
the standard for comparison of all the open-
burning coals of the Allegheny coal-field.
Both this seam and the Middle Kittanning
seam are used in the raw state for the manu-
facture of iron, a fact which sufficiently
attests their purity and general excellence.

In the remaining divisions of the coal
measures there are ten or more seams that
are sometimes of workable thickness, but
with one notable exception they are less
steady and reliable than those of the lower
measures. The exception is the Pittsburg
coal, which is, all things considered, the most
important seam of the entire coal-field to which
it belongs. It is especially valued for the
manufacture of gas and the production of
steam. Its northern outcrop passes through
nine counties with an approximate length of
175 miles, the sinuosities not being counted.
The area commonly assigned to it in Ohio
exceeds 3,000 square miles, but the seam has
been proved for only a small part of the area
claimed. Ohio is deficient in coking coals
of the highest quality. Its best coals are
open-burning.

Ohio ranks second in the production of
bituminous coal in the United States at the
present time, being inferior to Pennsylvania
alone in this respect. The output for 1887 is
given by the State mine inspector as 1 0, 301 , 708
tons of 2,000 pounds.

The coal measures of Ohio are important
sources of iron ore and fire-clay as well as of
coal, as is true of coal measures generally.

Iron ore is mined in the Ohio coal-fields at
a dozen or more horizons, but there are three
or four that monopolize most of the interest
and importance. The ferriferous limestone
ore of the Hanging Rock district is a thin
but valuable seam. The iron manufactured

from it has unusual strength and excellence
and is applied to the highest uses, such as
the manufacture of car-wheels and machine-
castings. The ore seam does not average
more than twelve inches in thickness. The
thickest beds of ore in the State are the
blackband deposits of Tuscarawas, Stark and
Carroll counties. A maximum of twenty
feet is here attained. Blackband of good
quality and in large amounts is also found in
a number of other counties. The block ores
of the Mercer horizon rank next in value
among the sources of iron in the State. The
total amount mined annually exceeds 500,000
tons.

In iron and steel manufacture and working
Ohio ranks second only to Pennsylvania, the
value of the annual production being counted
$35,000,000.

The clays of the coal measures are the
basis of a large and rapidly growing manu-
facture of fire-brick, stoneware, earthenware,
sewer pipes, fire-proofing, paving blocks and
paving brick. In all these manufactures
Ohio stands far in advance of any other
State.

The salt manufacture of the State has been
large, but is now a depressed and decaying
industry. The annual yield is now less than
500,000 barrels. In connection with its salt
production Ohio furnishes a notable percent-
age of all the bromine made in the world.
The figures have been as high as 50 per cent.
The brine of the Tuscarawas valley is richer
in bromine than any other known in the
world. It yields about three-fourths of a
pound of bromine to every barrel of salt.

In the total value of its quarry products
Ohio ranks easily first among the States of
the Union. The census of 1880 credits the
State with an annual value of more than
$2,500,000 in this division. The output of
Ohio quarries is rapidly increasing. Its sand-
stones, especially the products of the great
stratum already described as the Berea Grit,
hold the first place among the building stones
of this class in the country at large. In
durability, strength, attractive colors and in
general adaptation to architectural effects
they leave little to be desired. Red sand-
stones, both dark and light, that are suscepti-
ble of excellent use in the ornamental way,
are also abundant in the Subcarboniferous
deposits of our scale. The grindstone grits
of the State, taken from the several horizons
already named, furnish by far the largest
contribution to this important use that is
made by any single State.

The petroleum and gas that our rocks con-
tain and upon which such extreme value is
coming to be placed will be discussed at better
advantage on a subsequent page.

18. The Glacial Drift.
Over the various bedded rocks of at least
two-thirds of Ohio are spread in varying
thickness the deposits of the drift, the most
characteristic and important of which is the
bowlder clay. This frequently contains in
its lower portions large accumulations of

7 6

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

vegetable matter, the remains of coniferous
forests that occupied the country before the
advent of the drift, or at some interglacial
stage of its duration. Peat bogs are some-
times found buried in like manner in or under
the bowlder clay. The deposits of latest
age in this great series consist of stratified
clays, sands and gravels. The maximum
thickness of drift beds that has thus far been
found in the State is 530 feet. This meas-
urement was obtained from Saint Paris,
Champaign county." Depths of 300 and 400
feet are no longer unusual. The average
thickness of these accumulations in North-
western Ohio exceeds 100 feet. They exer-
cise a controlling influence upon the relief,
drainage, soils and water supply of the regions
which they occupy. They have filled the
valleys of earlier drainage systems and in
many cases have obliterated all traces of
their existence, thus restoring to large por-
tions of the State the uniformly level sur-
face which prevailed in them when they
were first elevated above the waters of the
ocean

The bowlder clay or till is filled with
bowlders of northern origin, derived from
the highlands of Canada and intervening dis-
tricts. Some of them contain 2,000 cubic
feet above ground. They can in many cases
be referred to particular localities and some-
times to particular ledges from a score of
miles to 400 miles distant.

The stratified drift contains vast accumula-
tions of sand, gravel and clay, all of great
economic value. Brick clays of good quality
are everywhere accessible. These stratified
beds constitute a natural filter for surface
water to a great extent. The rainfall de-
scends slowly through them until the im-
pervious bowlder clay is reached. The depth
of the surface of this last named deposit, in
large areas of the State, determines the
depth of the ordinary wells of these areas.
Sometimes, however, a water supply is de-
rived from seams of sand and gravel within
the bowlder clay or immediately below it.
Such a supply is to quite an extent protected
from surface impurities.

The terminal moraine that marks the
boundary of the glacial deposits is fairly dis-
tinct throughout the State. Soils and vegeta-
tion unite to emphasize it, as well as special
accumulations. It passes through the coun-
ties of Columbiana, Stark, Wayne, Rich-
land, Holmes, Licking, Fairfield, Ross,
Highland, Adams and Brown, crossing the
Ohio river into Kentucky from the latter
county but returning to the north side of the
river again in Southeastern Indiana. As a
result of this temporary obstruction of this
great water way it has been pointed out that
the waters of the Ohio must have been
dammed back so as to form a large lake, in-
cluding the valley proper and its tributaries
as far at least as Pittsburg. The barrier
appears to have given way in such a manner
as to reduce once and again the level of the
intercepted waters abruptly. Such a mode
of retreat, at least, would explain the succes-

sive terraces that border the main streams at
the present time.

II. Geological Structure.

The geological scale of the State has now
been briefly treated. An equally brief
account must be added of its structure. By
this term is meant the present arrangement
or disposition of the strata as effected by all
the movements of the earth's crust in which
they have had a part, and by which they may
have been bent into arches or troughs or left
in terrace-like monoclines.

The geological structure of Ohio is as
simple as that of almost any other 40,000
square miles of the earth's surface. All of
its strata except a small portion of the coal
measures were deposited in the waters of an
ancient arm of the sea, of which the present
Gulf of Mexico is the dwarfed and diminished
remnant and representative. Its most fossil-
iferous limestones, as the Corniferous, for ex-
ample, stand for clear waters of tropical
warmth. Its conglomerates and sandstones
required strong currents for their transporta-
tion from distant shores. Its shales must
have been deposited in seas of at least moder-
ate depth, large areas of which, as well as all
of the shores, were covered with sargasso-like
masses of sea- weed.

These strata seem to have been deposited
on a fairly regular and level floor, and they
have never been subjected to very great dis-
turbance ; that is, they have nowhere been
raised into mountains nor depressed into
deep valleys, but still they have been warped
and distorted to some extent in the course
of their long history.

The Cincinnati Anticlinal.

As soon as the geology of the Mississippi
valley began to be studied, it became appa-
rent that there had been in early time an ex-
tensive uplift of the older rocks in the central
parts of Tennessee and Kentucky and in
Southwestern Ohio, which had exerted a
profound influence on all the subsequent
growth of the regions traversed by and
adjacent thereto. This uplift has received
several designations, but the name given to
it by Newberry, viz. , the Cincinnati anticlinal,
will here be adopted, inasmuch as this geolo-
gist has furnished by far the most careful
and connected account that has yet been
given of it.

It is to be recognized, however, that this
structural feature has in it little or nothing
of the character of an anticlinal or arch, as
these terms are commonly understood. There
is no roof- shaped arrangement of the strata
whatever, but they are spread out in a nearly
level tract, 100 miles or more in breadth.
The slopes within the tract are very light,
and are quite uniform in direction, and the
boundaries of the tract are well defined, as a
rule.

The Trenton limestone, as has already
been shown, makes the floor of Western
Ohio. By means of the deep drilling that
is now in progress throughout this part of

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the State we have obtained soundings to this
limestone floor so extensive that we are
already able to restore approximately its
topography.

This underground disposition of the Tren-
ton limestone becomes very significant in
connection with the Cincinnati uplift. In
fact, it is the Cincinnati uplift ; # and the
study of the facts pertaining to it will be
found to throw more light on this earliest
and most important structural feature of the
State than can be obtained from any and
from all other sources. The results are
altogether unexpected.

It appears that in Lower Silurian time a
low fold, extending in a general northeast
direction, entered Ohio from the southward
and continued its advance across the State
during immense periods of time. It has
heretofore been believed that the fold as it
extended across the State held its original
northeasterly direction, but it now becomes
evident that in its earlier stages in Ohio it
advanced to the northwest instead, extending
into Northern Central Indiana, so far as its
main body was concerned. From this point
an off-shoot of smaller area was directed into
Ohio, the boundaries of which are found to
be very irregular, and in connection with
which some surprising facts in Ohio geology
have come to light. With these same facts
extraordinary economic interest has been
found to be associated.

The easterly or southeasterly dip of the
rocks that begins at the margin of the tract,
now described as the Cincinnati axis, con-
tinues through the subsequent history of the
State, and constitutes the most important
physical feature of its geology. All of the
Subearboniferous and Coal Measure strata, in
particular, are affected by it. The southerly
element of it gradually increases as we pass
to Northeastern Ohio, and it is probable .that
the dip becomes due south at some points in
this portion of the State. Beyond the limits
of Ohio, in Pennsylvania and West Virginia,
the corresponding strata descend sharply
toward the westward. These facts considered
together mark out the limits of the arm of
the sea in which; and around which, the
northern extension of the Appalachian coal-
field was built up, the Cincinnati axis form-
ing its western boundary. These uniform
and continuous southeasterly dips can be ex-
plained by the steady growth of the land to
the westward, after the fashion already de-
scribed. The dip is at right angles to the
constantly advancing border of the sea. It
seldom exceeds thirty feet to the mile, or but
little more than half of one degree, in the
large way, but it is alternately sharpened and
reduced, so that for short distances a much
greater fall, or much less, may be found.

The facts of our present topography seem
to point to an original equality of elevation
of those portions of the State that were suc-
cessively brought under this uplifting force.
The western outliers of all of the formations
are, at the present time at least, at approxi-
mately the same elevation above the sea.

The statements already made as to the ex-
ceeding regularity of the geological structure
of Ohio need no qualification, but this regu-
larity of the State, as a whole, is not incon-
sistent with the existence of a few minor
folds and arches, distributed especially
through the eastern half of our territory.

In the southeastern quarter are a few anti-
clinal arches, all of which, however, are very
gentle and low, and none of which can be
traced for many miles in the direction in
which they extend. They involve all of the
strata that belong in the district in which
they are found. A modification of the arch
resulting in a terrace-like arrangement of the
strata is one of the most important phases
of the structure in this portion of the State.
Among the arches, all of which are very
feeble, the Fredeficktown and Cadiz arches,
which are probably one and the same, may be
named, and also the Cambridge anticline.
The Macksburg oil field affords an excellent-
example of the terrace structure.

To sum up the statements now made, we
know but comparatively few arches in Ohio,
and these few are moderate in slope and
small in height. Fuller knowledge of our
geology will doubtless give us a larger number
of these low folds, but there is little proba-
bility that any sharp and well-defined an ti-
clinals have altogether escaped notice. Those
that remain to be discovered will agree with
those already known, in breaking up the
monotony of our series by the suspension or
occasional reversal of the prevailing dip and
in requiring close and accurate measurements
for their detection.

By untrained observers, the water-sheds of
our drainage channels are often mistaken for
anticlinals. If anticlinals traverse the series
where these identifications are made, they
may well serve to divide the drainage systems
from each other, but such ' w divides ' ' do hot
by any means require these structural acci-
dents as the conditions on which they depend.
Anticlinals must be demonstrated, not in-
ferred.

There are but few districts known in Ohio
in which disturbances are to be found that
fairly deserve the name of faults. In the
northeast corner of Adams county, and in
adjacent territory, there are a number of
square miles throughout which the strata
are really dislocated. The Berea grit is found
in contact with the Niagara shale in some in-
stances. The throw of such faults must be at
least 400 feet. Faults of this character in
Ohio geology are as unusual and unexpected
as trap dykes in Northern Kentucky, the lat-
ter of which have been recently reported by
Crandall.

III. Petroleum and Natural
Gas.
These subjects, and especially the latter,
have recently acquired such widespread in-
terest and importance in the country that a
separate section will here be given to their
consideration.

The introduction of natural gas on the

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO,

large scale is of comparatively recent date.
It was begun in Pittsburg and in the region
around it a dozen years since, but it is only
within the last six years that it has made
a deep impression upon the country at large.

The cheapness of the new fuel, the economy
resulting from several different factors in its
use, the improvement of product in a number
of lines of manufacture, all combine to give a
decided advantage to the centres that have
been fortunate enough to secure it, and to
make competition seem almost hopeless to
the towns that are without it.

In consequence, an earnest and eager search
for natural gas has been begun throughout
entire States, and vast amounts of money have
been used in carrying forward these explora-
tions. Next to Western Pennsylvania North-
western Ohio has scored the most signal suc-
cess and, following the experience of Ohio,
Eastern Indiana has also found one of the
most valuable fields of the country.

The production of petroleum and gas in
Ohio will be briefly described in this section,
but, preceding this description, a few state-
ments will be made as to the theories of
origin and accumulation of these substances
which seem best supported.

Origin of Petroleum and Gas.

It is not necessary to consider the origin
of natural gas and petroleum separately.
They have a common history. They are pro-
duced from the same sources, accumulated
by similar agencies, and stored in the same
reservoirs. In order of formation, petroleum
is probably first. It is the more complex in
composition and thus nearer to the organic
world from which it is derived. Gas is the
same substance on the downward road to the
simplicity of inorganic compounds. No pro-
cess is known by which gas is built up into
oil, but the breaking up of petroleum into
gaseous products is seen to be constantly go-
ing forward in nature, and it is also effected
in the large way artificially.

Petroleum never exists free from gas, but
it is sometimes asserted that gas is found that
has no connection with petroleum. This
claim is probably a mistaken one, and if the
dryest gas could be followed throughout its
underground reservoirs, it is altogether prob-
able that accumulations of oil would be
found along the line in every case. There is
no horizon known that produces either sub-
stance to the entire exclusion of the other.

As already implied, petroleum and gas are
derived from the organic world. Both vege-
table and animal substances have contributed
to the supplies, and these separate sources
give different characters to their products, as
will be presently shown. There are certain
other theories in regard to the origin of petro-
leum, it is true, which have been advanced
by eminent chemists, but which do not match
at all well with the geological facts involved.
These last-named theories refer petroleum to
peculiar decompositions and recom positions,
chiefly of water and carbonic acid, which are
supposed to be carried on at considerable

depths in the earth, where these substances
are brought into contact with metallic iron
or with the metallic bases of the alkalies at
high temperatures. Never were more arti-
ficial or unverifiable theories presented for
the explanation of natural phenomena, and
it is surprising that they should have obtained
any currencV whatever. Something might
be said for them, perhaps, if we had no other
possible way of accounting for the facts to
which they refer, but when they are compared
with the theories of organic origin they have
no standing-ground. The truth is, we are
constantly manufacturing from animal and
vegetable substances in the large way, both
gas and oil that are fairly comparable in both
chemical and physical characteristics, with
the natural products. Further, we find vege-
table substances passing by natural processes
into petroleum and allied compounds, so that
there is no need whatever to invent a strained
and fantastic theory based on remote chemi-
cal possibilities, in order to cover the ground.
These chemical theories teach that the pro-
cess of oil and gas formation is a continuous
one, and no reason is apparent why stocks
may not be maintained from such a source
even when they are drawn upon. Perhaps it
is this feature that has recommended these
theories more than any other. Any doctrine
that gives us unwasting supplies of force is
sure to be popular as long as it can find the
semblance of justification, as witness the hold
that the claims for perpetual motion have on
the public mind.

The petroleum and gas of shales and sand-
stones are in the main derived from, vegetable
matter, and as the principal stocks are found
in sandstones, vegetable matter may be said
to be the chief source. The oil and gas of
limestones are presumably derived from
animal matter, inasmuch as the limestones
themselves are known to be, in the main, a
product of animal life.

The vegetation principally employed in
this production is of the lower kinds, sea-
weeds and . other allied groups being al-
together the most conspicuous elements.
The animal life represented in limestone oil
and gas is also of the lower groups. Plants
may have been associated also with animal
matter in the formation of limestone oil, to
some extent.

How was Petroleum Formed?

To the question, How were these bodies
formed out of organic matter f there are
various answers.

They are most commonly referred to the
agency of distillation. Destructive distilla-
tion consists in the decomposition of animal
or vegetable substances at high temperatures
in the absence of air. Gaseous and semi-
liquid products are evolved, and a coke or
carbon residue remains behind. The " high
temperatures" in the definition given above
must be understood to cover a considerable
range, the lower limit of which may not ex-
ceed 400 or 500 degrees F.

Petroleum and gas on the large scale are

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

not the products of destructive distillation.
If shales, sandstones, or limestones holding
large quantities of organic matter, as they
often do, and buried at a considerable depth,
should be subjected to volcanic heat in any
way, there is no reason to doubt that petro-
leum and gas would result from this action.
Without question, there are such cases in vol-
eanic districts, but the regions of great petro-
leum production are remarkably free from
all igneous intrusions, and from all signs
of excessive or abnormal temperatures.
All claims for an igneous origin of these
substances are emphatically negatived by
the condition of the rocks that contain
them.

There is a statement of the distillation
theory that has attained quite wide accept-
ance, which needs to be mentioned here. It
is to the eiFect that these substances, oil and
gas, have resulted from what is called ' ' spon-
taneous distillation at low temperatures, ' ' and,
by low temperatures, ordinary temperatures
are meant. # It does not, however, appear on
what facts in nature or upon what artificial
processes this claim is based. Destructive
distillation is the only process known to
science under the name of distillation, which
can account for the origin of oil or gas, and
this does not go on at ordinary or low tempera-
tures. A process that goes on at ordinary
temperatures is certainly not destructive dis-
tillation. It may be chemical decomposition,
but this process has a name and place of its
own, and does not need to be masked under
a new and misleading designation, such as
spontaneous distillation. No help can come
to us, therefore, from the adoption of the
spontaneous distillation theory.

It seems more probable that these sub-
stances result from the primary chemical de-
composition of organic substances buried
with the forming rocks, and that they . are
retained as petroleum in the rocks from the
date of their formation. It is true that our
knowledge of these processes is inadequate,
but there are many facts on record that go to
show that petroleum formation is not a lost
art of nature, but that the work still goes on
under favorable conditions. It is very likely
true that, as in coal formation, the conditions
most favorable for large production no
longer occur, but enough remains to show the
steps by which the work is done.

The " spontaneous distillation " theory has
probably some apparent support in the fact
that must be mentioned here, viz. : that where
petroleum is stored in a rock, gas may be
constantly escaping from it, constituting, in
part, the surface indications that we hear so
much of in oil fields. The Ohio shale, for
example, is a formation that yields along its
outcrops oil and gas almost everywhere, but
no recent origin is needed for either. The
oil may be part of a primitive store, slowly
escaping to the day, and the gas may be con-
stantly derived from the partial breaking up
of the oil that is held in the shales. The
term "spontaneous distillation" might, with
a little latitude, be applied to this last-named

stage, but it has nothing to do with the origin
of either substance.

While our knowledge of the formation of
petroleum is still incomplete and inadequate,
the following statements in regard to it are
offered as embodying the most probable
view :

1. Petroleum is derived from vegetable
and animal substances that were deposited in
or associated with the forming rocks.

2. Petroleum is not in any sense a product
of destructive distillation, but is the result of ,
a peculiar chemical decomposition by whi<* T '
the organic matter passes at once into this or
allied products. It is the result of the pri-
mary decomposition of organic matter.

3. The organic matter still contained in the
rocks can be converted into gas and oil by
destructive distillation, but, so far as'we know,
in no other way. It is not capable of fur-
nishing any new supply of petroleum under
normal conditions.

4. Petroleum is, in the main, contem-
poraneous with the rocks that contain it. It
was formed at or about the time that these
strata were deposited.

The Distribution of Petroleum and

GrAS.

Contrary to a commonly received opinion,
petroleum and gas are very widely distributed
and very abundant substances. The drill can
scarcely descend for even a few hundred fee*
at any point in Ohio, without showing the
presence of one or both of them. The rocks
of the State series can be roughly divided
into three great groups — limestones, sand-
stones and ^ shales. Petroleum is found
abundantly in each of these groups. The
percentage ^ is small, but the aggregate is
large. It is equally, or at least generally
diffused throughout certain strata, while in
others it is confined to particular portions or
beds. An example of the first case is found
in the Ohio shale. The Ohio Shale, Cleve-
land — Erie—Huron, of earlier reports, con-
sists of a series of homogeneous, fine-grained
deposits, black, blue and gray in color, 300
feet thick on their western outcrop in Central
Ohio, but more than 1,800 feet thick under
cover in Eastern Ohio. This entire forma-
tion is petroliferous, as is proved by an ex-
amination of drillings that represent the
whole section. The black bands are prob-
ably most heavily charged. The chemist
of the survey, Professor N. W. Lord, finds
two-tenths of one per cent, of petroleum, as
such, present in these bands, and is certain
from the nature of the processes that he was
obliged to employ that the entire amount is
not reported. But, estimating the percent-
age to be but one-tenth of one per cent, in
place of two-tenths, and calculating the thick-
ness of the shale at its minimum, viz. , 300
feet, we find the total stock of petroleum
held in the shale to be 1,560,000 bbls. to the
square mile, or nearly twice as large amount
as has ever been obtained from any square
mile of the Pennsylvania fields.

Of the limestones of the State the Water

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

lime, or Lower Helderberg limestone, is prob-
ably the most heavily and persistently charged
with petroleum. Drillings taken from this
stratum, at a depth of 400 to 500 feet below
the surface in the trial-well lately sunk at
Columbus, are found by Professor Lord to
have the same amount of free petroleum that
the black shale contains, viz. , two-tenths of
one per cent. The limestone also has the
same thickness that is assigned to the shale
on its outcrop, viz., 300 feet. The figures,
therefore, duplicated those already given.
The total amount of oil from these two
sources exceeds 3,000,000 bbls. to the square
mile.

All the other great limestones of our series
carry petroleum, at least in certain beds.
The Clinton limestone is often an oil-bearing
rock, and the show of its outcrop has led to
the sinking of a number of wells in search of
oil, in past years. The Niagara limestone is
highly bituminous in places. Asphaltic
grains, films and masses constitute as much
as 4 or 5 per cent, of its substance at several
points in the State. The Corniferous lime-
stone is also distinctly bituminous in some of
its beds. The limestones of the Cincinnati
group also carry a determinable amount of
petroleum.

As for sandstones, all know that it is in
them that the main stocks of petroleum have
thus far been found, but there is good reason
to believe that these stocks are not native in
the sandstones, but have been acquired by
them subsequent to their formation. This
point will be considered further, under an-
other head.

Modes of Accumulation of Petroleum

AND GrAS.

In the accumulation of petroleum, two
stages are to be noted, viz. : a primary and
a secondary stage. The first is concerned
with the retention of petroleum in the rocks,
and might have been with equal propriety
treated under the preceding head. The
second stage is concerned with the origin and
maintenance of the great stocks of oil and
high-pressure gas, in which all the value at-
tached to these substances lies. Both are
connected with the composition of the rock
series in which oil and gas are found, and the
latter is also greatly affected by the arrange-
ment and inclinations of the rock masses, or,
in other words, by their structure.

The primary accumulation of petroleum, or
its retention in the rocks in a diffused or
distributed state, seems to be connected with
the composition of the series to a great degree.
The great shale formation of Devonian and
Subcarboniferous ages that separates the
Berea grit from the Devonian limestone, the
western edge of which shale formation out-
cropping in Central Ohio is know as the Ohio
shale (Cleveland, Erie, Huron), is unmis-
takably the source of the greatest accumula-
tions of oil and gas, so far found, in the
country. It holds thus far, as decided, a
superiority to all other sources, as the Ap-
palachian coal-field does to all other sources

of fossil fuel. The accumulation of petroleum
in this great shale formation is no accident.
It depends on two factors, viz. : the abun-
dance of vegetable matter associated with the
shales in their formation, which is attested
by the large amount still included in them,
and upon the affinity of clay for oil. The
last-named point is an important one. Clay
has a strong affinity for oil of all sorts, and
absorbs it and unites with it whenever the
two substances are brought into contact.
Professor Joseph Leidy made the interestiag
observation a number of years since, that the
bed of the Schuylkill river in Philadelphia,
below the gas works, was covered with an
accumulation of the oily matters that are
always formed in the process of gas-making.
As these substances are lighter than water
and float upon its surface naturally, it was at
first sight hard to understand how they could
have been carried to the river bed, but it was
soon learned that the clay of the river water
absorbed the oils as they were floating along,
and finally sank with them to the river floor.
In a similar way we may suppose the primary
accumulation of petroleum in the shales to
have been in part accomplished. The oil set
free by vegetable decomposition around the
shores or beneath the waters of a sargasso
sea, would be arrested by the fine-grained
clay that was floating in the water, and would
have sunk with it to the sea floor, forming
this homogeneous shale formation that we
are now considering. Sand would have no
such collecting power.

The distribution of petroleum through
limestone is not as easily explained, but it
may be in part dependent on the presence of
the same element, viz., clay. In almost all
limestones there is a percentage of clay pres-
ent, and frequently it rises to a conspicuous
amount. Oil is held in both magnesian lime-
stones and in true limestones in Ohio. The
magnesian limestones are largely in excess in
the series of the State, and it so happens
that all of the most petroliferous strata are
magnesian in composition, but this fact is
probably without significance in this connec-
tion.

Petroleum distributed through shales or
limestones in the low percentages already
named, although the total amount held may
be large, is of no economic value. Like other
forms of mineral wealth, it must be concen-
trated by some natural agencies before it can
become serviceable in any way. This brings
us to consider the secondary accumulation of
petroleum already referred to, by means of
which all the great stocks have been formed
and maintained. This constitutes one of the
most important subjects in the entire history
of petroleum. The sources of oil and gas are
very widespread, as has already been shown,
but the concentrated supplies are few and far
between. To learn the horizons and locations
of these supplies is the condition of most suc-
cessful operations in the production of oil and
gas, and it is in this field that the most im-
portant practical applications of geology to
these subjects are to be found.

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Oil Groups.

As the experience of the last thirty years
has abundantly shown, an oil or gas series
always consists of two elements, viz. , a porous
rock, or reservoir, overlain by a close and fine-
grained impervious rock or cover. A third
element must always be added to make out
the logical series, viz., an underlying or asso-
ciated source of oil and gas.^ It is obvious
that the last-named element is first in order
and in importance, but for reasons already
given in part, and for others that are not
hard to find, practically we have less to do
with it than with the two former elements.
It will be borne in mind that the sources of
petroleum are well-nigh universal, and also
that they have no economic value, and are
therefore seldom penetrated by the drill.
The search generally terminates in the reser-
voir. The great sources of the Ohio scale are,
as already implied, shales and limestones,
both more or less bituminous. These sources
have done their work wherever large accumu-
lation is found, and where no accumulations
exist the petroleum occurs, as already shown,
in large but valueless stocks distributed
through the body of the strata.

The Reservoir.

The reservoirs must be porous rocks. In
all of the experience in the great fields of
Pennsylvania and New York, the rocks in
which the large stocks of oil and gas were
found were, without exception, sandstones or
conglomerates. To them the driller early
gave the name of " oil- sands," and this name
is in universal use. The grain and thickness
of these sandstones are found to be important
factors in their production. Other things
being equal, the coarser the grain and the
thicker the stratum, the greater is its produc-
tion found to be. Mr. J. F. Carll, of the
Pennsylvania Geological Survey, our highest
authority in regard to petroleum production,
has shown that an oil-sand can hold one-tenth
of its bulk of oil, and he believes that it may
contain under pressure as much as one-eighth
of its bulk. This would give 1£ inches of oil
to every foot of the oil-sand.

Taking the most productive portions of the
latter in the Venango field to be fifteen feet,
we find in that district a possible capacity of
9,600,000 barrels per square mile, an amount,
it is needless to say, vastly in excess of any
production ever known. — " Second Pennsyl-
vania Survey, Oil Regions," III., pp. 252-
53.

The driller places great reliance on the oil-
sand, and learns to draw conclusions and
make forecasts from its character more than
from any other single element that he en-
counters.

Within the last few years we have found
in Ohio a reservoir of high-pressure gas and
large oil-wells, in a rock of altogether differ-
ent character from the oil-rocks already de-
scribed. The new oil- and gas-rock of North-
western Ohio is a magnesian limestone or
dolomite, of a good degree of purity. It is

as porous, apparently, as the sandstones and
conglomerates of the Pennsylvania series,
this character being due in the limestone to
the imperfect interlocking of the dolomite
Crystals. The dolomite constitutes but a
small portion of the Trenton limestone in
which it is found. The normal character of
this great sheet is that of a true carbonate of
lime, but it appears that, in a limited terri-
tory, the upper portions of the stratum have
been transformed into dolomite. The trans-
formation seldom extends more than a score
or two of feet below the surface, and is often
confined to five or ten feet. Sometimes a
cap of true limestone, five or ten feet in thick-
ness, overlies the dolomite, and sometimes
the latter occurs in two or more sheets, sepa-
rated from each other by the normal rock.
The Trenton limestone is not itself a porous
or reservoir rock in any sense of the word.
It is only these replaced beds that have this
character.

Besides sandstones and limestones, shales
also serve to a small extent as receptacles of
accumulated oil and gas in Ohio. The char-
acter of the containing rock in these cases is
not well known. Generally, the gas is of
light pressure, but it is a fairly persistent
supply that is found in these rocks. The
belt of shales along the shore of Lake Erie
gives the examples of this sort of accumula-
tion and supply. These shales, where pro-
ductive of gas, are found to consist of hard
and light-colored bands, interstratified with
dark bands, the gas appearing to be found
when the harder bands are penetrated. The
production of oil from these sources is always
small, but, as already stated, fair amounts of
gas are sometimes derived from them.

Petroleum and gas are not the only sub-
stances that are found in these reservoirs.
Salt-water is almost an invariable accompani-
ment of both. The oil-rocks are salt-rocks as
well, in some parts of their extent. The dis-
tribution of these three substances in the
same stratum is connected with facts of
structure, as will presently be shown. These
reservoirs have been described as porous of
necessity. The porosity insures a large
amount of lateral permeability, a fact of great
importance in the distribution of these sub-
stances. The reservoir is often common for
large areas. All the wells in a field may find
the same pressure of gas or oil, even though
their production may be very unequal.

The Cover.

Inasmuch as the three elements — source,
reservoir, and cover — are all indispensable, it
is not necessary to compare their relative im-
portance. It is, however, true that the first
and second conditions of accumulation are
met more frequently than the third. The
cover of every productive oil-rock is a large
body of fine-grained, impervious clay shale —
the finer and more nearly impervious the
better. Whenever such a body of shale is
found in the Ohio scale, the rock directly
underlying, if a sandstone or limestone, is

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

found to contain, in some portions, accumu-
lations of gas and oil. The stocks may be too
small to be valuable, but the presence of the
shale cover seems to insure some concentra-
tion in these situations. There are threft
points in the Ohio series of rocks where such
shale covers occur, viz., at the surface of the
Trenton limestone, where 800 to 1,000 feet
of shales and intercalated beds of limestone
of the Medina, Hudson river, and Utica
epochs are found, at the surface of the Cor-
niferous limestone, which is covered by 300
to 1,800 feet of the Ohio shale, and at the
surface of the Berea grit, which is overlain
by the best cover of the entire series, viz.,
the close-grained and nearly homogeneous
Cuyahoga shale, 300 to 500 feet in thickness.
Two of these, the first and the last, constitute
the two main horizons of oil and gas in Ohio.
The third is not notably productive thus far
in Ohio, but it is the source of a small supply
in other States.

The composition of an oil-producing series
is thus seen to be essential to its functions.
The order already pointed out cannot be de-
parted from, but there must always be (1) an
impervious cover ; (2) a porous reservoir ;
and underneath the reservoir, the source is to
be found. ,

Structure as Affecting Oil and Gas
Accumulation.

But this order of arrangement is not enough
in itself to insure any large concentration of
oil or gas at any particular place. One other
factor must be introduced, viz., structure.
The strata which constitute the geological
scale of the State nowhere lie, for any consid-
erable extent, in horizontal planes. They
are all more or less inclined. Sometimes
they are bent into low folds or arches, and
sometimes, though very rarely, there are
abrupt descents and fractures. As a rule the
dip, or angle of inclination to the horizon, of
Ohio rocks is very small. It is better ex-
pressed as a fall of so many feet to the mile,
than by angular measurements, which very
seldom rise to one degree. Both the rate
and the direction of the descent are uniform
over large areas. The average dip for impor-
tant portions of the State is between twenty
and thirty feet; the direction depends, of
course, upon the part of the State which is to
be considered.

The movements of the strata here referred
to have exerted a very important influence on
the concentration of oil and gas in the reser-
voirs already described. If one of these sand-
stone strata, filled with salt-water, oil, and
gas, and freely permeable laterally and hori-
zontally for even miles at a time, were to be
thrown into a system of low folds, what effect
would this movement have upon the contents
of the stratum ? Would not a separation of
gas, oil, and water be sure to follow, the gas
finding its way to the summits of the arches,
and the salt-water sinking to the bottoms of
the troughs? Such a result would be in-
evitable under the conditions assumed.

The summits of the folds are called anti-

clinals, and the troughs synclinals. The
lines of direction of the anticlinals are called
their axes. The influence of these facts of
structure on gas and oil accumulation has
been long recognized, or at least asserted, but
there is not full agreement as to the part that
it plays in the great fields among the geolo-
gists who have given most study to the sub-
jects.

The facts that have come to light in the
recent investigations of these subjects in
Ohio seem to show the paramount influence
of structure upon oil and gas accumulation.
In the old fields, and in the new alike, irregu-
larities of dip, involving change of direction,
suspension, or unusual increase, have been
found connected with the large production
of both oil and gas in every instance where
careful examination has been made. The
composition of the series involved is identical
for many thousand square miles, but so long
as uniformity of dip is maintained, there is
no valuable accumulation. As soon, how-
ever, as this uniformity is broken in upon,
the valuable stocks of gas and oil come to
light.

The "belt lines," in which the practical
oil-well driller and operator of the main field
puts so much confidence, so far as they stand
for facts in nature, are probably structural
lines. A map of the various centres of petro-
leum in the old field shows that they all ex-
tend in the northeasterly course which the
main structural features of this part of the
continent follow. The driller believes fortune
to lie in the 45° or 22 J line which leads out in
a northeast or southwest direction from each
centre of production. Experience justifies,
to a certain extent, his confidence. The pro-
ductive gas territory upon which Pittsburg
now depends is limited to the summits of a
few well-marked anticlinals, which all have a
northeasterly trend. In regard to the latter,
question can scarcely be raised. The pre-
dominant influence of structure is obvious.
It seems probable that a careful enough system
of measurements will show like lines of modi-
fied dip to traverse the great oil fields of
Pennsylvania and New York.

The occurrence of gas and oil in almost all
rocks that have a heavy shale cover would
seem to result from exchanges affected
by gravity. The oil is associated with salt-
water in the stratum that contains it. There
would be a constant tendency for the oil to
reach a higher level at the expense of the
water. It ascends through all the substance
of the rock until it reaches the impervious
roof, where it is gradually concentrated. On
the same principle, the separation of the gas
from the oil is effected.

Some of the points that have been made
under this head may be briefly restated, as
follows :

1. Clay is largely connected with the pri-
mary accumulation of petroleum. The natural
affinity that it has for substances of this class
would lead to its combination with them
wherever found. The great shale formation
of Eastern Ohio, New York and Pennsyl-

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

vania is the main source of the petroleum
and gas of these regions. Clay does its work
in this regard by reason of its chemical con-
stitution.

2. As clay is the main agent in the primary
accumulation of petroleum, sand takes a sim-
ilar place in its secondary accumulation, or its
concentration in valuable stocks. It does this
by virtue of its physical character. A sand-
stone is a porous rock. Such sandstones as
are found overlying or imbedded in the great
shale formation are sure to become recepta-
cles of oil.

3. Clay has another office in this connection
to perform, and this office is dependent on
its physical character. The sandstone stratum
last described would become a receptacle of oil
in any case, but if roofed with a sufficient
thickness of clay shale by which its contents
could be sealed and preserved, it would be-
came a reservoir of oil or gas. ^ All of the
stocks of the old fields are held in sandstone
or conglomerate reservoirs.

4. Limestone has been found, more clearly
in Ohio, perhaps, than elsewhere, to replace
sandstone in oil accumulation. All the phe-
nomena of high-pressure stocks of oil and
^as have recently been found in the Trenton
limestone of Northern Ohio, but the pres-
ence and office of the shale cover are seen to
be the same here as in the other fields. The
term limestone in this connection is used with
due care and precision. It is limestone, not
u oil-sand" in the limestone, that contains
Findlay gas and Lima oil. Pure magnesian
limestone is the driller's " oil-sand" in these
fields.

5. Widely diffused as are oil and gas in the
paleozoic rocks of Ohio and adjacent States,
so wide that the distribution of them may,
without error, be styled universal, and widely
extended as are the series of rocks that afford
in their composition and relations the proper
conditions for storage, it is still seen that their
accumulation in profitable quantity depends
on what might be called geological accidents.
It is only or mainly along lines of structural
disturbance that the great stocks are found.

The Rock Pressure of Gas.

The facts pertaining to the closed pressure
of gi'eat gas- wells are among the most striking
in the whole range of mining enterprise. To
be appreciated, a high-pressure gas- well must
be seen and heard. The gas issues from it
with a velocity twice as great as that of a
bullet when it leaves a rifle. Sets of drilling-
tools, nearly 100 feet long, and weighing
2,000 pounds, are lifted out of a well 1,000
or 1,500 feetdeep and thrown high into the
air. The noise with which the gas escapes is
literally deafening, exposure to it often re-
sulting in partial loss of hearing on the part
of those engaged about the well.

What is it that originates this indescribable
force ?

One answer is, that the rock-pressure is
derived from the expansive nature of the
gas. Solid or liquid materials in the reser-
voir are supposed to be converted into gas as
6

water is converted into steam. The resulting
gas occupies many times more space than the
Bodies from which it was derived, and in
seeking to obtain this space it exerts the
pressure which we note.

This view has, no doubt, dements of truth
in it, even though it fails to furnish a full ex-
planation. For the pressure of shale-gas, it
may be that no other force is required. But
the theory is incapable of verification, and we
are not able to advance a great ways beyond
the statement of it. Some objections to it
will also appear in connection with facts that
are presently to be stated.

The second explanation that is offered is,
without doubt, more generally accepted than
any other by those who have begun to think
upon the question at all.

This theory is to the effect that the weight
of the superincumbent rocks is the cause of
the high pressure of gas in the reservoirs.
In other words, the term rock-pressure is con-
sidered to be descriptive of a cause as well as
of a fact. That a column of rock, 1,000 or
1,500 feet deep, has great weight, is obvious.
It is assumed that this weight, whatever it is,
is available in driving accumulations of gas
out of rocks that contain them, whenever
communication is opened between the deeply-
buried reservoir and the surface.

Is this assumption valid ? Can the weight
of the overlying rock work in this way ?

Not unless there is freedom of motion on
the part of the constituents of the rock, or,
in other words, unless the rock has lost its
cohesion and is in a crushed state . If the
rock retains its solidity, it can exert no more
pressure on the gas that is held in the spaces
between its grains than the walls of a cavern
would exert on a stream of water flowing
through it. Professor Lesley has discussed
this theory with more elaboration and detail
than any other geologist, and has shown its
entirely untenable character. (Annual Re-
port Penna. Survey, 1885.)

The claim that the Berea grit or the Trenton
limestone, where they are, respectively, oil or
gas-rocks, exists in a crushed or comminuted
state, is negatived by every fact that we can
obtain that bears upon the subject. The claim
is a preposterous one, but without this condi-
tion the theory fails.

The third theory advanced to account for
the rock-pressure of gas stands on a different
basis from those already named. It appeals
to water-pressure in the oil and gas-rock, as
the cause of the flow of both these substances,
and* in this reference, it directs us to princi-
ciples and facts of familiar experience and
every-day use. Every one is acquainted with
the phenomena and explanation of artesian
wells. By this theory gas and oil wells are
made artesian in their flow. In the porous
rock that contains them there is always, out-
side of the productive fields, a body of water,
and, in almost every instance, salt-water. This
water occupies the rock as it rises to-day in its
nearest outcrops. Communicating there with
surface water or with rainfall, a head of press-
ure is given to the gas and oil that are held

8 4

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO,

in the traps formed by the anticlinals or ter-
races into which the stratum had been thrown.
The amount of pressure would thus depend on
the height to which the water column is
raised, in case continuous porosity of the
stratum can be assumed. Defects in regard
to porosity would abate from the total press-
ure on the oil or gas.

This, in short, is the third and last of the
explanations offered of the rock-pressure of
natural gas. There seems little reason to
doubt that it is along this line that the true
explanation is to be found, though it is too
earjy to claim that a full account can now be
given of all the facts involved.

One of the significant elements in the case
is the salt-water that surrounds every oil and
gas-field. When the drill descends into this
outside territory, salt-water promptly rises in
the well to the surface, or to a given depth
below the surface. Sometimes, indeed, it
overflows. Why does the salt-water rise ?

What other cause can be suggested than
pressure from behind? The rise must be
artesian. But just beyond the salt-water, on
a slightly higher level of the rock, lies the
oil pool. When that is reached by the drill,
the oil flows out from the well. Will not the
same cause that we found in active and un-
mistakable operation in the adjacent salt-
water territory explain the flow of the oil
from the second well ? Is not this also ar-
tesian ?

In like manner, the pressure of the gas
that is confined within the highest levels
of the same porous rock can be explained,
and thus one familiar cause that is demon-
strably present in the field is made to account
for the varied phenomena presented.

With the exhaustion of a gas-field or oil-
field, these substances are followed up and
replaced by salt-water. This is the common
fate of gas and oil wells, the death to which
they all seem to be appointed.

Certain obvious inferences follow the ac-
ceptance of this explanation :

1. The supplies of gas and oil are seen to
be definitely limited by this theory of rock
pressure. If a salt-water column is the pro-
pelling force, it is idle to speculate on con-
stantly renewed supplies. The water advances
as the gas or oil is withdrawn, and the closing
stage of the oil-rock is, as already pointed
out, a salt-water rock.

2. Other things being equal, the rock-press-
ure will be greatest in the deepest wells.
The deeper the well, the longer the water
column.

3. Other things being equal, the rock-press-
ure will be greatest in districts the gas or
oil-rock of which rises highest above the sea
in its outcrops. The 750 lbs. of rock-pressure
in Pennsylvania gas-wells, as contrasted with
the 400 lbs. pressure of Findlay wells, can
be accounted for on this principle.

4. The rock-pressure of gas may be con-
tinued with unabated force until the end of
production is at hand. Maintenance of press-
ure is no proof of renewal of supply. The
last thousand feet will come out of a gas-

holder with as much force as the first thou-
sand feet.

5. Where both oil and gas are found in a
single field, the first sign of approaching
failure will be the invasion of the gaS-rock by
oil, or of the oil-rock by salt-water.

Sources of Gas and Oil in the Ohio
Scale.
There are known at the present time four
utilizable sources of gas and oil among the
strata that underlie Ohio. They are as fol-
lows, named in descending order :

1 . The Berea grit in Eastern Ohio.

2. The Ohio shale in Northern and Central
Ohio.

3. The Clinton limestone in Sandusky,
Wood, Hancock and Fairfield counties.

4. The Trenton limestone in Northwestern
Ohio.

The Berea grit yields high -pressure gas and
large stocks of oil under favorable circum-
stances, but these circumstances do not often
recur. This stratum is doing but very little
in supplying to the people of the State either
gas^ or oil at the present time. Outside of
Ohio in Western Pennsylvania it is found to
be one of the most important repositories of
this stored power that has been discovered in
that highly favored territory.

The Ohio shale as a source of gas has
already been briefly characterized in the
account of this formation given on a previous
page. It yields low-pressure gas in small
amount at many places, but can never be
made a source of large supply.

The two formations next to be named have
special interest for us from the fact that their
petroliferous character on the large scale was
first demonstrated in Ohio. The first of
them, indeed, has never been found to be an
oil or gas rock ,else where. It has not yet
been proved to be a reservoir of any great
value in Ohio, but moderate supplies of gas
have been for some time derived from it in
Fremont and in adjacent territory of North-
ern Ohio. In Lancaster, however, in South-
ern Ohio, the largest promise of the rock has
recently been found. # W e ^ s drilled to the
Clinton limestone, which is reached at a depth
of 2,000 feet, have yielded as much as
1,000,000 cubic feet a day when first struck.
The initial rock-pressure is high, viz., 700
pounds to the square inch. It is too early to
draw safe conclusions as to the value of this
discovery. All turns on the life of the wells.
On account of their depth the drilling and
casing are expensive. A well cannot be com -
pleted for less than $3,500 to $4,000. The
facts at present in hand seem to betoken a
short duration for the supply. A large
amount of money is sure to be spent in the
new field that the experience of Lancaster
has brought to light.

It remains to describe in few words the re-
markable discovery of gas and oil in the
Trenton limestone that was made at Findlay
in November, 1884.

The entire history of the discovery and ex-
ploitation of petroleum in this country has

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

been full of surprises, both to the practical
men engaged in the work and to the geolo-
gists who have studied the facts as they have
been brought to light, but no previous chap-
ter of the history has proved as strange
and well-nigh incredible as the discovery
and development which are now to be de-
scribed.

No fact in this line could be more unex-
pected than that any notable supplies of
petroleum or gas should be furnished by the
Trenton limestone, which is widely known as
a massive, compact and fossiliferous lime-
stone of Lower Silurian age and of wide ex-
tent, constituting in fact one of the great
foundations of the continent. But when re-
quired to believe that certain phases of this
Trenton limestone make one of the great oil-
rocks of our geological scale, one which pro-
duces from single wells 5,000 barrels of oil,
or 15,000,000 cubic feet of inflammable gas
in a day, it is hard to prevent our surprise
from passing into incredulity.

Surface indications of a sulphuretted and
inflammable gas, escaping from the rocky
floor of the village of Findlay, have been
known since the country was first settled.
The gas had, in fact, been utilized in a small
way, viz., in lighting a single residence for
more than forty years, but in 1 884 the influ-
ence of Pittsburg had made itself felt
through much of Ohio and drilling was
began here. At a depth of 1,100 feet a re-
spectable flow of gas was secured. The suc-
cess of this well was the first step in by far
the most remarkable development that has
ever taken place in the geology of Ohio.

It was more than a year before a great gas
well was discovered in Findlay, but the Karg
well, which was completed in January, 1886,
fully deserves this name. Its daily yield
when first opened was not less than 1 4,000,000
cubic feet.

The discovery of oil followed that of gas
by a short interval, but the prolific character
of the new rock was not established till the
latter half of 1886.

The rapid extension of productive territory
and its equally rapid limitations, the develop-
ment of several distinct centres, as Bowling
Green, Lima and St. Mary's, the great specu-
lative excitement that broke out when the
good fortune of the new gas-field began to be
appreciated by manufacturers and investors,
and the wonderful developments that have
since taken place in the line of manufactur-
ing industries, cannot be even touched upon
in this connection. The salient points in the
geology of the new fields are brought out in
the summary that follows. The discovery
comes from an unexpected quarter, viz., from
the " black swamp" of old time of North-
western Ohio. Under its broad and level
expanses a few hundred square miles have
been found distributed through portions of
five counties, within which are contained
fountains of oil and reservoirs of gas of
infinitely more value than any like accumula-
tions hitherto discovered in the State, and
fully deserving a place among the most

valued repositories of these substances in any
quarter of the world.

The leading facts pertaining to the field
can be summarized as follows :

1 . In fourteen of the northwestern counties
of Ohio (and like conditions prevail in con-
tiguous territory in Indiana), the upper beds
of the Trenton limestone, which lie from
1,000 to 2,000 feet below the surface, have a
chemical composition different from that
which generally characterizes this great
stratum. They are here found as dolomite
or magnesian limestone instead of being, as
usual, true carbonate of lime. Their per-
centage of lime, in other words, ranges be-
tween 50 and 60 per cent, instead of between
80 and 90 per cent. , as in the formation at
large. These dolomites of Northwestern
Ohio are mainly quite free from silicious
impurities. The dolomitic composition seems
to have resulted from an alteration of a true
limestone. At least the occasional masses of
true limestones charged with fossils, that are
found on the horizon of and surrounded by
the dolomite, are best explained on this sup-
position. In the change which has been
endured, the fossils which the original
limestones contained appear to have been for
the most part discharged or rendered obscure,
as is usual in this metamorphosis. The
crystalline character of the dolomite is often
very marked, and there results from it a
peculiarly open or porous structure. Its
storage capacity is much greater than that
of ordinary oil sandstones and conglomerates,
so far at least as pores visible to the unaided
eye are concerned. The change usually ex-
tends for ten to thirty feet below the surface
of the formation. In some cases, however,
sheets of porous dolomite are found as low as
fifty feet and very rarely as low as 100 feet
below the surface. ^

The area occupied by this dolomitic phase
of the Trenton limestone in Ohio has already
been indicated. The eastern and the south-
ern boundaries pass through Lucas, Wood,
Hancock, Allen, Auglaize and Mercer coun-
ties. It is possible that the line crosses some
parts of Ottawa, Wyandot and Hardin coun-
ties.

There is good reason to believe that this
phase extends far to the northward and west-
ward, outside of the State limits to which it
has here been traced. We know that the
Trenton limestone isadolomite when it pitches
rapidly down from the northern boundary of
Ohio to make the low-lying floor of the
Michigan coal basin, and we also know that
it is a dolomite when it rises from under that
basin as a surface rock of the northern penin-
sula. In like manner it is a dolomite when
it leaves the western boundary of the State
under deep cover, and it is a dolomite when
it reaches the surface once more in the Galena
district of Illinois and Wisconsin.

South of the line laid down in Ohio there
has not thus far been found a trace of the
porous dolomite on which the oil of Lima
and the gas of Findlay depend. The change
is seen to be taking place in Shelby and

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Logan counties, but beyond them the Tren-
ton limestone is invariably found with a per-
centage of more than 75 per cent, of car-
bonate of lime, and rarely with less than 10
per cent, of silicious impurities. It is this
last element, with but little doubt, that has
resisted the dolomitization of the stratum
throughout the southwestern charter of the
State and in all contiguous territory.

To the eastward of the line laid down in
Northern Ohio, a less definite boundary is to
be looked for. It is certain that small areas
of porous dolomite are found beyond the line
here recognized as the termination of the
Findlay phase of the Trenton limestone.

Within the limits named, the limestone of
course has a considerable variety of grain
and texture, but all of the analyses obtained
show the stratum to be in the main a dolomite.
As already stated there are occasional patches
or islands of true limestone in this sea of
dolomite.

2. A porous rock, buried 1,000 to 2,000
feet below the surface of Northwestern Ohio,
will not be found empty. Nature abhors a
vacuum. With what will its pores be filled ?
Mainly with salt-water of peculiar composi-
tion, possibly representing the brine of the
ancient seas in which the limestone was laid
down. Ninety-nine-hundredths, or perhaps
nine hundred and ninety-nine-thousandths
of the limestone will be thus occupied. The
remaining hundredth or thousandth will be
filled with the petroleum and gas which have,
in the long course of the ages that have
passed, been gathered from a wide and gen-
eral distribution through the water into cer-
tain favored portions of the great limestone
sheet.

3. This salt-water will be held under arte-
sian pressure. The porous limestone con-
taining it rises to-day in Michigan and
Illinois, communicating there with surface
waters. The pressure of this head of water
will be felt through every portion of the
porous rock, and when the stratum is pierced
by the drill in the areas that are thus occu-
pied, the salt-water will rise with more or
less promptness, depending on the varying
degrees of porosity in the rock. The height
to which the water will rise will seem to vary
in wells, by reason of the different elevations
of the locations at which they are drilled, but
with reference to sea-level the water columns
will be found to closely agree.

The same artesian pressure accounts for
the force with which oil and gas escape when
their limited reservoirs in the porous rock are
tapped by the drill. m . m

4. The accumulations of oil and gas in the
porous rock depends altogether upon the
attraction of gravitation. The lighter por-
tions of the contents of the porous rock, viz.,
oil and gas, are forced by gravitation into the
highest levels that are open to them. Every-
thing turns on the relief of the Trenton lime-
stone. The gas and oil are gathered in the
arches of the limestone, if such they are. In
default of arches the high-lying terraces are
made to serve the same purpose, but the one

indispensable element and condition of all
accumulation is relief. A uniform and
monotonous descent of the strata is fatal to
accumulation of oil and gas where everything
else is favorable. The sharper the boundaries
of the relief, the more efficient does it be-
come. Absolute elevation is not essential ;
all that is required is a change of level in the
porous rock. Each division of the field has
its own dead line or salt-water line. Salt-
water reigns universal in the Findlay field 500
feet below sea-level, except where some minor
local wrinkle may give a small and short-
lived accumulation of oil or gas. In the
Lima field the salt-water line has risen to 400
feet below tide ; in the St. Mary's field to 300
feet below tide, and in the Indiana field to
100 feet below tide. These figures stand in
every case for the lower limit of production,
with the possible minor exceptions already
noted. The rock-pressure of the gas de-
creases to the westward in proportion to this
decreasing head of water- pressure.

The large accumulations are derived from
the large terraces. The Findlay terrace, for
example, consists of a very flat-lying tract,
ten or twelve miles across in an east and west
line, from which the connected areas of the
Trenton limestone slope on every side, and to
which, therefore, they are necessarily tribu-
tary. The gas terrace of Indiana is, by far,
the largest of these several subdivisions of
the field. The minor elevations of Oak
Harbor, Tiffin and Bryan, for example, give
rise to the local supplies of gas or oil in these
districts respectively.

In conclusion, it is only necessary to repeajb
that natural gas is in all cases stored power,
that there are no agencies in nature that are
renewing the stocks which the rocks contain
as rapidly as high pressure wells exhaust
them, and that therefore economy should be
observed from the outset in the use of this
highly-valued source of heat and light. It is
notstrange that, when the surprising discovery
is first made in any field, a most lavish use
or rather a wanton waste of the gas is likely
to prevail. It is hard to realize that such
floods as rush forth can ever fail, but it is un-
doubtedly true that every foot of gas with-
drawn brings nearer the inevitable exhaustion
of the reservoir.

IV.

Soils and Forests.
The division of the State into a drift-covered
and driftless region coincides as previously
intimated with the most important division
of the soils. Beyond the line of the terminal
moraine, these are native, or, in other words,
they are derived from the rocks that underlie
them or that rise above them in the bounda-
ries of the valleys and uplands. They conse-
quently share the varying constitution of
these rocks, and are characterized by consid-
erable inequality and by abrupt changes. All
are fairly productive, and some, especially
those derived from the abundant and easily
soluble limestones of the Upper Coal Meas-
ures, are not surpassed in fertility by any

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO

goils of the State. Large tracts of these ex-
cellent native soils are found in Jefferson,
Belmont, Harrison, Monroe, Noble, Guernsey
and Morgan counties. Wool of the finest
staple in the country has long been produced
on the hills of this general region.

Among the thinner and less productive
soils which occupy but a small area are those
derived from the Devonian shales. They
are, however, well adapted to forest and fruit
production. The chestnut and the chestnut
oak, both valuable timber trees, are partial
to them, and vineyards and orchards thrive
well upon them. The north sides of the hills
throughout this part of the State invariably
show stronger soils than the southern sides,
and a better class of forest growths. The
locust, the walnut and hickory characterize
the former.

The native soils of the Waverly group and
of the Lower Coal Measures agree m general
characters. They are especially adapted to
forest growth, reaching the highest standard
in the quality of the timber produced. When
these lands are brought under the exhaustive
tillage that has mainly prevailed in Ohio thus
far, they do not hold out well, but the farmer
who raises cattle and sheep, keeps to a rota-
tion between grass and small grains, purchases
a ton or two of artificial fertilizers each year,
and does not neglect his orchard or small
fruits, can do well upon them. The cheap
lands of Ohio are found in this belt.

The other great division of the soils of
Ohio, viz. , the drift soils, are by far the most
important, alike from their greater area and
.their intrinsic excellence. Formed by the com-
mingling of the glacial waste of all the forma-
tions to the north of them, over which the
ice has passed, they always possess consider-
able variety of composition, but still in many
cases they are strongly colored by the forma-
tion underneath them. Whenever a stratum
of uniform composition has a broad outcrop
across the line of glacial advance, the drift
beds that cover its southern portions will be
found to have been derived in large part from
the formation itself, and will thus resemble
native or sedentary soils. Western Ohio is
underlaid with Silurian limestones and the
drift is consequently limestone drift. The
soil is so thoroughly that of limestone land
that tobacco, a crop which rarely leaves
native limestone soils, at least in the Missis-
sippi valley, is grown successfully in several
counties of Western Ohio, 100 miles or more
north of the terminal moraine.

The native forests of the drift regions
were, without exception, hard wood forests,
the leading species being oaks, maples,
hickories, the walnut, beech and elm. The
walnut, sugar-maple and white hickory and
to quite an extent the burr oak, are limited
to warm, well-drained land, and largely to
limestone land. The upland clays have one
characteristic and all important forest tree,
viz. , the white oak . It occupies vastly larger
areas than any other single species. It stands
for good land, though not the quickest or
most generous, but intelligent farming can

always be made successful on white-oak land.
Under-draining is almost always in order, if
not necessary, on this division of our soils.

The regions of sluggish drainage, already
referred to, are occupied in their native state
by the red-maple, the elm and by several
varieties of oaks, among which the swamp
Spanish oak is prominent. This noble forest
growth of Ohio is rapidly disappearing. The
vandal-like waste of earlier days is being
checked to some degree, but there is still a
large amount of timber, in the growth of
which centuries have been consumed, an-
nually lost.

It is doubtless true that a large proportion
of the best lands of Ohio are too well adapted
to tillage to justify their permanent occupa-
tion by forests, but there is another section,
viz. , the thin native soils of Southern Central
Ohio, that are really answering the best pur-
pose to which they can be put when covered
with native forests.. The interests of this
part of the State would be greatly served if
large areas could be permanently devoted to
this use. The time will soon come in Ohio
when forest planting will be begun, and here
the beginnings will unquestionably be made.

The character of the land when its occupa-
tion by civilization was begun in the last cen-
tury was easily read by the character of its
forest growths. The judgments of the first
explorers in regard to the several districts
were right in every respect but one. They
could not do full justice to the swampy
regions of that early day, but their first and
second class lands fall into the same classifi-
cations at the present time. In the interest-
ing and instructive narrative of Col. James
Smith's captivity among the Indians, we find
excellent examples of this discriminating
judgment in regard to the soils of Ohio as
they appeared in 1755. The "first class"
land of that narrative was the land occupied
by the sugar-tree and walnut, and it holds
exactly the same place to-day. The "second
class" land was the white-oak forests of
our high-lying drift-covered districts. The
' ' third class ' ' lands were the elm and red
maple swamps that occupied the divides be-
tween different river systems. By proper
drainage, many of these last-named tracts
have recently been turned into the garden
soils of Ohio, but, for such a result, it was
necessary to wait until a century of civilized
occupation of the country had passed.

These facts show in clear light that the
character of the soil depends upon the geo-
logical and geographical conditions under
which it exists and from which it has been
derived.

THE CLIMATE OF OHIO.
From its geographical situation the dlimate
of Ohio is necessarily one of extremes. The
surface of the State is swept alternately by
southwest return trades and northwest polar
winds, and the alternations succeed each, other
in quick returning cycles. There is scarcely
a week in the year that does not give exam-

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

pies of both currents. All other winds that
blow here are tributary to one or other of
these great movements. The return trades
or southwest winds are cyclonic in their char-
acter ; the northwest winds constitute the
anti-cyclone. The former depress the mer-
cury in the barometer and raise it in the
thermometer ; the latter reverse these re-
sults. The rains of the State are brought in
by southwest winds ; the few cases in which
notable precipitation is derived from currents
moving in any other direction than from the
southwest really make no exception to the
general statement, for in all such instances
the rain falls in front of a cyclone which is
advancing from the Gulf of Mexico. The
protracted northeast storms that visit the
State at long intervals and the short south-
east storms that occur still less frequently are
in all cases parts of greater cyclonic move-
ments of the air that originate in the south-
west and sweep out to the ocean over the in-
tervening regions.

Between the average summer and winter
temperatures of the State there is a difference
of at least 40° Fahrenheit. A central east
and west belt of the State is bounded by the
isotherms of 51° and 52°, the average winter
temperature being 30° and the average sum-
mer temperature being 73°. Southern Ohio
has a mean annual temperature of 54° and
Northern Ohio of 49°.

The annual range is not less than 100° ; the
maximum range is at least 130° ; the extreme
heat of summer reaching 100° in the shade,
while the " cold waves" of winter sometimes
depress the mercury" to 30° below ^ zero.
Extreme changes are liable to occur in the
course of a few hours, especially in winter
when the return trades are overborne in a
conflict, short, sharp and decisive, with the
northwest currents. In such cases the tem-
perature sometimes falls 60° in 24 hours,
while changes of 20° or 30° in a day are not
at all unusual.

The winters of Ohio are very changeable.
Snow seldom remains thirty days at a time
over the State, but an ice crop rarely fails in
Northern Ohio, and not oftener than once in
three or four years in other parts of the State.
In the southern counties cattle, sheep and
horses often thrive on pasture grounds
through the entire winter.

In spite of these sudden and severe changes
the climate of Ohio is proved by every test
to be excellently adapted to both vegetable
and animal life. In the case of man and
of the domestic animals as well, it certainly
favors symmetrical development and a high
degree of vigor. There are for example no
finer herds of neat stock or sheep than those
which are reared here.

The forests of the State have been already
described in brief terms. The cultivated pro-
ducts of Ohio include almost every crop that
the latitude allows. In addition to maize,
which nowhere displays more vigor or makes
more generous returns, the smaller grains all
attain a good degree of perfection. The
ordinary fruits of orchard and garden are

produced in unmeasured abundance, being
limited only or mainly by the insect enemies
which we have allowed to despoil us of some of
our most valued supplies. Melons of excel-
lent quality are raised in almost every county
of the State. The peach, alone of the fruits
that are generally cultivated, is uncertain ;
there is rarely, however, a complete failure
on the uplands of Southern Ohio.

The vast body of water in Lake Erie affects
in a very favorable way the climate of the
northern margin of the State. The belt im-
mediately adjoining the lake is famous for
the fruits that it produces. Extensive
orchards and vineyards, planted along the
shores and on the islands adjacent, have
proved very successful. The Catawba wine
here grown ranks first among the native
wines of Eastern North America.

The rainfall of the State is generous and
admirably distributed. There is not a month
in the year in which an average of more than
two inches is not due upon every acre of the
surface of Ohio.

The average total precipitation of South-
ern Ohio is forty-six inches ; of Northern
Ohio, thirty-two inches ; of a large belt in
the centre of the State, occupying nearly one-
half of its entire surface, forty inches. The
tables of distribution show ten to twelve inches
in spring, ten to fourteen inches in summer,
eight to ten inches in autumn and seven to
ten inches in winter. The annual range of
the rainfall is, however^ considerable. In
some years and in some districts there is, of
course, an insufficient supply, and in some
years again there is a troublesome excess, but
disastrous droughts on the large scale are
unknown, and disastrous floods have hitherto
been rare. They are possible only in very
small portions of the State in any case. There
is reason to believe, however, that the dis-
posal of the rainfall has been so affected by
our past interference with the natural condi-
tions that we must for the future yield to the
great rivers larger flood plains than were
found necessary in the first hundred years of
our occupancy of their valleys. Such a par-
tial relinquishment of what have hitherto
been the most valuable lands of the State,
not only for agriculture, but also for town
sites and consequently for manufactures and
commerce, will involve immense sacrifices,
but it is hard to see how greater losses can be
avoided without making quite radical changes
in this matter.

In February, 1883, and again in February,
1884, the Ohio river attained a height unpre-
cedented in its former recorded history. In
the first year the water rose to a height of
sixty-six feet four inches above the channel-
bar at Cincinnati, and in the latter to a height
of seventy-one feet and three-fourths of an
inch above the bar. The last rise was nearly
seven feet in excess of the highest mark re-
corded previous to 1883. These great floods
covered the sites of large and prosperous
towns, swept away hundreds of dwellings,
and inflicted deplorable losses on the residents
of the great valley.

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

8 9

Are floods like these liable to recur at short
intervals in the future ? The conditions under
which both occurred were unusual. Consid-
erable bodies of snow lying on frozen ground
were swept away by warm rains before the
ground was thawed enough to absorb and
store the water. These were the immediate
causes of the disastrous overflows in both
instances, and it may well be urged that just
such conjunctures are scarcely likely to recur
for scores of years to come. But it is still
true that we have been busy for a hundred
years in cutting down forests, in draining
swamps, in clearing and straightening the
channels of minor streams, and finally, in
underdraining our lands with thousands of
miles of tile ; in other words, in facilitating
by every means in our power the prompt re-
moval of storm-water from the land to the
nearest water-courses. Each and all of these
operations tend directly and powerfully to
produce just such floods as have been de-
scribed, and it cannot be otherwise than that
under their combined operations our rivers
will shrink during summer droughts to smaller
and still smaller volumes, and, under falling
rain and melting snow, will swell to more
threatening floods than we have hitherto
known. The changes that we have made and
are still carrying forward in the disposal of
storm- water renders this result inevitable, and
to the new conditions we must adjust our-
selves as best we can.

Another division of the same subject is the
increasing contamination of our rivers in their
low-water stages. This contamination results
from the base use to which we put these
streams, great and small, in making them the
sole receptacle of all the sewage and manu-
facturing waste that are removed from cities

and towns. The amount of these impure
additions is constantly increasing, the rate of
increase being in fact much greater than the
rate of growth of the towns. The necessity
of removing these harmful products from the
places where they take their origin is coming
to be more generally recognized, and sewer-
age systems are being established in towns
that have heretofore done without them. It
thus happens that, as the amount of water in
the rivers grows less during summer droughts
from the causes already enumerated, the pol-
luted additions to the water are growing not
only relatively but absolutely larger. When,
now, we consider that these same rivers are
the main, if not the only, sources of water
supply for the towns located in their valleys,
the gravity of the situation becomes apparent.
It is easy to see that the double duty which
we have imposed upon the rivers of supply-
ing us with water and of carrying away the
hateful and dangerous products of waste,
cannot long be maintained. There is no
question, however, as to which function is to
be made the permanent one. The rivers
cannot possibly be replaced as sources of
water-supply, while on the other hand, it is
not only possible but abundantly practicable
to filter and disinfect the cewage, and, as a
result of such correction, to return only pure
water to the rivers. During the first century
of Ohio history not a single town has under-
taken to meet this urgent demand of sanitary
science, but the signs are multiplying that
before the first quarter of the new century
goes by the redemption of the rivers of Ohio
from the pollution which the civilized occu-
pation of the State has brought upon them
and their restoration to their original purity,
will be at least well begun.

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

By PROF. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D. D., LL. D.

' George Frederick Wright was born at
Whitehall, N. Y., January 22, 1838; graduated
at Oberlin College, 1859, and Theological
Seminary, Oberlin, O., 1862; was in the Sev-
enth Ohio Volunteer Infantry five months of
1860; became pastor at Bakersfield, Vt., 1862;
at Andover, Mass., 1872; Professor of New
Testament Language and Literature in Oberlin
Theological Seminary, 1881 ; was assistant
geologist on Pennsylvania survey, 1881, and
United States survey since 1884. He is the
author of " The Logic of Christian Evidences,"
Andover, 1880, 4th ed. 1883; "Studies in
Science and Religion," 1882; "The Relation
of Death to Probation," Boston, 1882, 2d ed.
1883; "The Glacial Boundary in Ohio, In-
dianaand Kentucky," Cleveland, 1884; " The
Divine Authority of the Bible," Boston, 1884;
is an editor of the Bibliotheca Sacraf*

The earliest chapter in the history
of man in Ohio begins with the close
of the glacial period in the Missis-
sippi valley. To understand this
history it is necessary to devote a
little time to the study of the glacial
period. Nor will this be uninterest-
ing to the thoughtful and observing
citizens of the State, for the subject
is one which is not far off, but near at hand. As will be seen by a glance at the
accompanying map, all but the southeastern portion of the State is glaciated,
that is, it is covered with the peculiar deposits and marks which show to the ob-
servant eye that the country was at one time deeply covered wdth a moving sheet
of ice. These marks are open to the inspection of any one who will read as he
runs. The tracks of a glacier can as readily be recognized as those of a horse
or an elephant.

The glacier which in a far distant period invaded Ohio can be tracked by three
signs: (1) Scratches on the bed rock; (2) "Till;" (3) Boulders. Taking these
in their order, we notice (1) that scratches on the bed rock in such a level region
as Ohio could not be produced by any other means than glacial ice, and that a
glacier is entirely competent to produce them. When water runs over a rocky
bed it ordinarily wears it off unevenly. A rocky surface is hardly ever of uniform
hardness throughout, so that, as gravel-stones and pebbles are pushed over it by
running water, they wear down the soft parts faster than the hard parts, and an
uneven surface is produced. This follows from the fluidity of water, and any
one can verify the statement by observing the bed of a shallow stream in dry
weather. But ice is so nearly a solid that it holds with a firm grasp the sand,
gravel and larger rocky fragments w T hich happen to be frozen into its bottom
layer and shoves them along as a mechanic shoves a plane over a board or a
graving tool over a surface of stone or metal. Thus the movement of a glacier
produces on the surface of the rocks over which it moves a countless number of

G. FREDERICK WRIGHT.

'* The biography is taken from the " Encyclopaedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers " (Sup*
plement to Schaff-Herzog, " Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge ").

(90)

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

parallel lines of a size corresponding to that of the rocky fragment shoved along
underneath it. A boulder shoved along underneath a glacier may plow a furrow,
while fine sand would make but the most minute lines, but all in nearly the same
direction. In short, the bottom of a glacier is a mighty rasp, or rather a com-

Map Showing Southern Boundary of Glaciated Area of Ohio.

The dotted portion shows the glaciated area. The accompanying list of counties is numbered to
correspond with those in the plate:

Williams.

19.

Clermont.

37.

Union.

Defiance.

20.

Lucas.

38.

Delaware.

Paulding.

21.

Wood.

39.

Madison.

Van Wert.

22.

Hancock.

40.

Franklin.

Mercer.

23.

Hardin.

41.

Fayette.

Darke.

24.

Logan.

42.

Pickaway.

Preble.

25.

Champaign.

43.

Ross.

Butler.

26.

Clarke.

44.

Highland.

Hamilton.

27.

Greene.

45.

Pike.

10.

Fulton.

28.

Clinton.

46.

Adams.

11.

Henry.

29.

Brown.

47.

Scioto.

12.

Putnam.

30.

Ottawa.

48.

Erie.

13.

Allen.

31.

Sandusky.

49.

Huron.

14.

Auglaize.

32.

Seneca.

50.

Lorain.

15.

Shelby.

33.

Wyandot.

51.

Richland.

16.

Miami.

34.

Crawford.

52.

Ashland.

17.

Montgomery.

35.

Marion.

53.

Knox.

18.

Warren.

36.

Morrow.

54.

Licking.

55. Fairfield.

56. Perry.

57. Hocking.

58. Vinton.

59. Jackson.

60. Lawrence.

61. Cuyahoga.

62. Medina.

63. Summit.

64. Wayne.

65. Holmes.

66. Coshocton.

67. Muskingum.

68. Morgan.

69. Athens.

70. Meigs.

71. Gallia.

72. Lake.

73. Geauga.

74. Portage.

75. Stark.

76. Tuscarawas.

77. Guernsey.

78. Noble.

79. Ashtabula.

80. Trumbull.

81. Mahoning.

82. Columbiana.

83. Carroll.

84. Harrison.

85. Jefferson.

86. Belmont.

87. Monroe.

88. Washington.

bination of a plough, a rasp, a sand-paper and a pumice-stone, ploughing, scrap-
ing, scratching and polishing the surface all at the same time.

Now these phenomena, so characteristic of the areas just in front of a receding
glacier, are very abundant in certain portions of Ohio. The most celebrated
locality in the State, and perhaps in the world, is to be found in the islands near
Sandusky. These islands consist of a hard limestone rock, which stands the

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO,

weather well, so that the glacial marks upon them are better preserved than in
some other localities, and the ice-movement over them was longer continued and
more powerful than in some other places. On Kelley's Island may be seen fur-
rows several inches and sometimes two feet deep, running for many rods in one
direction. Whole acres when freshly uncovered are seen to be fluted by the
parallel lines of these furrows, the whole surface being polished and scoured by
the finer material shoved along in company with the larger fragments. The
direction of these furrows and scratches is mainly a little south of west, or nearly
that of the longest diameter of the lake itself, showing that for a time the ice
moved in that direction.

But the greater part of Ohio is several hundred feet higher than Lake Erie, and
yet similar glacial scratches are to be found all over the higher land to some dis-
tance south of the water-shed, and in the western part of the State clear down
to the Ohio river. On this higher land the direction of the scratches is south or

This plate (taken from the author's " Studies in Science and Religion ") shows a portion of the gla-
ciated area of North America. AA represents the boundary of the glaciated area. The continuous
line is from actual survey in 1881. BB marks special glacial accumulations. CC represents Lake
Agassiz, a temporary body of water formed by the damming up by ice of the streams flowing into
Hudson's Bay, the outlet being, meanwhile, through the Minnesota. D is a driftless region, which
ice surrounded without covering. The arrows indicate the direction of glacial scratches. The kames
of New England, and the terraces upon the Western rivers, are imperfectly shown upon so small
a map.

southeast, showing that there was an ice movement during the height of the
glacial period which entirely disregarded the depression of Lake Erie.

The most southern points where these scratches are found in the State are in
Butler and Highland counties. In Highland county they are abundant near
Lexington and in Butler county near Woodsdale. Many of the counties in the
northwestern part of the State are so deeply covered with soil that the scratched
surfaces of their rocks are seldom seen. The northeastern counties are more
thinly covered, or have more projecting ledges of rocks, so that glacial grooving
and scratches are more easily found and have been more frequently observed
there.

(2.) The "till" of which we have spoken consists of the loose soil which in
the glaciated region covers the bed rock. In places this is of great depth, and
everywhere it has a peculiar composition. Outside of the glaciated region the
soil is formed by the gradual disintegration or rotting of the rocks from their
surface downwards, so that, except along streams, there is then no soil but such

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

as is derived from, the rocks of the immediate vicinity. In a limestone region
the soil will have all come from the dissolution of limestone, in a sandstone re-
gion from the disintegration of sandstone, and in a slatestone region from the
weathering of that rock. But over a glaciated region the soil will be found to be
composed of a variety of elements derived from various places in the direction
from which the ice movement came. Thus in Stark, Holmes, Knox, Licking and
Fairfield counties the soil will be found to be composed of a mixture of granitic
fragments which have been brought all the way from Canada, limestone dug out
from the bed of Lake Erie, shale gathered from the counties to the north and
west, and sandstone ground up from the immediate vicinity. And these materials
are not in separate layers, as when deposited by water, but are as thoroughly
mixed as mortar in a hod.

The only way in which
materials could be thus
collected in such situa-
tions and thus thor-
oughly mixed is by ice
action. The ice of the
glacial period as it moved
over the rough surfaces
to the north ground off
the prominences and
filled up the gorges and
hollows, and we have in
this unstratified mix-
ture, denominated " till,"
what Professor Newbery
called the grist of the
glacier. The extent of
this deposit in Ohio is
enormous. In St. Paris,
Champaign county, the
till was penetrated more
than 500 feet without
finding the bed rock.
This was doubtless in
the filled-up gorge of a
pre-glacial watercourse,
of which there are a
great many in the State.
But the average depth
of the till over the gla-
ciated part of the State,
as shown by the facts
Professor Orton has
gathered from the wells
recently bored for gas,
is nearly 100 feet.

(3.) The boulders,most
characteristic of the gla-
ciated region of Ohio, are granitic. These are variously known in different locali-
ties as boulders, hard heads and " nigger heads," and have all been brought from
a great distance, and so are common, not only to the glaciated region of Ohio,
hut to the whole glaciated region of the States east and west of it. The granitic
mountains from which these boulders must have been derived run from the
northern part of New York, w T here they constitute the Adirondacks, through
Canada to the northern shore of Lake Huron and extend westward along the
south shore of Lake Superior, containing the celebrated mining districts of that
region. Boulders from this range of mountains are scattered all over the re-
gion which was glaciated. They are found in great abundance in the hills of
Northwestern Pennsylvania, and everywhere down to the glacial line as marked

Map of the Eastern Portion of Hamilton County, Ohio.

The space covered by horizontal lines is occupied by preglacial
valleys, filled to a height of 100 to 200 feet above the Ohio river
with modified drift. The unlined portion consists of the tableland
from 200 to 500 feet above the river.

94 GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

in the accompanying map of Ohio. One near Lancaster is eighteen feet long
and about twelve feet wide and six feet out of ground. This must have been
brought 500 miles. Many boulders from the northern region were also found
in Boone county, Kentucky. One of these was of a well-known variety of rock
containing pebbles of red jasper, found in place only to the north of Lake
Huron and about the outlet of Lake Superior, and must have been carried on
the ice six hundred miles to be left in its present position. Boulders also con-
taining copper from the Lake Superior region have been found in Central and
Southern Ohio.

If the reader doubts the possibility of such an extensive ice movement and
asks, How can these things be ? it will be profitable for him to take a trip to
some region where glaciers are now in operation. The Alps in Europe have
heretofore furnished the favorite field for glacial study. But it was my privilege,
in the summer of 1886, to spend a month beside the Muir glacier in Alaska,
which comes down to the sea-level and is as large as all the glaciers of the Alps
put together. Here was an ice stream two miles wide and more than a thousand
feet deep, moving into the head of the inlet somewhat as cooled lava or cold mo-
lasses would move and sending off great fragments to float away as icebergs.
This ice originates in the snows that fall over the mountainous region to the
north, and which, being too abundant to melt away, from year to year would pile
up to inconceivable heights were it not for the capacity of movement which we
find ice to possess. On and about this Muir glacier I have seen in operation all
the processes by which a glacier makes those tracks which we have found to exist
so abundantly in our own State. Miles back from the front, and miles away
from any land, I have seen boulders on the surface of the ice as large as a fron-
tiersman's cabin surrounded by innumerable boulders of smaller dimensions, all
slowly travelling towards the front, there to be left upon the surface of the ground
as the ice gradually melted away from underneath them. From the mountain
peaks I could see more than a thousand square miles of territory which was
completely covered by this single glacier. Were we to go to Greenland we should
find a continent of more than 400,000 square miles almost completely covered by
a similar moving mass of ice.

One of the necessary accompaniments ot the ice age was the production of
great floods at its close. As there are spring freshets now on the breaking up of
winter, when the accumulated snow melts away and the ice forms gorges in the
swollen streams, so there must have been gigantic floods and ice gorges when the
glacial period drew to a close. All the streams flowing out from the front of it
towards the south must have had an enormous volume of water, far beyond any-
thing now witnessed. Nor is this mere speculation. I am familiar with all the
streams flowing south from the glacial limit between the Atlantic ocean and the
Mississippi river, and can testify that without exception such streams still bear
the marks of that glacial flood. What are called the terraces of the terrace epoch
in geology are the results of them. These streams have, in addition to the present
flood-plains, a line of terraces on each side which are from fifty to one hundred
feet higher than the water now ever rises. The material of these terraces consists
of coarse gravel-stones and pebbles of considerable size, showing by their size
the strength of the current which rolled them along. A noticeable thing about
these gravel-stones and pebbles is that many granitic fragments are found among
them, showing that they must have been deposited during the glacial period,
for the streams have no access to granitic rock except as the ice of the glacial
period has brought it within reach. The connection of these terraces with the
glacial period is further proved by the fact that those streams which rise outside
of the glaciated region, — such, for example, as the Schuylkill in Pennsylvania and
the various small streams in Southeastern Ohio, do not have these terraces, and
others which barely rise in the glaciated region, but do not have much of their
drainage basin there, — have correspondingly small terraces and fewer granitic
fragments. Such are the Hocking river and Salt creek in Hocking county and
Brush creek in Adams county.

Any one living in the vicinity of any of the following streams can see for him-
self the terraces of which we are speaking, especially if he observes the valleys
near where they emerge from the glaciated region ; for the material which the

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

water could push along was most abundant there. As one gets farther and
farther away from the old ice margin the material composing the terraces becomes
smaller, because more waterworn, and the terraces diminish in size. Favor-
able places in which to observe these glacial terraces are as follows: Little
Beaver creek, Big Sandy creek, near Bayard, in Columbiana county ; the Nimi-
shillen, below Canton, and the Tuscarawas, below Navarre, in Stark county ; Sugar
creek, near Deardoff's Mills, in Tuscarawas county; the Killbuck, below Millers-
burg, in Holmes county ; the Mohican, near Gann, and Vernon river, near Mill-
wood, in Knox county ; the Licking river, below Newark, in Licking county ;
Rush creek, near Rushville, and the Hocking river, near Lancaster, in Fairfield

county ; Salt Creek, near
Adelphi, in Hocking county ;
the Scioto river, throughout
its course, and Paint creek,
near Bainbridge, in Ross
county ; and both the
Miami rivers throughout
their course. The Ohio
river is also lined by these
glacial terraces, which are
from fifty to a hundred feet
above present high-water
mark. On the Ohio there
are special enlargements of
these terraces, where the
tributaries enter it from the
north, which come from the
glaciated region as laid
down on the map. This en-
largement is noticeable be-
low the mouth of the Mus-
kingum in the angles of the
river valley below Parkers-
burg, and in the vicinity
of Portsmouth near the
mouth of the Scioto, and at
Cincinnati below the mouth
of the Little Miami, and at
Lawrenceburg, Indiana,
below the mouth of the
Great Miami. Below the
mouth of the Muskingum
the terrace is 100 feet above
the flood plain of the river,
and the highest part of the
terrace on which old Cin-
cinnati is built is about the
same height. Nearly all
the cities along the Ohio are
built on this glacial terrace.
The most interesting thing about these terraces, and what makes it proper for
me in this connection to write thus fully about them, is that the earliest traces
of man in the world are found in them. The accompanying cuts show two im-
plements which were found in terraces such as I have been describing. The first
was found at Abbeville, France, in such a terrace on the river Somme as those
which occur in the valleys of Ohio. It was found in gravel that had never been
disturbed, and so must have lain there ever since the glacial period, by whose
floods it was buried, closed.

The second implement was found a few years ago by Dr. Abbott in a similar
gravel terrace, on which the city of Trenton, New Jersey, is built. This terrace
was deposited by the Delaware river when it was swollen by glacial floods.

The palseolith here shown is natural size and is No. 3,034 of
the Mortillet collection, from Abbeville, France. The geologi-
cal conditions under which this was found are very similar to
those of the palseolith from Trenton, N. J., and to those at
Madisonville and Loveland, Ohio.

9 6

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

In my original " Report upon the Glacial Boundary of Ohio, Indiana and Ken-
tucky," I remarked that since man was in New Jersey before the close of the
glacial period, it is also probable that he was on the banks of the Ohio at the
same early period ; and I asked that the extensive gravel terraces in the southern
part of the State be carefully scanned by archaeologists, adding that when
observers became familiar with the forms of these rude implements they would
doubtless find them in abundance. As to the abundance, this prophecy has not
been altogether fulfilled. But enough has been already discovered in Ohio to
show that man was here at that
early time when the ice of the
glacial period lingered on the
south side of the water partings
between the lake and the Ohio
river. Both at Loveland and at
Madison ville, in the valley of the
Little Miami, Dr. C. L. Metz, of
the latter place, has found this
ancient type of implements sev-
eral feet below the surface of the
glacial terraces bordering that
stream. The one at Madisonville
was found about eight feet below
the surface, where the soil had
not been disturbed, and it was in
shape and appearance almost ex-
actly like one of those found by
Dr. Abbott in Trenton, N. J.
These are enough to establish the
fact that men, whose habits of life
were much like the Eskimos, al-
ready followed up the retreating
ice of the great glacial period
when its front was in the latitude
of Trenton and Cincinnati, as
they now do when it has retreated
to Greenland. Very likely the
Eskimos are the descendants of
that early race in Ohio.

In addition to the other con-
ditions which were similar, it is
found that the animals which
roamed over this region were
much like those which now are
found in the far north. Bones of
the walrus and the musk ox and
the mastodon have been found in
the vicinity of these implements
of early man in New Jersey, and
those of the mastodon were dug
from the same gravel-pit in Love-
land from which the imple-
ment found in that place was
taken.

Having been able thus to associate our ancestors with the closing scenes of the
glacial period, new interest at once attaches itself to glacial studies, and especially
to glacial chronology. For if we can tell how long it is since the ice of the glacial
period withdrew from the northern slope of the Ohio basin, we have done much
towards settling the date of man's appearance here. How then shall we deter-
mine the date of the close of the glacial period? This we cannot hope to do
with great accuracy, but we can do something even here in Ohio towards the solu-
tion of that most interesting problem of man's antiquity.

This palaeolith is shortened one inch in the cut, and is
proportionally narrow, the original being 5 6-8 inches
Jong and 8 1-8 wide. This is No. 19,723 in Dr. Abbott's
collection from Trenton, N. J. The Mortillet and Tren-
ton collections are both in the Archaeological Museum,
in Cambridge, Mass., where these specimens can at any
time be seen.

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

(1.) In the first place many streams are so situated that we can measure the
work they have done since the glacial period, and also can form some idea of the
rate at which they are at work. The gorge in Niagara river below the falls has
long been a favorite place from which to get these measurements. This gorge is
only about seven miles long— that being the distance from Queenston to the
Falls. The gorge is throughout in limestone strata of pretty uniform hardness,
anji represents the work done by the river at that point since the glacial period.
This we know from several signs. Before the glacial period Lake Erie did not
exist. In the long geological periods which had elapsed before the glacial age, a

channel had been worn

clear back from Lake On-
tario to Lake Erie, as will
be the case with the pres-
ent river if only time
enough is given it. In
short, Lake Erie is only
a glacial mill-pond. The
old outlet was filled up
by the glacial deposits
which we have described
so that the water had to
seek a new outlet, which
happened to be along the
course of the present
Niagara river. Confirma-
tory evidence of this is
found at Cleveland and
for many miles up the
valley of the Cuyahoga
river, as well as in many
other streams of Northern
Ohio. In boring for oil in
the bed of the Cuyahoga
a few years ago, it was
found that the old rocky
bottom is 200 feet below
the present bottom of the
river. This means that
at one time Lake Erie was
200 feet lower than now.
But the lake is for the
most part less than 200
feet deep, so that if there
were an outlet, as there
must have been, at that

L">i ^ lower level, the lake itself

must have disappeared,
and there was only a
stream with a broad, fer-
tile valley where the lake
is now. Thus we prove
that the Niagara gorge
represents the work of erosion done by the river since the glacial period. The
next problem is to ascertain how fast the river is wearing back the gorge.
; That the gorge is receding is evident from the occasional reports heard of por-
tions of the shelving rocks falling beneath the weight of water constantly pour-
ing over them. If a continual dropping wear a stone, what must not such a
torrent of water do? From measurements made between forty and fifty years
ago and others repeated within the last few years, it has been ascertained that the
falls are receding. The recent surveys of the government show that during the
last forty-five years very nearly six acres of rock surface have broken off from

This plate (taken from "Studies in Science and Religion")
shows, in addition to the glaciated area of New Jersey, the glacial
terraces of gravel along the Lehigh and Delaware rivers, and
also the delta-terrace at Trenton, from which Dr. C. C. Abbott
has taken palaeolithic implements.

9 8

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO.

the verge of the falls, making an average annual recession of about two and
a half feet per year for the last forty-five years. Making allowances for portions
of the work which had been done before the glacial period by smaller stream in
the same channel, and for some other facts which there is not time here to men-
tion, Mr. G. K. Gilbert, of the United States Geological Survey, concludes that
the falls of Niagara cannot be more than 7,000 years old. This brings the glacial
period much nearer than was formerly supposed.

But there are many things in our own State which go to confirm this calcula-
tion. The citizens of Ohio have not to go out of their own boundaries to find
facts helping to solve the question of man's antiquity. Nearly all the rivers
emptying into Lake Erie have somewhere in their courses cataracts which can
serve as chronometers of the glacial period. In the most of these cases it is pos-
sible to ascertain what part of the channel is pre-glacial and what post-glacial,
and to form some estimate of the rate of recession. This can be done on the
Chagrin, the Cuyahoga, Rocky, and Black rivers, and probably on some others.
Let the young students of the State attack these problems before going abroad
for great fields of discovery.

LAKE

ON?^RXO \ <*•$* #W*

V \

QxceejiMtotL

WTtvrljjooV'

PALLS OF
NIAGARA

FALLS OF NIACAKa

In the central and southern part of the State the problems are equally inter-
esting. Since the glacial period the streams have been constantly at work
enlarging their channels. How much have they enlarged them, and what is the
rate of enlargement? These are definite problems appealing for solution on
nearly all the tributaries of Ohio. Professor Hicks, of Granville College, set a
good example in this line of investigation a few years ago. Raccoon creek, in
Licking county, is bordered by terraces throughout its course. These are what
we have described as glacial terraces, and are about fifty feet above the present
flood plain of the stream. It is evident that at the close of the glacial period
the valley was filled up to that level with pebbles and gravel, and that since that
period the stream has been at work enlarging its channel until now it
has removed gravel to the amount that would fill the valley up to the level of
these terraces and across the whole space. Multiply this height, fifty feet, by the
breadth from which the material has been removed, and that by the length of
the stream, and make allowance for the diminution of the valley as the head-
waters are approached, and you will have the cubical contents of the material

GLACIAL MAN IN OHIO. gg

removed by the stream since it began its work at the close of the glacial period.
The result, in the case of Raccoon creek, was not materially different from the
calculations concerning Niagara Falls. It cannot be far from 10,000 years old.
This is the dividend. Then find out how much mud and sand the stream is
carrying out; this will be your divisor. I have made a similar calculation con-
cerning the age of Plum creek, in Oberlin, and the result is likewise to show that
the glacial period cannot have been so long ago as was formerly supposed. If
the glacial period closed much more than 8,000 or 10,000 years ago in Northern
Ohio, the valleys of the post-glacial streams would be much larger than they
really are. Again I say let the young investigators of the State attack the chro-
nological problems offered by the streams in their own vicinity before sighing
for other realms of science to conquer.

In conclusion, then, we may say that it is not so startling a statement as it once
was to speak of man as belonging to the glacial period. And, with the recent
discoveries of Dr. Metz, we may begin to speak of our own State as one of the
earliest portions of the globe to become inhabited. Ages before the mound-
builders reared their complicated and stately structures in the valleys of the
Licking, the Scioto, the Miami, and the Ohio, man in a more primitive state had
hunted and fished with rude implements in some portions at least of the southern
part of the State. To have lived in such a time, and successfully to have over-
come the hardships of that climate and the fierceness of the animal life, must
have called for an amount of physical energy and practical skill which few of
the present generation possess. Let us therefore not speak of such a people as
inferior. They must have had all the native powers of humanity fully developed,
and are worthy ancestors of succeeding races.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO.

By NORTON S. TOWNSHEND, M. D.,

Professor of Agriculture and Veterinary Science in the Ohio State University.

Nobton Stkange Townshend was born
at Clay Coaton, Northamptonshire, England,
December 25, 1815. His parents came to Ohio
and settled upon a farm in Avon, Lorain
county, iu 1830. Busy with farm work, he
found no time to attend school, but in leisure
hours made good use of his father's small
library.

He early took an active part in the temper-
ance and anti-slavery reforms, and for some
time was superintendent of a Sunday-school
in his neighborhood. In 1836 he taught
the district school, and in 1837 commenced the
study of medicine with Dr. R. L. Howard, of
Elyria. The winter of the same year was
spent in attending medical lectures at Cincin-
nati Medical College. Returning to Elyria he
applied himself to medical studies with Dr.
Howard and to Latin, Greek and French with
other teachers. In the winter of 1839 he was
a student at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of New York, spending what time
he could command as voluntary assistant in
the chemical laboratory of Professor John
Torry. In March, 1840, he received the de-
gree of M. D. from the University of the State
of New York, of which the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons was then a department.
Proposing to spend a year or more in a visit to
European hospitals, the Temperance Society
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York, requested him to carry the greeting
of that body to similar societies on the other
side of the Atlantic. This afforded him an opportunity to make the acquaintance of many well-known
temperance men.

The Anti-slavery Society of the State of Ohio also made him their delegate to the World's Anti-
slavery Convention of June, 1840, in London,Eng. This enabled him to see and hear distinguished anti-
slavery men from different countries. He then visited Paris and remained through the summer and
autumn, seeing practice in the hospitals and taking private lessons in operative surgery, auscultation,
etc. The next winter was passed in Edinburgh and the spring in Dublin.

In 1841 he returned to Ohio and commenced the practice of medicine, first in Avon and afterwards
in Elyria. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature by the anti-slavery men of Lorain county and
took an aetive part in securing the repeal of the Black Laws of Ohio and in the election of S. P. Chase
to the United States Senate.

The Black Laws of Ohio covered three points. 1. The settlement of black or mulatto persons m
Ohio was prohibited unless they could show a certificate of their freedom and obtain two freeholders
to give security for their good behavior and maintenance in the event of their becoming a public
charge. Unless this certificate of freedom was duly recorded and produced it was a penal offence to
give employment to a black or mulatto.

2. They were excluded from the common schools.

3. No black or mulatto could be sworn or allowed to testify in any court in any case where a white
person was concerned. .

In 1850 Dr. Townshend was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention and in the same year
to the Thirty-second Congress. m

In 1853 he was elected to the Ohio Senate, where he presented a memorial for the establishment ot
a State Institution for the Training of Imbeciles. At the next session this measure was carried and
Dr. Townshend was appointed one of three trustees to carry the law into effect, a position he held by
subsequent appointment for twentv-one years. While in political life he had relinquished the practice
of medicine and with his family "returned to the farm in Avon. Being deeply impressed with the
value of some scientific training for young farmers, in 1854 he united with Professors James H. Fair-
child and James Dascomb, of Oberlin, and Dr. John S. Newberry, of Cleveland, in an attempt to
establish an Agricultural College. Winter courses of lectures were given on the branches of science
most intimately related to agriculture for three successive winters, twice at Oberlin and once at
Cleveland.

(ioo)

NORTON S. TOWNSHEND.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 101

This effort, perhaps, had the effect of exciting public attention to the importance of special educa-
tion for the young farmer. In 1858 Dr. Townshend was chosen a member of the State Board of
Agriculture, and so continued for six years. He also served in the same capacity in 1868-69. Early
in 1863 he received the appointment of Medical Inspector in the United States Army, with the rank
of Lieutenant-Colonel, in which capacity he served to the end of the war.

In 1867 he was appointed one of the committee to examine the wool appraisers' department of the
New York and Boston custom houses to ascertain how correctly imported wools were classified, etc.,
etc. The report of this committee aided in securing the wool tariff of the same year. In 1869 he was
chosen Professor of Agriculture in the Iowa Agricultural College. In 1870 the law having passed to
establish an Agricultural and Mechanical College in Ohio, he was appointed one of the trustees
charged with the duty of carrying the law into effect. In 1873 he resigned the place of trustee and
was immediately appointed Professor of Agriculture, which then included Botany and Veterinary
Medicines.

During the college vacation in 1884 he visited the agricultural, veterinary schools and botanic gar-
dens of Great Britain and Ireland, and attended the English National Fair at Shrewsbury, that of
Scotland at Edinburgh and of Ireland at Dublin. Dr. Townshend is at present the Professor of Agri-
culture in what was previously the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, now the Ohio State
University.

The agriculture of a country is dependent, not only upon its soil and climate,
but also on the character of the people and their institutions. In 1787 the Con-
tinental Congress made an ordinance for the government of the Northwestern
Territory which prohibited the introduction of slavery, and thus exerted a con-
trolling influence, not only upon the agriculture of the Northwest, but also upon
the future of its entire material and social progress. This practically secured for
the States soon to be formed an industrious, intelligent and thrifty population.

State Claims. — Virginia, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts made claims
based on charters granted by kings of England to portions of the territory north-
west of the Ohio. After much controversy it was proposed by Congress that
these States should relinquish their claims in favor of the United* States, and that
the land should be sold for the benefit of the United States Treasury, and should
be formed into new States to be admitted into the Union when their population
warranted. This plan was adopted, except that Virginia reserved a tract of more
than 3,000,000 acres between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers for the benefit
of the soldiers from that State who had served in the war of the Revolution.
This tract was known as the Virginia Military district. Connecticut also made a
reservation of a tract in the northeast part of the territory, running west 120
miles from the Pennsylvania line and containing 3,800,000 acres. This was
known as the Connecticut Western Reserve and was intended to compensate her
soldiers for service in the Revolutionary war. Five hundred thousand acres
from the west part of the Reserve, afterwards known as the Fire Lands, was given
as compensation to her citizens who had sustained the loss of property by fire
during that war. The whole of the Western Reserve was surveyed into town-
ships of five miles square. These townships were divided into sections of a mile
square and further subdivided into quarter sections.

Ohio Company. — The formation in Massachusetts of the Ohio Company and
their establishment at Marietta (so named in honor of Marie Antoinette, Queen
of France) on the company's purchase of 1,500,000 acres, marks an epoch in
Western history. General Rufus Putnam and associates left their New England
homes, and at Pittsburg procured a boat which they called the " Mayflower " and
floated down the Ohio and landed where Marietta now stands on the 7th of April,
1788. On the 15th of July following a Territorial government was established,
General Arthur St. Clair having been appointed governor.

Land Laws. — From this time extensive sales and grants of Ohio lands were
made by Congress. A change was afterwards made in the United States land
laws by which sales had been restricted to not less than a mile square, or 640
acres. This was changed to quarter-sections of 160 acres, and sold at $2 an
acre, with a credit of five years. The beneficial effect of the change may be
estimated from the fact that in 1800, the year in which the law was modified, the
entire Northwest had a population of only 45,000, while in ten years from that
time Ohio alone reported a population of 240,000.

Forests— At the time of the first settlement of the Ohio Territory almost the
whole region was covered by a dense forest. This forest consisted of oak, elm,
ash, beech, maple, hickory, chestnut, butternut, black walnut, wild cherry, syca-
more, tulip-tree, basswood, locust, sweet-gum, poplar, willow, mulberry, cucum-

io2 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO.

ber, box-elder, buckeye, etc. The native fruits were the cranberry, which grew
in marshes, huckleberry, blackberry, pawpaw, persimmon, plum, wild grapes,
and cherries, etc. Chestnuts, black walnuts, hickory nuts and butternuts were
abundant, while beechnuts and acorns supplied the food upon which hogs fat-
tened.

Wild Animals were numerous. Deer supplied many of the early settlers with
meat. Bears, wolves, foxes, raccoons, woodchucks, opossums, skunks and squir-
rels were, some of them, too common. Wild turkeys, geese and ducks, partridges,
quails and pigeons were abundant. Eagles and turkey-buzzards were frequent
visitors. Owls and hawks were more common and the latter very troublesome
among the farmers' chickens.

Hunting was one of the active employments of the early settlers, either for the
purpose of obtaining supplies of venison and other game, or for the destruction
of troublesome animals, a bounty from county treasuries being paid for wolf
scalps. Occasionally drives or general hunts were organized. Hunters sur-
rounded a township or other tract and moved in line toward some designated
point. Deer and other animals were surrounded; many deer were sometimes
killed and numbers of more mischievous animals were occasionally destroyed.
In the afternoon of the 1st of May, 1830, the writer, with two companions, walked
from Cleveland some eighteen miles on the State road leading westward. The
place of destination was not reached until late in the evening, when conversation
had become difficult from the incessant howling of wolves. It is not a little
remarkable that a gray wolf should have been killed in the west part of Cuya-
hoga county bn the 30th of April of the present year. For many years raccoons
were specially troublesome in the ripening corn, and consequently the necessity
of cooning was everywhere recognized. Active boys, with dogs, would visit the
cornfields at night when the green corn attracted the raccoons, which were some-
times caught in the field, but oftener by cutting trees in the vicinity upon which
they had taken refuge.

Fishing. — In the spring fishing was a common resource for the settlers, especially
in the vicinity of Lake Erie. When the fish started up the rivers at spawning
time various devices were employed to capture them. Seines were most successful,
but a simpler method was more common. The fisherman at night, with a lighted
torch made of hickory bark in one hand and a fish-spear in the other, waded
knee-deep or more into the stream ; then, as fish attracted by the light came
near, they were struck with the spear and thrown out of the water or otherwise
secured. Pike, pickerel, catfish, sturgeon, muscalunge and mullet, as many as
the fisherman could carry home, were sometimes caught. Some were used fresh,
but more were salted and kept for future supply.

Work. — In the early settlement of the State a formidable amount of work con-
fronted the pioneer — building of houses and barns, of schools and meeting-
houses, the making of roads, bridging of streams, clearing and fencing the land.
Then came planting or sowing, cultivation and harvesting of crops and the con-
stant care of his animals. The first buildings were of logs a foot or more in
diameter. These were cut of suitable length and brought together, then neigh-
bors were invited to the raising. One axeman went to each of the four corners
to notch and fit the logs as others rolled them up. In some cases larger logs split
in halves were used. These could be placed with the split sides inward so as to
make a tolerably smooth and perpendicular wall. The log school-houses and
meeting-houses were built in the same manner, though, as in the case of dwelling-
houses, the logs were sometimes squared before being put up. The structure was
then called a block-house. Log-houses were covered with long split oak shingles
held in place by small logs or poles so that no nails were required. Floors and
doors were made from logs split into flat pieces and hewn smooth. When saw-
mills had been introduced and lumber could be obtained for door-frames, doors,
window-frames, etc., houses could be much more neatly finished. After lumber
became plentiful frame buildings superseded those of logs. More recently brick
and stone have come into general use.

Road-making was at first very simple. A surveyor, or some other person sup-
posed to know the proposed route, blazed the trees in the line ; this was sufficient
to mark the course, then the track of sufficient width was underbrushed, and the

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 103

dead logs cut, and rolled or drawn aside. When the amount of travel made it
necessary the timber from the whole breadth of the route was cut and removed.
Upon low, wet places logways were made by placing logs of equal size closely
together, and sometimes a light covering of earth was placed over the logs so that
vehicles could pass over smoothly. Small bridges, where timbers of extra length
were not required, were easily made, but across streams not passable by an easily
made bridge or ford ferries were established. If a person or team needed to cross
a stream, the ferryman with his boat took them over ; if they came to the river
from the side opposite to that on which the ferryman lived, they found near the
road a tin horn tied to a tree ; this they blew, until the ferryman brought over
the boat.

Clearing. — For clearing away the forest, the chopping was usually done in the
winter months. First the underbrush was cut and piled, the logs already down
were cut into lengths, which permitted them to be drawn together; occasionally
these dead logs were burned into pieces by small fires kept up until the logs were
burned through. The timber suitable for rails was next cut down and into
suitable lengths, and drawn to the lines where fences were to be built ; the bal-
ance of the timber was then cut down, and chopped into convenient lengths for
logging. When the brushwood and timber upon a tract was all cut it was left
through the summer, and called a summer-fallow, the timber in the meantime
becoming dry. In the fall the brush-heaps were burned, then the logs were
drawn together by oxen, and rolled into log-heaps and burned. Next the rail-
cuts were split into rails, and the worm-fence built, after which came the wheat-
sowing. In some sections, or upon some farms, the timber was not all cut down,
many of the larger trees being notched around or girdled, so that they died. This
process of deadening the large trees was a great saving of labor in the first instance;
but as dead limbs and trees were liable to fall, and perhaps do mischief, it was
not generally approved.

Ashes — Sugar. — The first valuable product which the settler obtained from his
land was the ashes which remained after the timber was burnt. These were care-
fully gathered and leached : the lye was then boiled into black salts, which were
marketable at the country stores. In many towns asheries were established, which
bought the ashes or black salts, and converted them into pot- or pearl-ash for
Eastern markets. Another product of the forest also required the farmers' atten-
tion : with the first warm days of spring the sap of the maple-trees was started.
The hard maples were tapped, and in some localities even the soft maples; the
sap was collected in troughs made by the axe, and boiled to the consistency of
syrup, or carried a step further, until crystallization was secured. Maple-sugar
making saved the early settlers from what would have involved a large ex-
penditure.

Teams. — The team-work necessary in clearing, and for farm-work in the new
country, was chiefly done by oxen. The employment of oxen appeared to secure
many advantages ; the first cost was less than for horses, oxen are more easily
kept, the yoke with which they were worked could be made by any handy farmer,
and was therefore much less expensive than the harness necessary for horses.
The log-chains used with oxen were well adapted for work among timber, and
when broken could easily be mended by the country blacksmith ; and if any
accident befell the ox, and he became unfit for work, this probably did not pre-
vent his being fattened and turned into beef. In general, steers were easily
trained. Sometimes they were worked with those already broken, but, whatever
plan was adopted, they soon learned to make themselves useful. Before the
introduction of improved breeds of cattle all working oxen w r ere of what was
called native stock ; after the introduction of Devons into some parts of the State,
these were found to be greatly superior for work. In addition to their uniform
beautiful red color and handsome horns, the Devons proved more active and more
easily taught than other breeds. Since the introduction of the mower, reaper,
and other forms of farm machinery, the quicker-stepping horse has been found
more desirable for team-work, not only upon the road but also on the farm.

Wheat. — After clearing and fencing, wheat was sown broadcast among the
stumps with a rude harrow called a drag; it was scratched under the surface.
For many years the wheat when ripe was cut with a sickle; in some parts of the

104 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO.

State the grain-cradle was introduced as early as 1830, or perhaps earlier, and
this gradually superseded the older implement. After being cut, the wheat was
allowed to stand some days in shock, in order to dry before it was hauled to the
barn or stack. It was usually thrashed with the flail, though the more expe-
ditious method of treading out the grain by horses was sometimes employed.
After thrashing the wheat was separated from the chaff by throwing them up
before the wind ; or a fan, with a revolving frame, to which pieces of canvas were
attached, was used to raise the wind ; finally, the fanning-mill came into use some
years before the horse-power thrashing-machine. We may now be thankful for
more expeditious methods, for the United States census for 1880 reports the
wheat crop of Ohio at 49,790,475 bushels ; only the State of Illinois produced
more.

Grass. — In the spring, as early as April, or perhaps earlier, it was customary to
sow grass-seed and clover among the growing wheat. At the time of harvest
there was but little grass to be seen, but when no longer shaded it made rapid
growth, and a pasture or meadow was soon established. For many years the
grass crop was cut by the scythe, and tedded, or spread from the swath with a
fork. When dry, it was gathered together with a hand-rake, and hauled to the
barn or stack upon a cart drawn by oxen. Mowing with a scythe required skill
as well as strength, and hence to be a good mower was an object of ambition
among young farmers. It must nowadays appear strange to good old mowers, who
still remain among us, to see a half-grown boy or a sprightly girl jump upon a
mowing-machine, and with a pair of horses cut as much grass in an hour as the
best mower could aforetime cut in a whole day.

Corn. — On land newly cleared and fenced early in May corn planting com-
menced. A bag to hold the seed-corn was suspended by tape or string around
the waist of the planter. The corn was usually planted dry, though sometimes
it was soaked to insure more speedy germination. The implement used in plant-
ing was a heavy, sharp hoe; this would raise the rooty or leafy soil, and allow
the corn to be thrown under : what had been raised could then be pressed down
with the back of the hoe or with the foot ; or an old axe was used to make a hole,
into which the corn was dropped. When the corn was a few inches high the
weeds were cleared away with the hoe, and the soil stirred about the hill. On
lands that had been cleared a few years and the roots decayed, the plow, drawn
by oxen, was used between the rows of growing corn, the oxen wearing baskets
on their muzzles to prevent them from cropping off the corn ; the cultivator had
not then made its appearance. The corn, when ripe, was husked standing, or it
was cut and shocked, and the husking left until the farmer had leisure. If one
became sick, and fell behind in his work, the neighbors would give him the benefit
of a husking-bee ; ten or a dozen, or possibly twenty of them, would come to-
gether, and give a half-day's, or perhaps a whole day's work. Yellow dent or
gourd-seed corn was preferred for feeding, but in the northern part of the State
white-flint corn was raised for many years, because it found such ready market
at higher price with the Hudson's Bay Fur Company, by whom it was hulled,
and supplied to their trappers. The corn crop of Ohio has largely increased
during the century. The United States census for 1880 reports the corn crop of
the State at 119,940,000, or within a fraction of one hundred and twenty millions
of bushels.

Farm Implements. — For many years after tillage commenced in Ohio the plow
with w r ooden mould-board was in use, the landside, share and point being of iron
and steel. The cast-iron plow of Jethro Wood appeared about 1820, but did not
immediately come into general use. The next improvement consisted in chill-
ing and hardening the cutting parts. Then plows of well-tempered steel came
into use, and finally the sulky plow, on which the plowman rides comfortably
while the work is done. The pioneer harrow was made from the crotch of a tree.
It usually had four teeth on each side and one in front. This was called a drag.
It was a very convenient implement for covering grain among stumps and roots.
After a time the double Scotch harrow and then the Geddes Harrow came into
use. Finally the Acme was reached. The wheat drill for seeding had long been
used in other countries and was introduced into Ohio as soon as the stumps and
roots were out of the wa}'. At the State Fair, held in Cleveland in 1852, grain

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 105

drills, corn planters, broadcast wheat sowers, corn shellers for horse and hand
power, corn and cob crushers and one and two-horse cultivators were on exhibi-
tion. The cultivator for use among corn and the revolving horse-rake were
patented in 1824, McCormick's reaper in 1831 and Hussey's mower in 1833. At
a State trial for reapers and mowers, held in Springfield in 1852, twelve different
reapers and mowers competed for the prize. Later came the reaper and binder,
the hay loader and stacker and the steam thrasher and cleaner. These imple-
ments have so changed the character of harvest work as to make it possible to
increase almost indefinitely the amount of cereals raised. Flax was at one time
an important crop in* Ohio. It was sown, cleaned, pulled, rotted, broken,
swingled, hatcheled, spun and woven in the home and made into linen for the
household and into summer garments for men and boys. In 1869 Ohio produced
nearly 80,000,000 pounds of flax fibre and had ninety flax mills in operation.
In 1870 the tariff on gunny cloth grown in the East Indies was removed and as
a result every flax mill in Ohio was stopped and the amount of flax fibre reduced
in 1886 to less than 2,000,000 pounds.

Improvement of Stock. — In 1834 the Ohio Importing Company was organized in
Ross county by Mr. Felix Renick and others. Agents of this company visited
England and brought to Ohio many first-class Shorthorns. Previous to this Mr.
Patton had brought into the State the descendants of cattle of a previous importa-
tion made into Maryland. Since that time many importations have been made.
Devons, Shorthorns, Herefords, Ayreshires, Red Polled, Alderneys, Jerseys,
Guernseys, Polled Angus and Holsteins are now all seen at the State and County
Fairs. For a time in the early history of the State there existed a serious hin-
drance to the improvement of Ohio's cattle in the prevalence of a fatal disease,
known as bloody murrain. Gradually this has become less and less troublesome,
until at the present time it is scarcely known.

Dairying. — For many years dairying in Ohio has been one of the leading in-
dustries. In the winter of 1851-2 the Ohio Dairymen's Association was formed.
In 1861 the statistics of cheese production were first collected. In 1886 the
amount of factory cheese made in the State exceeded 16,500,000 pounds, and that
of farm dairies was nearly 3,000,000 pounds. The change in the style and pur-
pose of Ohio cattle will be observed. At first those were preferred that were best
adapted for labor, then those that were specially fitted for beef, and more recently
those which are best suited for the dairy.

Sheep had early been brought to this country and raised both for wool and
mutton. The first importation of Spanish Merinoes into the United States was
made by General Humphreys near the beginning of the present century. Some
descendants of that importation were brought to Ohio by Mr. Atwood. Messrs.
Wells and Dickinson also brought valuable sheep to the State. Merinoes,
Saxons, Silesians, French Merinoes, and the long-wooled and mutton sheep of
England, Lincolns, Coteswolds and Leicesters, also Sussex, Hampshire and
Shropshire Downs have all been exhibited at State Fairs. Sheep in Ohio were
more numerous a few years since, but the change made in the tariff upon for-
eign wools in 1883 has considerably reduced their number.

Swine. — A great change has been made in the swine of the State. At first the
hog that could make a good living upon what fell from the trees of the forest and
could most successfully escape from bears and wolves, in accordance with the
law of the "survival of the fittest," was the most likely to increase. Under the
influences tc which swine were subjected for the first quarter or half a century it
is not surprising that the common hog of Ohio was known as a "rail splitter."
In the latter part of the century Berkshires, Chester Whites, Irish Graziers,
Chinas, Neapolitans, Essexs and Suffolks have been introduced, until to-day what
is sometimes called the Butler county hog, or Poland China, may be said to com-
bine the excellencies of all.

Horses, though less used than formerly for distant travel, are coming more and
more into use on the farm. In the early part of the century the only recognized
way of improving the quality of this serviceable animal was by the importation
and use of thoroughbred stallions. Such animals were introduced into nearly
every county of the State and many beautiful horses for light draft was the re-
sult. At State Fairs the classification has usually been : Thoroughbreds, Road-

106 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO.

sters, of which class Morgans were a conspicuous example, General Purpose and
Draft Horses. This was thought more convenient than classification by breeds,
such as Clydesdale, Cleveland Bay, Norman, Percheron, etc., all of which, how-
ever, are seen at our fairs.

Fruit — From several quarters the fruits of Ohio have been improved. The
first settlers at Marietta had among their number men interested in fruit culture.
On the Western Reserve Dr. Kirtland early imported fine varieties of fruit from
New Jersey. The improvements he himself made in cherries were of still greater
importance. At Cincinnati Nicholas Longworth had established a vineyard upon
Bald Hill as early as. 1833, and succeeded in introducing fine varieties of grapes.
Gradually it was seen that the climate of the southern shore of Lake Erie and
the adjacent islands was better adapted to grape culture than portions of the
State more inland. The important work accomplished for the improvement of
the fruit of the Northwest by the gentlemen named and by Dr. John A. Warder,
N. Ohmer, Geo. W. Campbell and their associates of the Ohio Pomological So-
ciety, which was organized in 1852, and of its legitimate successor, the State
Horticultural Society, since 1867 cannot be estimated.

Transportation. — For many years the principal means of communication be-
tween Ohio and the Eastern States was by pack-horses. As roads improved
Pennsylvania wagons, drawn by four or six heavy horses, were seen. Such was
the difficulty of travel that in 1806 Congress ordered the construction of a national
road from Cumberland Gap to the Ohio river, and from thence to the western
boundary of the State. This road was finished to the Ohio in 1825 and com-
pleted to the Indiana line in 1834. The first steamboat left Pittsburg for New
Orleans in 1811. An event which greatly affected the prosperity of the North-
western States was the opening of the Erie Canal through the State of New York
in 1825. In 1824 wheat was sold in Ohio for thirty-five cents a bushel, and corn
for ten cents. Soon after the completion of the Erie Canal the prices of these
grains went up fifty per cent. In 1825 the Ohio Canal was begun and finished
in 1830. Railroads were begun in Ohio in 1835 and the first completed in 1848.
The influence of these improved facilities for transportation may be seen in the
fact that in 1838 sixteen pounds of butter were required for the purchase of one
pound of tea, now two pounds are adequate; then four pounds of butter would
prepay one letter to the seaboard, now the same amount would pay the postage
on forty letters. The price of farm produce advanced fifty per cent, on the com-
pletion of the canals. The railroads appear to have doubled the price of flour,
trebled the price of pork and quadrupled the price of corn.

Underdraining has for some years past occupied the attention of Ohio farmers,
but only for a few years has its importance become generally understood. It has,
however, been practiced to a limited extent for a long period. In the summer of
1830 the writer of this paper advised and superintended the construction of
drains upon the farm of a neighbor in Lorain county for the double purpose of
making useful a piece of very wet land and to collect spring water and make it
available for stock. A year later the writer, with similar objects in view, put in
a drain upon land which he now owns, and the drain then made is running well
at present. Horse-shoe tiles were at first made by hand, but before 1850 tile
machines had come into use. In consequence of clearing off the forests and the
surface drainage necessary for crops many of the smaller streams and springs
have ceased to flow in the summer months. This has compelled many farmers
to pump water from wells for the use of stock. Well water has an advantage
over surface water in its more uniform temperature. To make the water of deep
wells available for stock, pumping by wind-mills has become very common since
about 1870, when the first self-adjusting wind-mill was exhibited at the Ohio
State Fair.

Soiling and Ensilage are among comparatively modern improvements. The ex-
tent of the dairy interest in Ohio and the necessity of obtaining milk at
all seasons to supply the needs of an increasing population had led to the prac-
tice of cutting succulent green crops to feed to animals in their stalls when the
pasture is insufficient. Growing rye, oats, peas and vetches, clover, lucern,
young corn, Hungarian and other millets have been employed. To secure more
juicy fodder in winter a method of preserving these and other green crops has

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 107

been adopted, numerous silos have been built and many dairymen are enthusi-
astic in regard to the value of ensilage.

Animal Diseases. — One of the great improvements made in Ohio agriculture is
due to the efforts of a number of well-educated veterinarians and the consequent
better knowledge and treatment of animal diseases. It is doubtless true that a
still larger supply of intelligent veterinarians is desirable and that a better
knowledge of the nature and causes of disease by stock-owners is requisite, inas-
much as this is essential to securing the proper sanitary management of stock.
Although in the past the State has been backward in this particular, there is
reason to expect more rapid advance in the future.

Agricultural Papers. — Among the agencies which have contributed to the prog-
ress of agriculture in Ohio it is but just to place agricultural periodicals in the
foremost rank. The first of these known to the writer was the Western Tiller,
published in Cincinnati in 1826; The Farmer's Review, also in Cincinnati, 1831 ;
The Ohio Farmer, by S. Medary, at Batavia in 1833 ; The Ohio Cultivator, by M. B.
Batcham, in Columbus in 1845; Western Farmer and Gardener, Cincinnati, 1840;
Western Horticultural Review, at Cincinnati, by Dr. John A. Warder ; The Ohio
Farmer, at Cleveland ; Farm and Fireside, at Springfield ; Farmer's Home, at Day-
ton ; American Grange Bulletin, at Cincinnati.

County and State Societies. — As early as 1828 County Agricultural Societies were
organized in a few counties of the State. These societies doubtless did good if
only by getting men awake to see the dawn approaching. In 1846 the General
Assembly passed a law for the encouragement of agriculture, which provided for
the establishment of a State Board of Agriculture and made it the duty of the
Board to report annually to the Legislature a detailed account of their proceed-
ings, with a statement of the condition and needs of the agriculture of the State.
It was also made the duty of the Board to hold an agricultural convention annually
in Columbus, at which all the counties of the State were to be represented. This
act and one of the next year provided for a permanent agricultural fund and gave
a great stimulus to the formation of County Agricultural Societies. Since that
time scarcely a county in the State has been without such an organization. In
1846 the Board met and organized by the choice of a President and Secretary
and subsequently made their first report.

The First State Fair was held at Cincinnati on the 11th, 12th, 13th of September,
1850. At this fair Shorthorn and Hereford cattle were exhibited, and Leicester,
South Down, Merino and Saxon sheep. Although the first State Fair was very
different from the fairs of later date, it nevertheless made it easy to see something
of the educational value of such exhibitions. Among other valuable labors
inaugurated by the Board were many important investigations. Competent com-
mittees were appointed to examine and report to the Board upon such subjects
as Texas Fever, Hog Cholera, Potato Rot, Hessian Fly, Wheat Midge and a mul-
titude of others equally interesting. Essays upon almost every agricultural topic
were secured. Any person who has preserved a complete set of the Agricultural
Reports will find in them a comprehensive and valuable cyclopedia of information.
In these annual reports were directions for the profitable management of county
societies and also of farmers' clubs. Such instruction has saved many organiza-
tions from the more tedious process of learning only by experience. Several
State associations, each devoted to some special interest, have heartily co-operated
with the State Board and held their annual meetings near the time of the Agri-
cultural Convention for the mutual convenience of their members. Such are the
State Horticultural Society, the Wool-Growers and Dairymen's Associations,
various associations of Cattle-men, Swine Breeders, Bee Keepers, Tile Makers,
Forestry Bureau, etc., each representing a special field, but working together for
the general good.

Ohio Agricultural College. — Scarcely any subject has excited more interest in
Ohio than that of agricultural education. Mr. Allen Trimble, first President of
the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, in his Annual Report to the General Assembly
in 1848, recommended the immediate establishment of an Agricultural College
in Ohio, in which young farmers should obtain not only a literary and scientific
but an agricultural education thoroughly practical. In 1854 the Ohio Agricultural
College was established. James H. Fairchild, James Dascomb, John S. Newberry

108 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO.

and N. S. Townshend arranged to give annually at Oberlin winter courses of lec-
tures to young farmers upon branches of science most intimately related to agri-
culture, viz., geology, chemistry, botany, comparative anatomy, physiology, me-
chanics, book-keeping and meteorology, etc. These lectures were given for
three winters in succession, twice at Oberlin and once at Cleveland. An effort
was then made to interest the Ohio State Board of Agriculture and the General
Assembly in the enterprise. The State Board appointed a committee of their
number upon the subject; this committee made a favorable report, and the Board
then asked the Legislature for a sum sufficient to pay the expenses of the college
at Cleveland and make its instruction free to all. This request was not granted,
and soon after the first Ohio Agricultural College was closed.

Farmers' College. — Pleasant Hill Academy was opened by Freeman G. Cary in
1833 and prospered for a dozen years or more. Mr. Cary then proposed to change
the name of the academy to Farmers' College and to adapt the course of study
specially to the education of young farmers. A fund was raised by the sale of
shares, a suitable farm was purchased, commodious buildings erected and a large
attendance of pupils secured. Mr. Trimble, in his second report to the General
Assembly, as President of the State Board of Agriculture, refers to Farmers'
College and expresses the hope that the example found in this institution will be
followed in other parts of the State. In his third annual report Mr. Trimble
corrects the statements made in the former report in regard to Farmers' College;
he had learned that the agricultural department contemplated was not yet estab-
lished. In September, 1856, that department, under three appropriate professor-
ships, went into operation. Mr. Cary had earnestly endeavored to impress upon
the farmers of Ohio the necessity of special agricultural education, and had made
great efforts to supply the need. The Ohio Agricultural College had opened at
Oberlin in 1854 and therefore has an earlier date.

Land Grant and Ohio State University. — In 1862 Congress passed an act donating
lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for instruc-
tion in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Ohio State Board of Agriculture
promptly sought to secure for the State of Ohio the benefits of the donation.
Notwithstanding the efforts of the Board and many other citizens the Ohio
Agricultural and Mechanical College was not put in operation until September,
1873. In 1870 the law was passed to establish such a college, a Board of Trustees
was appointed, a farm purchased, buildings erected, a faculty chosen and the
following departments established :

1. Agriculture.

2. Mechanic Arts.

3. Mathematics and Physics.

4. General and Applied Chemistry.

5. Geology, Mining and Metallurgy.

6. Zoology and Veterinary Science.

7. Botany, Vegetable Physiology and Horticulture.

8. English Language and Literature.

9. Modern and Ancient Languages.
10. Political Economy and Civil Polity.

In May, 1878, the General Assembly changed the name of the Ohio Agricult-
ural and Mechanical College to Ohio State University, probably thinking that the
latter name better expressed the character of an institution having so many
departments. The University has been in successful operation for fifteen years.
Its first class of six graduated in 1878 ; the class which graduated in 1886 num-
bered twenty-five. The teaching force and means for practical illustration are
steadily increasing. New departments have been added — Civil, Mechanical and
Mining Engineering, Agricultural Chemistry, Veterinary Medicine and Surgery,
Pharmacy, etc. Two courses of study have been arranged for young farmers:
the first occupies four years and secures a degree ; the second, or short agricultural
course, is completed in two years.

A Geological Survey of Ohio was ordered by the General Assembly in 1836 and
some preliminary surveys were made and reports published. The Legislature of
1838 failed to make an appropriation for the continuance of the work. In March,
1869, a law was passed providing for a complete geological, agricultural and

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO. 109

mineralogical survey of each and every county of the State. In pursuance of
this law surveys have been made. Six volumes of reports, in addition to two
volumes specially devoted to Paleontology, have already been published. These
reports have been of great service and have given great satisfaction.

The Grange, or Order of Patrons of Husbandry, from its beginning had a most
happy influence upon the families w T hich have enjoyed its benefits. It has dem-
onstrated to farmers the good results of organization and co-operation. A long
way in advance of many other associations, the Grange admits women to equal
membership and promotes the best interests of families by enlisting fathers,
mothers and children in the same pursuits and enjoyments. The Ohio State
Grange was organized in 1872. The National Grange, which was in existence
some fivre or six years earlier, declares its purpose to be : " To develop a better and
higher manhood and womanhood among ourselves, to enhance the comforts and
attractions of our homes and strengthen our attachments to our pursuits, to
foster mutual understanding and co-operation, to maintain inviolate our laws,
and to emulate each other in labor to hasten the good time coming," etc.

Institutes. — In the winter of 1880 and 1881 Farmers' Institutes were held in some
twenty-five or more different counties of the State. Every succeeding year the
number of institutes and the interest in them has increased. Each institute
usually continues for two days. The time is occupied by addresses and papers
on topics related to agriculture and with questions and discussions upon subjects
of special interest. The institutes were generally held under the management
of the County Agricultural Societies. The Ohio State Board of Agriculture and
the Ohio State University shared the labor when desired to do so. The effect of
these meetings of farmers has been highly beneficial in very many respects.

The Ohio Experiment Station was established by the Legislature in April, 1882,
and placed in charge of a Board of Control. The first annual report was made
by the Director, W. R. Lazenby, in December of the same year. Since that time
successive annual reports and occasional bulletins have been published and dis-
tributed. The investigations reported relate to grain-raising, stock-farming, dairy
husbandry, fruit and vegetable culture and forestry. Appropriations made by
the State were limited and the work of the station was to the same extent
restricted. In March, 1887, Congress made liberal appropriations for experiment
stations, which, however, w T ere not available until March, 1888. The congressional
allowance puts new life into the work and inspires the hope that a period of rapid
progress has been inaugurated. The Ohio Experiment Station is located upon
the farm of the Ohio State University. This close association, it is believed, will
prove beneficial to both institutions.

THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO.

By ANDREW ROY, Late State Inspector of Mines.

ANDREW Roy was born in Lanarkshire,
Scotland, in 1834. He attended school until
he was eight years of age and then went to
work in the coal mines. When he was sixteen
his father and family moved to America and
settled in the coal regions of Maryland. Young
Roy remained with his parents a few years and
then went west, working in the mines of a num-
ber of Western States. In 1860, together with
a friend, he was digging coal in Arkansas.
The booming of the rebel cannon before Fort
Sumter shook the woods of that half-savage
State. Roy saw the gathering clouds of civil
war and did not hesitate a moment. He threw
down his tools, hastened east and joined a
Pennsylvania company of volunteers. He
served under McClellan in the bloody battles
before Richmond, was shot through the body at
Gaines' Hill and was left as dead by the retreat-
ing Federals. The rebels, however, found him
yet alive and sent him back to Libby Prison.
In a few months he was paroled, returned
home, had a surgical operation performed on
his wound and recovered. He married Janet
Watson in 1864, and a few years later moved to
Ohio. After the dreadful Avondale disaster
Mr. R,oy was sent by the miners to Columbus
to urge upon the legislature the necessity of
mining laws for Ohio. Governor Hayes ap-
pointed him to serve with two others on a com-
mission to investigate the condition of the
mines and report the same to the legislature.
The result of the report was the passage of mining laws. Governor Allen appointed Roy mine inspec*
tor for four years, and Governor Foster did the same. In 1884 Mr. Roy retired from the office, enjoy-
ing the respect of the miners of the State. During the time he held the inspector's office he gained
a considerable reputation as a geologist. His efforts on behalf of the miners were unceasing, and he
has been called the father of mining laws in Ohio. He is the author of several books on coal-mining
and frequently contributes articles to the noted mining journals of the country. At present (1888) he
resides at Glen Roy, a mining village in Jackson county, Ohio.

The Ohio coal-field is part of the great Appalachian coal-belt which extends
from Pennsylvania to Georgia and which runs through portions of nine different
States, namely: Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky,
Ohio, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. The State of Ohio contains about 12,000
square miles of coal-producing strata, the line of outcrop extending through the
counties of Trumbull, Geauga, Portage, Summit, Medina, Wayne, Holmes, Co-
shocton, Licking, Perry, Hocking, Vinton, Jackson, and Scioto. Outliers of coal
strata are found in several counties west and north of this line, but they contain
little coal of any value.

The coal measures of the State, as well as all the rocks of the geological scale,
dip to the east at an average rate of twenty feet to the mile. Hence the eastern
margin of the coal strata in the high land bordering the Ohio river in the counties
of Belmont, Monroe, Washington and Meigs, attains a thickness of 1,400 to 1,600
feet.

These strata are separated into three divisions by our geologists and are known
as the "lower measures," the " barren measures," and the u upper measures."
The lower measures are about 550 feet thick, the barren measures 450 to 600 feet
thick, and the upper measures about 600 feet thick.

In the lower measures there are twelve to fourteen different beds of coal which,
(no)

ANDREW ROY.

THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. in

in some portions of the coal-field, rise to minable height, and also many thin veins
of no immediate commercial value. Besides the workable beds of coal there
are numerous seams of iron ore, fire-clay, limestone, building stone of great
extent and value.

In the barren measures there are no seams of coal of minable height that are
worked, and but one seam that may be regarded as a workable vein.

The upper measures hold nine different beds which rise to three feet and
upward, the thickest, most extensive, and by far the most valuable of the series
being the lower bed of the series known as the Pittsburg vein.

In the lower measures the lowest coal, known as No. I in Dr. Newberry's
nomenclature, is extensively mined in the counties of Jackson, Stark, Summit,
Mahoning and Trumbull. In the two last-named counties this coal is now well-
nigh exhausted. It is known in market as the Briar-Hill coal, and enjoys a wide
reputation as one of the best dry-burning or furnace coals in the United States.

The vein, as mined, ranges from two to five feet in thickness, and is met in
troughs or basins which are separated from each other by extensive intervals of
barren ground. Hence, while the greater portions of the townships of Brookfield,
Vienna, Liberty and Hubbard, in Trumbull county, and nearly all of the town-
ships of Mahoning county, in the Mahoning valley, are underlaid with coal-
bearing strata, not one acre in fifty holds the coal where it is due. Similar con-
ditions exist in Stark and other counties in the Tuscarawas valley as well as in
Jackson county.

The swamps or basins in which this coal reposes are long, narrow and serpen-
tine, and seem to have been formed by erosive agencies before the coal flora grew.
The rocks underlying the coal are spread out in level sheets with the normal dip
to the east, while the coal itself pitches and waves sometimes at an angle of
twenty-five degrees. It grows gradually thinner as it rises out of the swamp
until, on the edge of the basin, it disappears as a feather-edge.

The other beds of the lower measures which are in most active development
are the Wellston coal of Jackson county and the Nelsonville or great-vein coal
of the Hocking valley.

The Wellston coal lies about 100 feet above the lower, or coal No. 1, and is a
seam of great purity and value. It is three to four feet thick, a homogeneous
mass, of an open burning character, and is used for smelting iron in a raw state
in the blast furnaces of Jackson county. The greater portion of the output of
the mines, however, is shipped west and north to the vast coalless regions, and is
used for household purposes and for generating steam.

The Nelsonville or great-vein coal is more extensively mined than any seam
of the series. It is the thickest coal in the State, rising at many places in the
Hocking valley to ten feet or more, and in the great majority of the mines of the
Hocking region the coal is never less than five and a half feet thick. The bed is
met in three divisions, known as the lower bench, the middle bench, and the
upper bench, these benches being separated by two bands of shale. The lower
bench is about twenty-two inches thick, the middle bench about two feet thick,
and the upper bench from two feet to six feet, according to the height of vein.
Where the seam rises to nine, ten and eleven feet, the unusual height is due to
the union of two seams, a rider of the main seam, two to three feet thick, coming
down upon the main seam.

There are a dozen districts in the State in which coal is extensively worked from
some one or other of the lower beds of the State series. These are the Mahoning
valley region, the Tuscarawas valley region, the Salineville region, the Coshocton
region, the Dell Roy or Sherrodsville region, the Cambridge region, the Jackson
region, the Ironton region, the Nelsonville or Hocking valley region, the Steu-
ben ville region, the Zanesville region, and the Dennison region.

Only one seam is extensively mined in the upper measures: the Pittsburg
seam, which is the coal worked at and around Bellaire and at and near Pomeroy,
both regions being on the Ohio river. On Wheeling creek, a few miles east of
Bellaire, as well as at several points along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad, the Pittsburg vein is also quite extensively worked, but these districts
may properly be included in the Bellaire region. The coal is opened by drifts,
shafts, and slopes, according to the prevailing conditions of a district. Where

U2 THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO.

the vein is level free it is won by drift mining ; but where it lies under cover at
all points it is reached by shafts or slopes. Slopes are not suited to mine coal at
depths exceeding 100 feet, and shaft mining is the favorite method.

None of the shaft mines of the State exceed 300 feet of perpendicular depth, and
the majority of shaft mines are less than 125 feet deep. An opinion prevails
among mining geologists that the lower coals, which are due on the Ohio river
at Bellaire and Pomeroy 1,000 feet below the surface, do not exist there, and such
practical facts as we have on hand — the result of boring for salt, oil, and gas —
seem to encourage that view. There are extensive wastes or areas of barren
ground in all the regions of the State, and it is never safe to count with absolute
certainty on the presence of a seam of coal at any point of the coal-field until it
has been found by prospecting on the hillside or struck by the driller's chisel in
boring. These barren areas are due to a number of causes, such as water- spaces
in the old coal-marsh, water-currents flowing over the coal vegetation while the
peat bogs of the carboniferous age were undergoing decomposition, and mineral-
ization, etc., etc. The seams are also liable to thicken up and to dwarf down to
a mere trace, when followed from one county to another.

There are several varieties of coal in the Ohio coal-field, such as open-burning,
or furnace coal, cementing or coking coal, and cannel coal. The first of these
varieties is often used as it comes from the mine for smelting iron; while the
cementing variety has to be converted into coke before it is fitted for the manu-
facture of iron, for it melts and runs together in the act of combustion, forming a
hollow fire, and hanging in the furnace. Cannel coal is smooth and hard, and
breaks with a conchoidal fracture. This variety contains more gas than the
ordinary free-burning and coking kinds. It burns with a bright flame, and the
gas manufactured from it possesses high illuminating power. Cannel frequently
changes to the ordinary bituminous variety, and vice versa.

The development of the coal trade of the State has been very remarkable.
Some of the pioneer miners still survive. Mr. Henry Newberry, father of Dr.
John S. Newberry, the. eminent geologist, was one of the pioneer miners of
Eastern Ohio, and made the first shipments to Cleveland in the year 1828, for the
purpose of supplying the lake steamboats. A few years ago the writer, in pub-
lishing this fact in his annual report as State Inspector of Mines, received the
following letter from H. V. Bronson, of Peninsula, who took the first boat-load to
Cleveland :

" Peninsula, Summit County, Ohio, April 8, 1878.
"Andrew Roy, Esq. :

"Sir: Not long since I saw in the papers that in your annual report as State Inspector of
Mines you stated "that the first coal shipped to Cleveland was in the year 1828, and by the late
Mr. Henry Newberry, of Cuyahoga Falls, father of Prof. Newberry, of Cleveland. I took
that coal to Cleveland for Mr. Newberry, it being fifty years ago since it was done. I was
then in the seventeenth year of my age, and have resided in this place ever since 1824. There
were three of us boys on the boat. One of them was about a year my junior, and now resides
in one of the townships of Cuyahoga county, and became a successful inventor and business
man . The other was then in his twelfth year, and is now a lawyer, with a lucrative practice,
in a beautiful growing city in an adjoining State. On the first of January last I made a New
Year's call on Prof. Newberry at his home in Cleveland. A few years ago I presented Prof.
Newberry with a lump of the coal taken from one of the boat-loads of that coal. As this
whole transaction is somewhat remarkable, I have taken the liberty to write you about it,
especially as we three boatmen are natives of Cuyahoga county.

44 Very respectfully,

"H.V. Bronson."

The late President Garfield was a canal boatman from the mines of Governor
David Tod, of Briar Hill, near Youngstown, to Cleveland, when he was a boy
of fifteen years of age; and an accident which occurred to Garfield while on
a canal-boat, by which he was nearly drowned, determined in some degree
his future career. He fell into the canal and could not swim, and was saved, as
he believed, by providential interference. He resolved to become a scholar,
believing that God had destined him for some great purpose in life.

The mines of the Mahoning valley region were first opened by Governor David
Tod, in the year 1845, at Briar Hill, and such was the superior quality of the
coal that the coal of the Mahoning and Shenango valley was ever after known

THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. 113

in market as Briar Hill coal. At Mineral Ridge, a few miles from Briar Hill,
the coal-seam is split in two, the intercalated material consisting of a seam of
black band iron ore, from four to fourteen inches in thickness. This ore is mined
in connection with the coal, and is used in the blast-furnaces of the region with
the hematite ores of the Lake Superior region, producing a very superior grade
of iron, known in market as American Scotch pig.

The seams of coal and iron ore of the Hocking valley region were noted by the
first white men who visited this country. A map of the Western country now in
the possession of Judge P. H. Ewing, of Lancaster, Fairfield county, published
in the year 1788, notes a number of sections of coal and iron-ore beds.

The development of the great coal region of the Hocking valley was due to the
construction of the Hocking valley branch of the Ohio canal. Among the
pioneer mine operators of this region was the elder Thomas Ewing, afterwards
United States Senator from Ohio, and a member of President Lincoln's cabinet.
His mines were located at Chauncy, at Nelsonville. The best market for coal at
that time was the old Neil House, in Columbus. Thomas Ewing, and his asso-
ciates in business, Samuel F. Vinton, Nicholas Biddle, and Elihu Chauncy, also
mined salt in the Hocking valley, the first salt-well of the region being sunk in
the year 1831 by Resolved Fuller, the water yielding ten per cent, of salt.

The Ohio and Mississippi rivers are the greatest and cheapest coal carriers in
the world, and the vast coal-trade development of these famous streams dates back
fifty years. The cost of shipping coal from Pittsburg to Louisville is only one
and three-quarter cents per bushel, or forty-three and three-quarter cents per ton,
the distance being upward of 600 miles. From Louisville to New Orleans, a dis-
tance of 1,400 miles, the freight on coal is two cents per bushel, or fifty cents per
ton, and this includes the return of the empty barges. The lowest freights
charged by railroads is one cent per mile.

In the year 1818 a merchant of Cincinnati made an estimate for the benefit of
Samuel Wyllis Pomeroy, who owned the coal-lands on which the mines of
Pomeroy are now opened, of the amount of coal then used on the Ohio river
between Pomeroy and the falls of the Ohio.

" I am able," wrote the merchant to Mr. Pomeroy, " to communicate the follow-
ing information :

Cincinnati steam-mill consumes annually,
" iron-foundry " u

" Manufacturing Co. "

" Sugar Manufacturing Co. "
" Steam Saw-mill Co.
In Maysville, used or sold,
" Louisville, " " "
" Dean steam-mill, 100 miles below Cincinnati,

Total, 116,000

One of the noted pioneer miners of the Ohio river is Jacob Heatherington of
Bellaire. Mr. Heatherington is a practical miner of English birth who came to
Bellaire more than half a century ago. He purchased a mule which was named
Jack, and leased three acres of coal-land fronting the Ohio river. Jack did ser-
vice as a mining mule for thirty years, during which time Mr. Heatherington
prospered in business. When the faithful mule was no longer able to work his
master turned him out to pasture and with great solicitude watched over his de-
clining years. When poor Jack fell and was too old and infirm to rise he was
gently raised to his feet by loving hands, and when death came at last the faith-
ful animal was buried with great ceremonies. Mr. Heatherington lives in a fine
mansion on the Ohio river, and upon the keystone of the arch over the hall dooi
has been carved the head of the faithful mule.

Whiie Governor David Tod was the pioneer miner of the Mahoning valley, the
great coal king of that region is Chauncey Andrews. The lucrative nature of the
coal business of the Mahoning valley owing to the superior quality of the coal
and its proximity to Lake Erie attracted the attention of Mr. Andrews. As the

12,000 bi

3Sh(

20,000

5,000

2,000

'5,000

30,000

12,000

H4 THE MINES AND' MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO.

coal is at all points in this region below water level and is found in basins or pots
of limited area it has to be located by boring. Mr. Andrews was unsuccessful for
several years, spending many thousand dollars and bringing himself to the verge
of financial ruin. But he continued prospecting until success rewarded his per-
severing efforts, and he is now one of the greatest coal miners in the State, being
owner besides of blast furnaces, rolling-mills and railroads which he has built by
his determined perseverance and business successes. The extraordinary prosperity
of Youngstown is due to Chauncey Andrews more than to all other causes com-
bined.

The space allotted to this article is too brief to include a sketch of the develop-
ment of the coal trade, and of the men who were the pioneer miners of the State.
Such a sketch, however, could not fail to be of great interest to the people of
Ohio, for coal is the power upon which the future wealth and prosperity of the
people will largely depend.

The manner of mining is the same in every mining district. Where the coal
is level free it is followed into the hill sides, and the workings are opened up by
driving galleries eight feet wide on the face slips of the coal, which run in a
northerly direction. At intervals of 150 to 200 yards branch galleries are opened
of the same width as the main ones, and the rooms or chambers from which the
coal is chiefly mined are opened out from the side or branch entries. The rooms
are driven forward eight to ten yards wide for eighty to one hundred yards,
pillars or columns of coal being left between the rooms for the support of the
superincumbent strata.

Where the coal is won by shaft mining the same system of working out the
coal obtains as where the seam is level free, but larger columns of coal are left
to keep in place the overlying rocks in deep shafts than in shallow ones or in
drifts or level free openings. Some seams of coal are more tender than others
and larger pillars are required in consequence. Such seams of soft coal are less
able to resist the overlying pressure than those of a firm and compact character.
As a general rule mining operators aim to take out about 66 per cent, of coal in
working forward, and after the workings have been advanced to the boundary of
the plant the pillar coal is attacked in the far end of the excavation, and as much
of the pillar coal mined as can be recovered. When an area of several acres has
been all worked away the roof falls to the floor, and while the rocks are breaking
the whole of the overlying strata appears to be giving way, but the miners con-
tinue at their posts until the crash finally occurs, when they retreat undismayed
under the protection of the unmined pillars. The pillars bordering the last fall
are next attacked and worked out until another crash comes on, and this method
is repeated until the workmen reach the bottom of the shaft or the mouth of the
drift. If the seam of coal is five or six feet thick and the overlying strata not more
than 150 to 200 feet, great chasms are frequently made on the surface of the earth
directly over the places where the coal has been mined out. Houses and parts
of villages are sometimes involved in the subsidence.

A system of working coal prevails in some of the mining regions of Illinois and
Kansas, of working all the coal out as the miners advance with the excavations.
This plan is known as the long wall system, and is only practiced in seams of
four feet or less in thickness. Where bands of shale or fire clay are met in the
coal and have to be sorted out and thrown aside in the mine, they are an advan-
tage in long wall working, as they assist in the construction of the pack walls,
which require to be built where the miners are at work. While long wall min-
ing has many warm advocates among practical miners in Ohio this system has
never obtained a permanent foothold in the State. Several of our coal seams are
well adapted to long wall working.

In excavating the coal a groove or undercut is made in the bottom of the bed
three to six feet in depth, along the width of the room. A hole is then bored in
the coal with a drill having a bit about two inches wide. A charge of powder is
inserted in the hole proportioned to the necessity of the case, when the powder
is tightly tamped and the blast set off. The miner generally loads all the coal in
the car as he breaks it down in his room, and after it is raised to the surface it is
formed into lump, nut and slack as it passes over the screens into the railroad
cars at the pit mouth, the lump coal falling into one car, the nut coal into another

THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. 115

and the slack into still another, and thus assorted the various grades are shipped
to market.

The capacity or output of the mines of the State varies greatly. Thick coals are
capable of a greater daily output than thin seams, and as a general rule drift
mines possess greater advantages for loading coal rapidly than shaft openings.
In many of the mines of the great vein region of the Hocking valley the capacity
is equal to 1,200 to 1,500 tons per day. In shaft mines 600 to 700 tons daily is
regarded as a good output.

The first ton of coal in a shaft mine 100 feet in depth and having a daily
capacity of 600 tons frequently costs the mining adventurer upwards of $20,000,
and cases are on record where owing to the extraordinary amount of water in
sinking, $100,000 have been expended before coal was reached. Drift mines, as
they require no machinery for pumping water and raising coal, cost less than
half the amount required in shaft mining.

Water is, however, an expensive item in drift mines opened on the dip of the
coal, and underground hauling under such conditions is unusually costly, par-
ticularly if horses or mules are used. Many mining companies use machinery
instead of horse-power, and this is always true economy.

Two plans obtain where machinery is used, namely, by small mine locomotives
and by wire ropes operated by a stationary engine located outside or at the bottom
of the mine. Locomotives are objectionable owing to the smoke they make,
though under the management of a skilled mining engineer who is master of the
art of mine ventilation, the smoke from a mine locomotive can be made quite
harmless.

Three gases are met in coal mines which make ventilation a paramount con-
sideration. These gases are known among miners as fire damp, black damp and
white damp. Fire damp is the light carburetted hydrogen of chemistry, and
when mixed with certain proportions of atmospheric air explodes with great
force and violence, producing the most dreadful consequences. Black damp is
carbonic acid, and white damp is carbonic oxide gas. They are formed by
blasting, by the breathing of men and animals, and they escape from the coal
and its associate strata. Fire damp is seldom met in alarming quantities in drift
or shallow shaft mines, and as our mines in Ohio are all less than three hundred
feet below the surface, few explosions of a very destructive nature have yet
occurred in the State. Black damp is the chief annoyance in Ohio mines.

There is an excitement in coal mining as there is in every branch of mining
the useful and precious metals. Few men who go into the coal business ever turn
their backs upon it afterwards. And, indeed, there are few failures in coal min-
ing enterprises, while nearly every adventurer grows rich in time.

Until the year 1874 there was no attempt made to collect the statistics of the
coal production of the State. In that year the General Assembly created the
office of State Inspector of Mines, and the inspector published in his annual re-
ports from the best data obtainable a statement of the aggregate annual output,
beginning with the year 1872. For several years after the enactment of the law
creating the Department of Mines operators were unwilling to furnish the mine
inspector with a statement of the output, and as the law did not require this to
be done, the statistics were generally estimates based on the returns made to the
mine inspector by such companies as chose to report the product of their mines.
In 1884, however, the law was so amended as to require all the mining firms in the
State to report the product of coal, iron ore and limestone, and the annual output
of these minerals is now more accurate and valuable than formerly.

Annual Coal Production of Ohio from 1872 to 1886.

Years. Tons. Years. Tons.

1872. . . 5,315,294 1880 * . . 7,000,000

1873 ■ . . 4,550,028 1881 8,225,000

1874 3,267,585 1882 . 9,450,000

1875 4,864,259 1883 . , 8,229,429

1876 3,500,000 1884 . , 7,650,062

1877 5,250,000 1885 . . 7,816,179

1878 5,500,000 1886 .......... 8,435,211

1879 . . . 6,000,000 1887 10,301,708

n6 THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO.
Coal Production by Counties for 1885 and 1886.

Counties.

Tonnage for 1886.

Lump.

Nut.

Total 1886.

Total 1885.

Perry . .
Athens . .
Jackson . .
Hocking
Stark . .
Belmont
Guernsey .
Columbiana
Mahoning .
Jefferson .
Tuscarawas
Medina . .
Carroll . .
Meigs . .
Trumbull .
Lawrence .
Wayne . .
Muskingum
Summit
Portage
Vinton . .
Coshocton .
Gallia . .
Holmes . .
Harrison
Washington
Morgan
Noble . .
Scioto . .

1,346,131

766,411

717,516

637,224

519,992

462,252

349,503

268,465

251,515

242,051

212,362

223,747

184,095

165,627

162,331

139,173

99,174

85,011

70,221

61,273

49.392

43.361

14,862

10,491

5,132

4,000

4,370

3,342

261,535

132,635

139,224

104,347

73,430

111,527

84,297

67,598

61,525

33,615

55,304

28,664

32,535

26,636

26,200

27,760

9,883

11,590

12,004

9,066

10,621

9,573

2,562

2,179

377

1,500

1,607,666

899,046

856,740

741,571

593,422

573,779

433,800

336,063

313,040

275,666

267,666

252,411

216,630

192,263

188,531

166,933

109,057

96,601

82,225

70,339

60,013

52,934

17,424

12,670

5,509

5,500

4,370

3,342

None repo'd

1,259,592

823,139

791,608

656,441

391,418

744,446

297,267

462,733

275,944

271,329

285,545

152,721

150,695

234,765

264.517

145,916

81,507

86,846

145,134

77,071

77,127

99,609

16,383

11,459

' 5,000
5,536

' 2,440

Totals

7,099,024

1,336,187

8,435,211

7,816,179

The following table gives a summary, in a condensed form, of the tonnage,
time worked, employes and casualties in each county in 1887.*

Table of Tonnage, Time Worked, Number op Men, etc., in Each County in 1887.

Counties.

Athens . .
Belmont .
Columbiana
Coshocton .
Carroll . .
Guernsey .
Gallia . .
Holmes
Harrison .
Hocking .
Jackson
Jefferson .

Tonnage.

1,083,543

721,767

516,057

124,791

293,328

553,613

15,365

10,526

4,032

853,063

1,135,605

293,875

44
54
57
20
27
15

2
12

7
17
64
20

a ©
3

35
43
44
47
44
31
40
40

3i
35
40

2,080

1,092

872

219

533

795

1,389

2,213

495

W 02

318

241

185

104

253

291

* Mine Inspector's report*

THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO. 11-7

Table of Tonnage, Time Worked, Number of Men, etc., in Each County in

1 887 — Continued.

Counties.

Tonnage.

r*
fe

Lawrence . . . .
Meigs . . . . .
Muskingum . . .
Mahoning . . . .

Medina

Morgan (estimated)

Noble

Perry

Portage . . . .
Summit . . . .

Stark

Tuscarawas . .
Trumbull . . . .

Vinton

Wayne

Washington . . .

143,559
] 8,5,205

171,928

272,349

225,487

4,100

6,300

1,870,841

65,163

95,815

784,164

506,466

167,989

89,727

105,150

1,880

22 42

15
73
31

1
70

3
11
57
47
26
19

Totals 10, 301 , 708

729

28
38
43
41

34
34
38
35
37
33
44
36

913

306
495
385
642
550
10
8

3,008
138
156

1,561
852
533
200
261
7

118

633

253

149

71
o

3
17
3
4
1
1

18,877

3,360

The beds of iron-ore associated with the coal-seams of the Coal Measures are
known by the general name of black-band ore, limestone ore, block ore, kidney
ore, etc. Black-band is a dark gray, bituminous shale with reddish streaks run-
ning through it. It is met in paying quantities in only two horizons in the State;
namely, that of the lower coal of the series, as has been already stated, and over
coal No. 7. In its best development in the mines of the Mahoning valley it yields
a ton of ore to a ton of coal, but one ton of ore to three tons of coal will be the
general average, and it is present in only a few mines of the valley.

In the Tuscarawas valley, near Canal Dover and Port Washington, the black-
band capping coal No. 7 is met in basins of limited area. In the centre of these
basins the ore is sometimes met ten to twelve feet in thickness, but it soon dwarfs
to a few inches and disappears entirely. Black-band has been met on other hori-
zons of the lower Coal Measures, but never of such quality as to justify mining.

The limestone ores, as calcareous and argillaceous carbonates and hydro-perox-
ides or linonites, are very abundant and have been mined for fifty years m the
Hanging Rock regions of Ohio and Kentucky. They were the base of the char-
coal iron industries of this famous iron region — an industry which, owing to the
growing scarcity of timber, is fast disappearing forever. The limestone ores
derive their name from being associated with a thick and extensive deposit of
gray limestone which is spread over a greater portion of the counties of Lawrence,
Scioto, Jackson and Vinton, in OhioTand the counties of Greenup, Boyd and
Carter, in Kentucky. The iron made from this ore has always held a front rank
in market, the cold-blast iron being particularly prized for the manufacture of
ordnance, car wheels and other castings requiring tough iron.

In the manufacture of charcoal iron the linonite ore was preferred, and as this
ore appeared as an outcrop it was mined by stripping the overlying cover. The
counties constituting the Hanging Rock iron region on both sides of the Ohio
river, along the horizon of the gray limestone ore, have been worked over in
every hill and the ore stripped to a depth of eight to twelve feet, forming a line
of many miles of terrace work. Since the decline of the charcoal iron industry
the miners have penetrated boldly under cover and worked away the ore as coal
is mined underground. The linonites when followed under cover change to car-
bonates, and become less valuable in consequence. There are six to eight distinct
ore horizons in the Hanging Rock region, but none of these deposits bear com-

n8 THE MINES AND MINING RESOURCES OF OHIO.

parison with the gray limestone ore both as regards quality of mineral and thick-
ness of vein.

The ores of value in the horizons of the Hanging Rock region are known as the
big red block, the sand block and the little red block. These deposits lie lower
in the geological scale than the limestone ore, and are obtained by stripping.
The big red block sometimes rises to eighteen inches in thickness, but it is gen-
erally met in beds of six inches or less. The sand block ore is also less than six
inches thick, and is inferior to the big or little red blocks in quality, containing
less iron and more silica. The little red block is not more than four inches thick
on an average. These ores are mined in connection with the limestone ore wher-
ever they are met in paying quality and quantity. They are too thin as a general
rule to follow under cover. Occasionally other seams are met and mined, and a
deposit known as the Boggs, which rises to three and four feet in thickness, but
occurs as a local deposit, is recovered by drift mining.

In most of the coal regions of the State iron ore is mined to a greater or less
extent, the deposits of the Hanging Rock region reappearing as equivalent strata
on the same geological horizons in every part of the coal-field. The ores have
local names, as the coals have local names. Nowhere is exclusive reliance placed
in the native ores of the State in the manufacture of stone coal iron, the Lake
Superior and Iron Mountain ores of the specular and hematite varieties forming
an important mixture at every blast-furnace, while in several of the iron producing
districts foreign ores are used exclusively. We have no hematite ore in the Coal
Measures of Ohio, although our linonites, which are simply argillaceous carbo-
nates oxydized by the action of the atmosphere, bear some resemblance to hema-
tite ore. Black band and clay band ores are the main product of the Coal Meas-
ures. The following is the output of ore for the year 1887, as copied from the
last annual report of the inspector of mining.

Amount of Iron Ore Mined in 1887.

Counties.

Tons of
Black Band.

Tons of
Clay Band.

Lawrence

147,479

Vinton

37,920
36,362

Jackson

Tuscarawas

61,595

Perry

27,711

Mahoning

21,630
4,740

Trumbull

Columbiana .

7,800
14,784

Scioto

Hocking

9,118

Gallia

8,326

Total tons . .

87,965

289,500

JAMES GEDDES.

SAMUEL FORRER.

PIONEER ENGINEERS OF OHIO.

BY COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY.

[Of the many who contributed a paper to the first edition of this work, Col. Whittlesey was the only
one living to contribute to the second edition and this is the paper. He has not, we profoundly regret to
have to say, lived to see it in print. For a notice of its very eminent author the reader is referred to
Cuyahoga county.]

When Governor Ethan Allen Brown became an ardent advocate for navigable
canals in Ohio, he did not meet with the opposition which DeWitt Clinton en-
countered in New York. The leading men of this State, whether from Episcopal
Virginia, Scotch-Irish New Jersey, Quaker Pennsylvania or Puritan New England,
were endowed with broad views of public policy. Many had seen military ser-
vice from the old French war, through that of the Revolution, the Indian wars
and that of 1812.

They foresaw the destiny of Ohio in case her affairs were administered judi-
ciously.

Men who were not appalled by the scalping knife, or its directing power, Great
Britain, were equal to an encounter with the wilderness after peace was secured.

The hope and courage of our citizens, with a rich soil and a genial climate,
constituted the resources of the State.

In response to Gov. Brown's earnest recommendation, the legislature appointed
a committee to consider a plan for internal navigation in January, 1819. Early
in 1820 a call was made for information from all sources on that subject. On the
21st of January, 1822, a joint resolution was passed, appointing a canal board,
which consisted of Alfred Kelley, Benjamin Tappan, Thomas Worthington, Isaac
Menor, Jeremiah Morrow and Ethan Allen Brown, with power to cause surveys
to be made for the improvement of the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville ; and to
examine four routes for a canal or canals from Lake Erie to the Ohio. Six thou-
sand dollars was appropriated for that purpose.

Prior to 1778, Capt. Thomas Hutchins, of the Provincial army and the inventor
of the American System of Land Survey, had made a survey of the Falls, which re-

(»9)

120 PIONEER ENGINEERS OF OHIO.

suited in a map and report of a plan to facilitate the progress of flat-boats and
their freight.

Neither instruments nor engineers could be procured by the commissioners to
survey the rapids of the Ohio, and nothing was done by them in that direction.
James Geddes, one of the engineers of the Erie canal in New York, was employed
as chief engineer in Ohio, and Isaac Jerome was appointed assistant. Only one
leveling instrument could be obtained. One or more of the commissioners were
generally in the field with the engineers. Several matters appear in the first re-
port in the winter of 1822-23 well worthy of the attention of the present genera-
tion. They were not promised and did not receive pay for their services. Their
personal expenses for 1822 amounted to one hundred and seventy-six dollars and forty-
nine cents.

During the season over 800 miles of canal routes had been surveyed with one
instrument at a cost, including services, of two thousand four hundred and twenty-
six dollars and ten cents.

Such were the characters to whom were committed this great project to build
up a growing State. They had been directed to surve} 7 routes from Sandusky to
the Ohio river ; from the Maumee river to the Ohio river ; from Lake Erie to the
Ohio river by the Black and Muskingum rivers; also by the. sources of the Cuya-
hoga, and from Lake Erie by the sources of the Grand and Mahoning rivers.

In December, 1822, a full and able report was made by Chief Engineer Geddes
and by the commissioners, including estimates on all the routes. What is
especially remarkable, the final construction came within the estimates.

To comprehend the task imposed upon the engineers and commissioners, the
wilderness condition of the State in 1822 must be realized. All the routes were
along the valleys of streams, with only here and there a log-cabin, whose inmates
were shivering with malarial fever. These valleys were the most densely wooded
parts, obstructed by swamps, bayous and flooded lands, which would now be
regarded as impassable.

Between 1822 and 1829, Isaac Jerome, Seymour Kiff, John Jones, John Brown,
Peter Lutz, Robert Anderson, Dyer Minor and William Latimer, of the engineers,
died from their exposures and the diseases of the country. Chain-men, axe-men
and rod-men suffered in fully as great proportion.

Among the engineers who survived was David S. Bates (chief-engineer after
Judge Geddes), Alexander Bourne, John Bates, William R. Hopkins, Joseph
Ridgeway, Jr., Thomas I. Matthews, Samuel Forrer, Francis S. Cleveland, James
M. Bucklang, Isaac N. Hurd, Charles E. Lynch, Philip N. White, James H.
Mitchell and John S. Beardsley, assistants.

During the construction of the canal, from 1825-35, many other engineers of
reputation became resident engineers, among whom were Sebried Dodge, John
W. Erwin, who still survives, James H. McBride, Leonder Ransom, Richard
Howe and Sylvester Medbury.

JAMES GEDDES.

In the published histories of Onondaga county, New York, Judge Geddes occu-
pies a conspicuous place.

He was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1763, of poor Scottish pa-
rents. After working on the farm and teaching school until he was of age, he
made a journey to Kentucky, intending to settle there, but was too much dis-
gusted with slavery to become a resident. In 1793 he prepared to manufacture
salt at Onondaga lake, at a place since known as Geddis, there being then no
Syracuse. After much deliberation, the Indians refused his presents and he
departed, leaving the goods in their hands. They solved the difficulty by adopt-
ing him as a white brother, and the salt business went on. He was a self-made
surveyor and'civil engineer, and engaged upon the survey and construction of the
Erie canal. After his service in Ohio and the completion of the Erie canal, he
was employed by the United States on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal until
1828.

In that year he was requested to survey a canal route from the Tennessee to
the Altamaha,<but declined in order to engage upon the Pennsylvania canals. In

PIONEER ENGINEERS OF OHIO. 121

person he was rather short and robust, but very active and capable of great endur-
ance. His disposition was genial, his manner cordial, inclined to be communi-
cative.

Mr. George B. Merwin, of Rockport, Cuyahoga county, remembers Judge Geddes
principally as a lover of buttermilk. Mr. Merwin, when a boy, was furnished
with a pony and jug to scour the country up the valley to supply the surveying
party with this drink, which does not intoxicate.

SAMUEL FORRER.

No engineer in Ohio spent as many years in the service of the State as did Mr.
Forrer. He came from Pennsylvania in 1818 and in 1819 was deputy surveyor
of Hamilton county, O. In 1820, Mr. William Steele, a very enterprising citizen
of Cincinnati, O., employed Mr. Forrer at his own expense to ascertain the eleva-
tion of the Sandusky and Scioto summit, above Lake Erie. His report was sent
to the Legislature by Gov. Brown. This was the favorite route, the shortest, low-
est summit and passed through a very rich country.

The great question was a supply of water. It would have been located and, in
fact, was in part, when in the fall and summer of 1823 it was found by Judge D.
S. Bates to be wholly inadequate.

Of twenty -three engineers and assistants, eight died of local diseases within six
years.

Mr. Forrer was the only one able to keep the field permanently, and use the
instruments in 1823. When Judge Bates needed their only level, Mr. Forrer
invented and constructed one that would now be a curiosity among engineers.
He named it the " Pioneer." It was in form of a round bar of wrought iron,
with a cross like a capital T. The top of the letter was a flat bar welded at right
angles, to which a telescope was made fast by solder, on which was a spirit level.
There was a projection drawn out from the cross-bar at right angles to it, which
rested upon a circular plate of the tripod. By means of thumb-screws and rever-
sals, the round bar acting as a pendulum, a rude horizontal plane was obtained,
which was of value at short range.

Mr. Forrer was not quite medium height but well formed and very active. He
was a cheerful and pleasant companion. Judge Bates and the canal commis-
sioners relied upon his skill under their instructions to test the water question in
1823. He ran a line for a feeder from the Sandusky summit westerly and north
of the water-shed, taking up the waters of the Auglaize and heads of the Miami.
Even with the addition the supply was inadequate. Until his death in 1873,
Mr. Forrer was nearly all the time in the employ of the State as engineer, canal
commissioner or member of the Board of Public Works.

He was not only popular but scrupulously honest and industrious. His life-
long friends regarded his death as a personal loss, greater than that of a faithful
public officer. He was too unobtrusive to make personal enemies, not neglecting
his duties, as a citizen zealous but just.

He died at Dayton, Ohio, at 10 A. m., March 25, 1874, from the exhaustion of
his physical powers, without pain. Like his life he passed away in peace at the
age of eighty, his mind clear and conscious of the approaching end.

EARLY CIVIL JURISDICTION.

SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE ERIE.

BY COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY.

While the French occupied the south shore of Lake Erie, there was not the
semblance of courts or magistrates for the trial of civil or criminal issues. This
occupation ended in 1760, but it is an open historical question when it began.
La Salle was in the Ohio country from 1669 to 1671 or 1672; though if he estab-
lished posts, the records of his occupation are lost. There are, on the Western
Reserve, quite a number of ancient axe marks on the trees, over which the growth
of woody layers correspond to those dates ; and which appear to me to have been
made by parties of his expedition. The French had posts at Erie, Pa., on the
Cuyahoga, on Sandusky Bay and on the Maumee and Great Miami rivers as
early as 1749 and 1752, and probably earlier at some points in Ohio and Penn-
sylvania. In 1748 the English colonists from Pennsylvania had a trading post
at Sandusky Bay, from which they were driven by the French.

Pennsylvania had, however, no civil authority west of her boundary, which is
described as being five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware river. The
colony of Virginia had claims under various charters and descriptions to a part
of Pennsylvania, and all the territory west and northwest as far as a supposed
ocean called the South sea. Immediately after the peace of 1763 with the French,
the Province of Canada was extended by act of Parliament, southerly to the Alle-
ghany and Ohio rivers. Great Britain promised the Indian tribes that the whites
should not settle north of the Ohio river. So far as I am now aware, the first
civil organization under the authority of Virginia covering the Western Reserve
was that of Botetourt county, erected in 1769 with the county-seat at Fincastle, on
the head waters of the James river, between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies.
But before this, there must have been a Virginia county covering the forks of the
Ohio and extending probably to Lake Erie; for the troops captured at the Forks
(now Pittsburg) by the French, in 1749, were Virginia militia under Ensign
Ward. It is probable that he was or supposed himself to be within the county
of Augusta. Settlers from that colony located on the Monongahela and Yough-
iogheny. In 1776 three counties were erected on those waters, some parts of
which possibly included a part or all of the Reserve.

These covered a part of Westmoreland county, Pa., which was settled from Vir-
ginia. This conflict of authority brought on a miniature civil war, which was
soon overshadowed by the war of the Revolution, in which both Virginians and
Pennsylvanians heartily joined. In 1778, soon after the conquest of the British
forts on the Mississippi and the Wabash, by Gen. George Rogers Clark, Virginia
erected the county of Illinois, with the count} 7 -seat at Kaskaskia. It embraced
the south shore of Lake Erie, Detroit, Mackinaw, Green Bay and Prairie Duchien,
but for practical purposes, only Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Vincent, or Vin-
cennes. The British held possession of the Ohio country and all the lakes. For
the English forts on both snores of the lakes, there was no county or civil organ-
ization during the Revolutionary war. The government of this almost unlimited
region was exclusively military, of which Detroit was the central post. British
soldiers and officers were at all the trading posts in Ohio, exercising arbitrary
authority over the Indians and the white traders, including the Moravian settle-
ments on the Tuscarawas and the Cuyahoga.

After the treaty of peace in 1783, the same state of affairs continued, until, by

(122)

EARLY CIVIL JURISDICTION. 123

successive campaigns against the Indians, the United States drove them off by
military force. All the lives lost, the forts built, and the expeditions made in the
northwest, from 1785 to 1794, were a continuation of the war of the Revolution
against England. Even after the second treaty in 1795, she built Fort Miami, on
the Maumee, within the State of Ohio. The result of the battle of the Rapids of
the Maumee, in August, 1794, put a stop to her overt acts against us for a time;
but it was not until after the war of 1812 that she abandoned the project of
recovering the American colonies. While in her possession until 1799, there
were at the posts on the lakes, justices of the peace, or stipendiary magistrates,
exercising some civil authority, but none of them resided on the south shore of
this lake.

This subject of early civil jurisdiction is a very obscure one, owing to indefinite
geographical boundaries. I have received the assistance of Judge Campbell, of
Detroit; of Silas Farmer, the historian of Detroit City ; and of Mr. H. C. Gilman,
of the Detroit Library, in the effort to trace out the extent of the Canadian dis-
tricts and counties with their courts from 1760 to 1796. Their replies agree that
it is difficult to follow the progress of civil law on the peninsula of Upper Canada,
westward to the Detroit river and around the lakes. In 1778 Lord Dorchester,
Governor-General of Canada, divided Upper Canada into four districts for civil
purposes, one of which included Detroit and the posts on the upper lakes. Early
in 1792 the Upper Canadian parliament authorized Governor Simcoe to lay off
nineteen counties to embrace that province. It is presumed that the county of
Essex, on the east bank of Detroit river, included the country on the west and
south around the head of Lake Erie, but of this the information is not conclusive.
Some form of British civil authority existed at their forts and settlements until
Detroit was given up and all its dependencies in 1796. When Governor St.
Clair erected the county of Washington in Ohio, in 1788, it embraced the West-
ern Reserve east of the Cuyahoga. West of this river and the Tuscarawas was
then held by the Indians and the British.

The State of Connecticut claimed jurisdiction over the Reserve, but made no
movement towards the erection of counties. When she sold to the Land Com-
pany, in 1795, both parties imagined that the deed of Connecticut conveyed,
powers of civil government to the company, and that the grantees might organize
a new State. As the United States objected to this mode of setting up States, this
region was, in practice, without any magistrates, courts, or other organized civil
authority, until that question was settled, in 1800. Immediately after the British
had retired, in 1796, Governor St. Clair erected the county of Wayne, with Detroit
as the county-seat. It included that part of the Reserve west of the Cuyahoga,
extending south to Wayne's treaty line, west to the waters of Lake Michigan and
its tributaries, and north to the territorial line. Its boundaries are not very
precise, but it clearly embraced about one-third of the present State of Ohio. The
question of jurisdiction when Wayne county was erected in 1796 remained
open as it had under the county of Washington. In 1797 the county of
Jefferson was established, embracing all of the Reserve east of the Cuya-
hoga. When Trumbull county was erected, in 1800, it embraced the entire
Western Reserve, with magistrates and courts having full legal authority under
the territorial government. Before this, although no deeds could be executed
here, those executed elsewhere were, in some cases, recorded at Marietta, the
county-seat of Washington county. Some divines had ventured to solemnize
marriages before 1800 by virtue of their ministerial office. During the first four
years of the settlement of the Reserve there was no law, the force of which was
acknowledged here; but the law-abiding spirit of New England among the early
settlers was such that peace and order generally prevailed. By the organization
of Geauga county, March 1, 1806, what is now Cuyahoga county, east of the river,
belonged to Geauga until 1809, when this county was organized.

THE STATE OF OHIO-SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH.

A paper read at the annual meeting of the Western Reserve and Northern Ohio
Historical Society r , November , 1881, by its President,

COL. CHARLES WHITTLESEY.

Not long before the President left Mentor for Washington, he is reported to
have said to a New York politician that Ohio had about all the honors to which
she is entitled. The response was " that she had about all the other States could
stand." This sentiment appears to be a general one, not in an offensive sense,
but as a widespread opinion, honestly entertained. Whitelaw Reid, in a recent
address at Xenia, Ohio, showed conclusively from the blue books, that as to the
number of citizens from this State who have held Federal offices, they are not in
excess of her share, and are not proportionally equal to those from Massachusetts
and Virginia. If it be a fact that our representative men have attained a leading
influence in national affairs, it cannot be because of numbers alone, and it should
be remembered that they have been raised to place and power, principally by the
suffrages of the whole people. If their influence at the Capital is overshadowing,
and it is exercised for the good of the nation, there should not be, and probably
is not any feeling of jealousy.

If our representative men are prominent, it may be a source of honorable State
pride; for while great men do not make a great people, they are signs of a solid
constituency. Native genius is about equally distributed in all nations, even in
barbarous ones ; but it goes to waste wherever the surroundings are not propitious.
Intellectual strength, without cultivation, is as likely to be a curse as a blessing.
If it has cultivation and good moral qualities, it cannot even then become prom-
inent without great occasions ; and in republican communities, without the back-
ing of a people equal to the emergency. Leaders are not the real power, only its
exponents. Storm signals are not the storm, they are only indications. History
clearly shows that in free or partly free communities, great men rise no higher
than the forces behind them. It also informs us that those nations which have
been the most powerful, have become so by a mixture of races. Cross-breeding,
by a law of nature fortifies the stock physically, on which mental development
greatly depends.

Why the mingling of certain races, like the Teutonic and the Celtic, produces
an improved stock, while the same process between Caucasian and Negro or the
North American Indian results in depreciation and decay, is one of those numer-
ous mysteries, as yet unfathomed by man. Also, why the greatest unmixed
races, such as Mongolian, Tartar, Japanese, Chinese, Hindoo, Arab and Hebrew,
soon reach the limits of their improvement. A portion of the Aryan family mi-
grated northwestwardly, mingling with the Caucasian, reaching' Europe by the
north of the Black sea. They acquired strength as they spread out on the waters
of the Danube, the Elbe and the Rhine, becoming powerful and even dominant
under the general name of Goths, having a language from which the Saxon and
English were derived. This might be attributable to the medium climate between
the Baltic and the Mediterranean, if other people had not enjoyed as temperate
climes, and had not gone on increasing, either in mental, physical or political
power. When the Celtic and Scandinavian people had pushed forward to the
Western sea, and met in the British Islands, they were for a long time unable to
go farther, and thus had the best of opportunities to coalesce. The Atlantic was
finally overcome, and their propensity to migrate was gratified by crossing the
(124. J

OHIO— SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH. 125

sea to North America. This great stream of humanity kept the line of a temper-
ate climate, the central channel of which, as it crossed the continent, occupied the
State of Ohio.

In King John's time, an English people existed who exhibited their power
through the barons at Runymede. Cromwell was endowed with a mental capac-
ity equal to the greatest of men ; but he would not have appeared in history if
there had not been a constituency of Roundheads, full of strength, determined
upon the overthrow of a licentious king and his nobility. The English stock
here proved its capabilities on a larger scale than in the days of King John.
Washington would not have been known in history if the people of the American
colonies had not been stalwarts in every sense, w r ho selected him as their repre-
sentative. In these colonies the process of cross-breeding among races had then
been carried further than in England, and is now a prime factor in the strength
of the United States.

I propose to apply the same rule to the first settlers of Ohio, and to show that
if she now holds a high place in this nation, it is not an accident, but can be
traced to manifest natural causes, and those not alone climate, soil and geograph-
ical position.

There were five centres of settlement in Ohio by people of somewhat different
stock; four of them by people whose social training was more diverse than their
stock. Beginning at the southwest, the Symmes' Purchase, between the Great
and Little Miami rivers, was settled principally from New Jersey, with Cincin-
nati as the centre. Next, on the east, between the Little Miami and the Scioto
rivers, lay the Virginia Military District, reserved by that State to satisfy the
bounty land warrants, issued to her troops in the war of the Revolution. It was
like a projection of Virginia (except as to slavery), which then included Ken-
tucky, across the Ohio river to the centre of the new State. Chillicothe was the
principal town of this tract. The pioneers came on through the passes of the
Blue Ridge, their ancestors being principally English and Episcopal, but claim-
ing without much historical show, a leaven of Norman and Cavalier. With
Marietta as a centre, the Ohio Company was recruited from Massachusetts and
other New England States. In colonial times, their ancestors also came from
England, but of opponents to the Church of England, in search of religious free-
dom. One hundred and fifty years had wrought great differences between them
and the Virginians. Next, west of the Pennsylvania line, lies the " seven ranges "
of townships, extending north of the Ohio to the completion of the fortieth paral-
lel of latitude, being the first of the surveys and sales of the public land of the
United States. Most of the early settlers here came over the Alleghenies from
the State of Pennsylvania ; some of Quaker stock, introduced by William Perm ;
and more of German origin, in later days. North of them to Lake Erie lay the
Western Reserve, owned and settled by inhabitants of Connecticut, with Cleve-
land as the prospective capital of a new State, to be called " New Connecticut."
This tract extended west from Pennsylvania one hundred and twenty miles.
West of the seven ranges to the Scioto, and south of Wayne's treaty line, is the
United States Military Reservation, where the first inhabitants were from all the
States, and held bounty warrants issued under the resolution of 1776. They were
not homogeneous enough to give this tract any social peculiarity. The north-
western part of the State was, until the war of 1812, a wilderness occupied by
Indians.

The New Jersey people brought a tincture of Swedish and Hollander blood,
mingled with the English. Those from Pennsylvania had a slight mixture of
Irish, Scotch and Scotch -Irish. The settlers of new communities leave their im-
press upon the locality long after they are gone. In Ohio these five centres were
quite isolated, on account of broad intermediate spaces of dense unsettled forests,
through which, if there were roads or trails, they were nearly impracticable.
They all had occupation enough to secure the bread of life, clear away the trees
around their cabins, and defend themselves against their red enemies. Though
of one American family, their environment delayed their full social fusion at least
one generation. Their differences were principally those of education, and includ-
ing their religious cultus, were so thoroughly inbred that they stood in the
relation of different races, but without animosity. A large part of them had

126 OHIO—SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH

taken part in the war of the Revolution, or they would have been lacking in
courage to plant themselves on a frontier that was virtually in a state of war until
the peace of 1815. The expeditions of Harmar in 1790, St. Clair in 1791 and
Wayne in 1792-94 embraced many of them as volunteers. Full one thousand
whites and more Indians were killed on Ohio soil before peace was assured.
Nearly every man had a rifle and its accoutrements, with which he could bring
down a squirrel or turkey from the tallest tree, and a deer, a bear or an Indian
at sixty rods. They had not felt the weakening effect of idleness or luxury.
Their food was coarse, but solid and abundant In spite of the malaria of new
countries, the number of robust, active men fit for military duty was proportion-
ally large. As hunters of wild animals or wild men, they were the full equals of
the latter in endurance and the art of success. They were fully capable of defend-
ing themselves. The dishonorable surrender at Detroit, August 16, 1812, became
known on the Western Reserve, where the settlements were wholly unguarded,
between the 20th and 22d ; probably at Washington not before the 25th or 26th.
General Wadsworth, commanding the Fourth Division of the State Militia,
ordered the Third Brigade (General Perkins) to rendezvous at Cleveland. On the
23d, the men of the Lake counties were on their way, each with his rifle, well-
filled powder-horn, bullet-pouch and butcher-knife, in squads or companies, on
foot or mounted ; and on the 26th, one battalion moved westward. By the 5th
of September, before any orders from Washington reached them, a post was
established on the Huron river, near Milan, in Huron county. Nothing but these
improvised troops lay between General Brock's army at Detroit and the settled
portions of the State. The frontier line of settlements at that time turned south,
away from Lake Erie at Huron, passing by Mansfield and Delaware to Urbana,
in Champaign county.

The war of 1812 brought nearly all our able-bodied men into the field, which
had the effect to hasten a closer relationship between the settlements. In 1810,
there were 230,760 inhabitants in Ohio. The vote for Governor in 1812 was
19,752. Probably the enrolled militia was larger than the vote. It is estimated
that for different terms of service 20,000 were in the field. War has many com-
pensations for its many evils, especially a war of defense or for a principle in
which the people are substantially unanimous. Few citizens volunteer for mili-
tary service and go creditably through a campaign, its exposures and dangers,
whose character is not strengthened. They acquire sturdiness, self-respect and
courage. These qualities in individuals affect the aggregate stamina of commu-
nities and of states. The volunteers in 1812-14, with a variety of thought, man-
ners and dress, engaged in the common cause of public defense, coalesced in a
social sense, which led to a better understanding and to intermarriages. At that
time very few native-born citizens were of an age to participate in public affairs.
Tiffin, the first governor, was a native of England. Senator, and then Governor
Worthington was born in Virginia. Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., senator, gover-
nor and postmaster-general, in Connecticut ; Jeremiah Morrow, sole member of
Congress from 1803 to 1813, then senator and governor, in Pennsylvania; General
Harrison, afterwards president of the United States, in Virginia; General
Mc Arthur in New York ; and General Cass in New Hampshire. Nearly all the
generals of the war of the Rebellion in command of Ohio troops were natives.

When the State had recovered from the sacrifices of the war of 1812, the native
element showed itself in public affairs. The Legislature, reflecting the character
of its constituents, took high ground in favor of free schools, canals, roads and
official integrity. To this day no disgraceful scandal or corruption has been fas-
tened upon it, or the executive of the State. Two generations succeeded, their
blood more completely mingled, their habits more thoroughly assimilated, their
intelligence increased, public communication improved, and in 1861 wealth had
not made the people effeminate. Such are the processes which, by long and
steady operation in one direction, brought into existence the constituency which
rose up to sustain the Federal government. Three hundred thousand men were
found capable of filling all positions, high and low, especially that of efficient
soldiers in the ranks. Foi commanders, they had Gilmore, Cox, Stanley, Steed-
man, Sill, Hazen, McCook, Rosecrans, McDowell, McPherson, Sheridan, Sherman
and Grant, all raised, and except three, born on Ohio soil, and educated at West

OHIO— SOURCES OF HER STRENGTH 127

Point. Was it fortuitous ? I think I perceive sufficient causes working toward
this result, not for one generation, or for a century, but reaching back to the Eng-
lish people of two or three centuries since. Nations, races and families decay, and
it is possible it may be so here; but wherever the broad political foundations laid
in Ohio are taken as a pattern, and there is a general mixture of educated Anglo-
Saxon stocks, the period of decline will be far in the distance.

On the 4th of March, 1881, three men of fine presence advanced on the platform
at the east portico of the Federal capitol. On their right is a solid, square-built
man of an impressive appearance, the Chief-Justice of the United States [Salmon
P. Chase]. On his left stood a tall, well-rounded, large, self-possessed personage,
with a head large even in proportion to the body, who is President of the United
States [James A. Garfield]. At his left hand was an equally tall, robust and
graceful gentleman, the retiring president [Rutherford B. Hayes]. Near by was
a tall, not especially graceful figure, with the eye of an eagle, who is the general
commanding the army [William Tecumseh Sherman]. A short, square, active
officer, the Marshal Ney of America, is there as lieutenant-general [Philip Sheri-
dan]. Another tall, slender, self-poised man, of not ungraceful presence, was the
focus of many thousands of eyes. He had carried the finances of the nation in
his mind and in his heart, four years as secretary of the treasury, the peer of
Hamilton and Chase [John Sherman]. Of these six, five were natives of Ohio,
and the other a life-long resident. Did this group of national characters from
ope State stand there by accident? Was it not the result of a long train of agen-
cies, which, by force of natural selection, brought them to the front on that
occasion ?

THE PUBLIC LANDS OP OHIO.

BY JOHN KILBOURNE.

JOHN KILBOURNE was born in Berlin, Connecticut, August 7, 1787, graduated at Vermont Uni-
versity, and emigrating West was occupied for several years as Principal of Worthington College,
Franklin county, of which his uncle, James Kilbourne, the famed surveyor and founder of the Scioto
Company, was the president trustee. Subsequently he removed to Columbus and engaged in authorship
and book selling and publishing, and there died March 12, 1S31, aged forty-four years. He published
a " Gazetteer of Vermont," a "Gazetteer of Ohio," a map of Ohio, a volume of " Public Documents
Concerning the Ohio Canals," and a " School Geography."

The article upon " The Public Lands of Ohio," which here follows slightly abridged from the
original, is from his "Ohio Gazetteer," the first edition of which appeared in 1816. It went through
several editions and was a work of great merit and utility. This article on the lands was carefully
written, and having been copied into the first edition of the " Ohio Historical Collections," was highly
valued by many of its readers. We are glad to reproduce it here with this preliminary notice of the
author.

In most of the States and Territories lying west of the Allegheny mountains,
the United States, collectively as a nation, owned, or did own, the soil of the
country, after the extinguishment of the aboriginal Indian title. This vast
national domain comprises several hundreds of millions of acres ; which is a
bountiful fund, upon which the general government can draw for centuries, to
supply, at a low price, all its citizens with a freehold estate.

When Ohio was admitted into the Federal Union as an independent State, one
of the terms of admission was, that the fee-simple to all the lands within its
limits, excepting those previously granted or sold, should vest in the United
States. Different portions of them have, at diverse periods, been granted or sold
to various individuals, companies and bodies politic.

The following are the names by which the principal bodies of the lands are
designated, on account of these different forms of transfer, viz. :

16. School

do.

17. College

do.

18. Ministerial

do.

19. Moravian

do.

20. Salt Sections.

8. Symmes' Purchase. 15. MaumeeRoad Lands.

9. Refugee Tract.

10. French Grant.

11. Dohrman's Grant.

12. Zane's do.

13. Canal Lands.

14. Turnpike Lands.

Congress Lands are so called because they are sold to purchasers by the imme-
diate officers of the general government, conformably to such laws as are, or may
be, from time to time, enacted by Congress. They are all regularly surveyed into
townships of six miles square each, under authority, and at the expense of the
National government.

1. Congress Lands.

2. U. S. Military.

3. Virginia Military.

4. Western Reserve.

5. Fire- Lands.

6. Ohio Co.'s Purchase.

7. Donation Tract.

All Congress lands, excepting
Marietta and a part of Steuben-
ville district, are numbered as
follows :

VII ranges, Ohio Company's
purchase, and Symmes' pur-
chase, are numbered as here
exhibited :

5
4

25
36

3
2
1

(128)

R21
T 4

S 30f

R20
T 4

fS31

R21f
T 3
S 1

fR20
T 3
S 6

THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 129

The townships are again subdivided into sections of one mile square, each
containing 640 acres, by lines running parallel with the township and range lines.
The sections are numbered in two different modes, as exhibited in the preceding
figures or diagrams.

In addition to the foregoing division, the sections are again subdivided into four
equal parts, called the northeast quarter section, southeast quarter section, etc.
And again, by a law of Congress, which went into effect in July, 1820, these quarter
sections are also divided by a north and south line into two equal parts, called
the east half quarter section, No. and west half quarter section, No. , which
contain eighty acres each. The minimum price has been reduced by the same
law from $2.00 to $1.25 per acre, cash down.

In establishing the township and sectional corners, a post is first planted at the
point of intersection; then on the tree nearest the post, and standing within the
section intended to be designated, is numbered with the marking iron, the range,
township and number of the section, thus :

The quarter corners are marked 1-4 south, merely.

Section No. 16, of every township, is perpetually reserved for the use of schools
and leased or sold out, for the benefit of schools, under the State government.
All the others may be taken up either in sections, fractions, halves, quarters, or
half quarters.

For the purpose of selling out these lands, they are divided into eight several
land districts, called after the names of the towns in which the land offices are
kept, viz. : Wooster, Steubenville, Zanesville, Marietta, Chillicothe, etc., etc.

The seven ranges of townships are a portion of the Congress lands, so called,
being the first ranges of public lands ever surveyed by the general government
west of the Ohio river. They are bounded on the north by a line drawn due west
from the Pennsylvania State line, where it crosses the Ohio river, to the United
States Military lands, forty-two miles ; thence south to the Ohio river, at the
southeast corner of Marietta township, thence up the river to the place of begin-
ning.

Connecticut Western Reserve, oftentimes called New Connecticut, is situated in
the northeast quarter of the State, between Lake Erie on the north, Pennsylvania
east, the parallel of the forty-first degree of north latitude south, and Sandusky
and Seneca counties on the west. It extends 120 miles from east to west, and
upon an average fifty from north to south : although, upon the Pennsylvania line,
it is sixty-eight miles broad, from north to south. The area is about 3,800,000
acres. It is surveyed into townships of five miles square each. A body of half a
million acres is, however, stricken off from the west end of the tract, as a dona-
tion, by the State of Connecticut, to certain sufferers by fire, in the revolutionary
war.

The manner by which Connecticut became possessed of the land in question
was the following: King Charles II., of England, pursuing the example of his
brother kings, of granting distant and foreign regions to his subjects granted to
the then colony of Connecticut, in 1662, a charter right to all lands included
within certain specific bounds. But as the geographical knowledge of Europeans
concerning America was then very limited and confused, patents for lands often
interfered with each other, and many of them, even by their express terms, ex-
tended to the Pacific ocean, or South sea, as it was then called. Among the rest,
that for Connecticut embraced all lands contained between the forty-first and
forty-second parallels of north latitude, and from Providence plantations on the
east, to the Pacific ocean west, with the exception of New York and Pennsylvania
colonies ; and, indeed, pretensions to these were not finally relinquished without
considerable altercation. And after the United States became an independent
nation, these interfering claims occasioned much collision of sentiment between

3 2

4 1

i 3 o THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO.

them and the State of Connecticut, which was finally compromised by the United
States relinquishing all their claims upon, and guaranteeing to Connecticut the
exclusive right of soil to the 3,800,000 acres now described. The United States,
however, by the terms of compromise, reserved to themselves the right of juris-
diction. They then united this tract to the Territory, now State of Ohio.

Fire-Lands, a tract of country so called, of about 781 square miles, or 500,000
acres, in the western part of New Connecticut. The name originated from the
circumstance of the State of Connecticut having granted these lands in 1792, as a
donation to certain sufferers by fire, occasioned by the English during our revo-
lutionary war, particularly at New London, Fairfield and Norwalk. These lands
include 'the five westernmost ranges of the Western Reserve townships. Lake
Erie and Sandusky bay project so far southerly as to leave but the space of six
tiers and some fractions of townships between them and the forty-first parallel
of latitude, or a tract of about thirty by twenty-seven miles in extent.

This tract is surveyed into townships of about five miles square
each; and these townships are then subdivided into four quarters ;
and these quarter townships are numbered as in the accompanying
figure, the top being considered north. And for individual conven-
ience these are again subdivided, by private surveys, into lots from
fifty to five hundred acres each, to suit individual purchasers.

United States Military Lands are so called from the circumstances of their hav-
ing been appropriated, by an act of Congress of the 1st of June, 1796, to satisfy
certain claims of the officers and soldiers of the revolutionary war. The tract
of country embracing these lands is bounded as follows : beginning at the north-
west corner of the original VII ranges of townships, thence south 50 miles, thence
west to the Scioto river, thence up said river to the Greenville treaty line, thence
northeasterly with said line to old Fort Laurens, on the Tuscarawas river, thence
due east to the place of beginning ; including a tract of about 4,000 square miles,
or 2,560,000 acres of land. It is, of course, bounded north by the Greenville
treaty line, east by the "VII ranges of townships," south by the Congress and
Refugee lands, and west by the Scioto river.

These lands are surveyed into townships of five miles square. These town-
ships were then again, originally, surveyed into quarter townships of two and a
half miles square, containing 4,000 acres each ; and subsequently some of these
quarter townships were subdivided into forty lots of 100 acres each, for the accom-
modation of those soldiers holding warrants for only 100 acres each. And again
after the time originally assigned for the location of these warrants had expired,
certain quarter townships, which had not then been located, were divided into
sections of one mile square each, and sold by the general government like the mam
body of Congress lands.

The quarter townships are numbered as exhibited m the accom-
panying figure, the top being considered north. The place of each
township is ascertained by numbers and ranges, the same as Congress
lands ; the ranges being numbered from east to west, and the num-
bers from south to north.
Virginia Military Lands are a body of land lying between the Scioto and
Little Miami rivers, and bounded upon the Ohio river on the south. The State
of Virginia, from the indefinite and vague terms of expression in its original
colonial charter of territory from James I., king of England, in the year 1609,
claimed all the continent west of the Ohio river, and of the north and south
breadth of Virginia. But finally, among several other compromises of conflict-
ing claims which were made, subsequently to the attainment of our national inde-
pendence, Virginia agreed to relinquish all her claims to lands northwest of the
Ohio river, in favor of the general government, upon condition of the lands, now
described, being guaranteed to her. The State of Virginia then appropriated this
body of land to satisfy the claims of her State troops employed in the continental
line during the revolutionary war.

This district is not surveyed into townships or any regular form; but any
individual holding a Virginia military land warrant may locate it wherever he
chooses within the district, and in such shape as he pleases wherever the land
shall not previously have been located. In consequence of this deficiency of

2 | 1

3 4

THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 131

regular original surveys, and the irregularities with which the several locations
have been made, and the consequent interference and encroachment of some loca-
tions upon others, more than double the litigation has probably arisen between
the holders of adverse titles, in this district, than there has in any other part of the
State of equal extent.

Ohio Company 1 8 Purchase is a body of land containing about 1,500,000 acres ;
including, however, the donation tract, school lands, etc., lying along the Ohio
river ; and including Meigs, nearly all of Athens, and a considerable part of
Washington and Gallia counties. This tract was purchased of the general gov-
ernment in the year 1787, by Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargeant, from the
neighborhood of Salem, in Massachusetts, agents for the u Ohio Company," so
called, which had been then formed in Massachusetts for the purpose of a settle-
ment in the Ohio country. Only 964,285 acres were ultimately paid for, and
of course patented. This body of land was then apportioned out into 817 shares
of 1,173 acres each, and a town lot of one-third of an acre to each share. These
shares were made up to each proprietor in tracts, one of 640 acres, one of 262, one
of 160, one of 100, one of 8, and another of 3 acres, besides the before-mentioned
town lot.

Besides every section 16, set apart, as elsewhere, for the support of schools,
every section 29 is appropriated for the support of religious institutions. In
addition to which were also granted two six miles square townships for the use
of a college.

But unfortunately for the Ohio Company, owing to their want of topographical
knowledge of the country, the body of land selected by them, with some partial
exceptions, is the most hilly and sterile of any tract of similar extent in the
State.

Donation Tract is a body of 100,000 acres set off in the northern limits of the
Ohio Company's tract, and granted to them by Congress, provided they should
obtain one actual settler upon each hundred acres thereof within five years from
the date of the grant; and that so much of the 100,000 acres aforesaid, as should
not thus be taken up, shall revert to the general government.

This tract may, in some respects, be considered a part of the Ohio Company's
purchase. It is situated in the northern limits of Washington county. It lies
in an oblong shape, extending nearly 17 miles from east to west, and about 7}
from north to south.

Symmes 1 Purchase, a tract of 311,682 acres of land, in the southwestern quarter
of the State, between the Great and Little Miami rivers. It borders on the Ohio
river a distance of 27 miles, and extends so far back from the latter between the
two Miamis as to include the quantity of land just mentioned. It was patented
to John Cleves Sy mines, in 1794, for 67 cents an acre. Every 16th section, or
square mile, in each township, was reserved by Congress for the use of schools,
and sections 29 for the support of religious institutions, besides 15 acres around
Fort Washington, in Cincinnati. This tract of country is now one of the most
valuable in the State.

Refugee Tract, a bod} 7 of 100,000 acres of land granted by Congress to certain
individuals who left the British provinces during the revolutionary war, and es-
poused the cause of freedom. It is a narrow strip of country 4£ miles broad from
north to south, and extends eastwardly from the Scioto river 48 miles. It has the
United States XX ranges of military or army lands north, and XXII ranges of
Congress lands south. In the western borders of this tract is situated the town
of Columbus.

French Grant, a tract of 24,000 acres of land bordering upon the Ohio river, in
the southeastern quarter of Scioto county. It was granted by Congress, in March,
1795, to a number of French families, who lost their lands at Gallipolis by invalid
titles. Twelve hundred acres, additional, were afterwards granted, adjoining
the above-mentioned tract at its lower end, toward the mouth of Little Scioto river.

Dohrman's Grant is one six mile square township, of 23,040 acres, granted to
Arnold Henry Dohrman, formerly a wealthy Portuguese merchant in Lisbon, for
and in consideration of his having, during the revolutionary war, given shelter
and aid to the American cruisers and vessels of war. It is located in the south-
eastern part of Tuscarawas county.

132 THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO,

Moravian Lands are three several tracts of 4,000 acres each, originally granted
by the old Continental Congress, July, 1787, and confirmed, by the act of Con-
gress of 1st June, 1796, to the Moravian brethren at Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania,
in trust and for the use of the Christianized Indians living thereon. They are
laid out in nearly square forms, on the Muskingum river, in what is now Tusca-
rawas county. They are called by the names of the Shoenbrun, Gnadenhutten
and Salem tracts.

Zaneh Tracts are three several tracts of one mile square each — one on the
Muskingum, which includes the town of Zanesville — one at the cross of the
Hocking river, on which the town of Lancaster is laid out — and the third, on the
left bank of the Scioto river, opposite Chillicothe. They were granted by Con-
gress to one Ebenezer Zane, in May, 1796, on condition that he should open a
road through them from Wheeling, in Virginia, to Maysville, in Kentucky.

There are also three other tracts, of one mile square each, granted to Isaac
Zane, in the year 1802, in consideration of his having been taken prisoner by the
Indians, when a boy, during the revolutionary war, and living with them most
of his life ; and having, during that time, performed many acts of kindness and
beneficence toward the American people. These tracts are situated in Champaign
county, on King's creek, from three to five miles northwest from Urbana.

The Maumee Road Lands are a body of lands averaging two miles wide, lying
along one mile on each side of the road from the Maumee river at Perry sburg to
the western limits of the Western Reserve, a distance of about 46 miles; and
comprising nearly 60,000 acres. They were originally granted by the Indian
owners, at the treaty of Brownstown in 1808, to enable the United States to make
a road on the line just mentioned. The general government never moved in the
business until February, 1823, when Congress passed an act making over the
aforesaid land to the State of Ohio : provided she would, within four years there-
after, make and keep in repair a good road throughout the aforesaid route of 46
miles. This road the State government has already made; and obtained posses-
sion and sold most of the land.

Turnpike lands are forty-nine sections, amounting to 31,360 acres, situated along
the western side of the Columbus and Sandusky turnpike, in the eastern parts of
Seneca, Crawford, and Marion counties. They were originally granted by an act
of Congress on the 3d of March, 1827, and more specifically by a supplementary
act the year following. The considerations for which these lands were granted
were, that the mail stages and all troops and property of the United States which
should ever be moved and transported along this road shall pass free from toll.

The Ohio Canal lands are lands granted by Congress to the State of Ohio to aid
in constructing her extensive canals. These lands comprise over 1,000,000 of
acres, a large proportion of which is now (1847) in market.

School Lands. — By compact between the United States and the State of Ohio,
when the latter was admitted into the Union, it was stipulated, for and in con-
sideration that the State of Ohio should never tax the Congress lands until after
they should have been sold five years; and in consideration that the public lands
would thereby more readily sell, that the one-thirty-sixth part of all the territory
included within the limits of the State should be set apart for the support of
common schools therein. And, for the purpose of getting at lands which should
in point of quality of soil be on an average with the whole land in the country,
they decreed that it should be selected by lot, in small tracts each, to wit: that
it should consist of section 16, let that section be good or bad, in every township
of Congress lands ; also in the Ohio Company, and in Symmes' purchases ; all of
which townships are composed of thirty -six sections each; and for the United
States military lands and Connecticut Reserve, a number of quarter townships,
two and one-half miles square each (being the smallest public surveys therein
then made), should be selected by the Secretary of the Treasury, in different
places throughout the United States military tract, equivalent in quantity to the
one-thirty-sixth part of those two tracts respectively. And for the Virginia mili-
tary tract, Congress enacted that a quantity of hind equal to the one-thirty -sixth
part of the estimated quantity of land contained therein should be selected by
lot, in what was then called the " New Purchase," in quarter township tracts of
three miles square each. Most of these selections were accordingly made ; but,

THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 133

in some instances, by the carelessness of the officers conducting the sales, or from
some other cause, a few sections 16 have been sold ; in which case Congress,
when applied to, has generally granted other lands in lieu thereof; as, for
instance, no section 16 was reserved in Montgomery township, in which Colum-
bus is situated ; and Congress afterwards granted therefor section 21 in the town-
ship cornering thereon to the southeast.

College townships are three six miles square townships granted by Congress ; two
of them to the Ohio Company for the use of a college to be established within
their purchase, and one for the use of the inhabitants of Symmes' purchase.

Ministerial Lands.— In both the Ohio Company and in Symmes' purchase every
section 29 (equal to one-thirty-sixth part of every township) is reserved as a per-
manent fund for the support of a settled minister. As the purchasers ol these two
tracts came from parts of the Union where it was customary and deemed neces-
sary to have a regular settled clergyman in every town, they therefore stipulated
in their original purchase that a permanent fund in land should thus be set apart
for this purchase. In no other part of the State, other than in these two pur-
chases, are any lands set apart for this object.

Salt Sections.— Near the centre of what is now (1847) Jackson county Congress
originally reserved from sale thirty -six sections, or one six mile square township,
around and including what was called the Scioto salt-licks ; also one-quarter of
a five mile square township in what is now Delaware county ; in all, forty-two
and a quarter sections, or 27,040 acres. By an act of Congress of the 28th of
December, 1824, the legislature of Ohio was authorized to sell these lands, and to
apply the proceeds thereof to such literary purposes as said legislature may think
proper ; but to no other purpose whatever.

To the foregoing article of Kilbourne we append Tract No. 61 of the " Western
Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society," by the late Col. Charles
Whittlesey, and entitled •

SURVEYS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS IN OHIO.

The surveys of the government lands were commenced in July, 1786, under
the management of Thomas Hutchins, the geographer of the United States..
There were surveyors appointed — one from each State ; but only nine entered
upon the work in 1786. Among them were Ansel m Tupper, Joseph Buell, and
John Matthews. Rufus Putnam was appointed from Massachusetts, but was
then engaged in surveys in what is now the State of Maine.

The geographer planted his Jaeobstaff on the Pennsylvania line at the north
bank of the Ohio river. Having been one of the Pennsylvania commissioners on
the western boundary in 1784,* he was familiar with the country from the Ohio
river to Lake Erie. He ran a line west over the hills of Columbiana and Carroll
counties in person, now known as the " Geographer's Line," a distance of forty-
two miles. At each mile a post was set and on each side witness-trees were
marked. Every six miles was a town corner. From these corners surveyors
ran the meridian or range lines south to the Ohio, and the east and west town
lines.

Hutchins began the numbers of the sections, or No. 1 at the southeast corner
of the township, thence north to the northeast corner. The next tier began with
No. 7 on the south line, and so on, terminating with No. 36 at the northwest
corner. This system of numbering was followed in the survey of the Ohio Com-

* The best astronomical and mathematical talent of the colonies was employed on the western boundary
of Pennsylvania, which had long been contested by Virginia. It was fixed by a transit sighting from
hill to hill, the timber cut away, so that the instrument could be reversed and thus cover three stations,
often several miles apart. As the monuments put up by the surveyors were nearly all of wood, there
were few of them visible in 1796, when the surveyors of the Western Reserve began their work. The
vista cut through the woods on the summit of the hills to open the Pennsylvania line had nearly
disappeared when the country was cleared for settlement. On this survey, when the Ohio river was
reached the Virginia commissioners retired, because that State had ceded the country north of the
Ohio.

134

THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO.

pany's purchase and in the Symmes purchase. It was changed to the present
system by the act of 1799, without any apparent reason. The towns in the seven
ranges were, by law, numbered from the Ohio river northward, and the ranges
from the Pennsylvania line westward. In the history of land surveys this is the
first application of the rectangular system of lots in squares of one mile, with
meridian lines, and corner posts at each mile, where the number of the section*
town, and range was put on the witness-trees in letters and figures. It should be
regarded as one of the great American inventions, and the credit of it is due to
Hutchins, who conceived it in 1764 when he was a captain in the Sixtieth Royal-
American regiment, and engineer to the expedition under Col. Henry Bouquet to
the Forks of the Muskingum, in what is now Coshocton county. It formed a
part of his plan for military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against

Indians. The law of 1785 embraced most of the details of the new system. It
was afterwards adopted by the State of Massachusetts in the surveys of her timber
lands in the province of Maine, and by the purchasers of her lands within the
State of New York, also by the managers of the Holland purchase in Western
New York and the State of Connecticut on the Western Reserve.

Although the Indian tribes had ceded Southern Ohio to the United States,
they were bitterly opposed to its survey and settlement by white people. They
were so hostile that troops were detailed from Fort Harmar for the protection of
surveyors. The geographer's line ended on the heights south of Sandyville, in
Stark county, about three miles east of Bolivar. In September, 1786, Major
Doughty, of Colonel Harmar's Battalion, advised them that he could not guar-
antee their safety. The subdivision of very few townships was completed that
year. In 1787 the work was pushed more rapidly. The west line of the seven

THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO. 135

ranges, as they have ever since been designated, was continued southward to the
Ohio river, a few miles above Marietta, being about fourteen (14) towns or eighty-
four miles in length.

The meridian lines of the seven ranges diverged to the right, or to the west, as
they were extended southerly. The magnetic variation was seldom corrected.
The country was rough, and revengeful savages lurked in the surrounding forest.
The work of these brave men should not be closely criticised, even where there
are some irregularities.

The variation of the needle in 1786 must have been about (2) two degrees east,
decreasing about (2' 30") two and one-half minutes yearly. If the magnetic
meridian was followed, the result would be a deviation from the true meridian,
and going south would be to the west, and the departure would be sixteen chains,
eighty links for each township. No account was then taken of the divergence of
meridians, which in working southward amounted in a degree of sixty-nine and
one-half miles to about eight chains. Not less than an entire section was offered
for sale, and the price was two dollars per acre. Supplies were brought to the
lines from Fort Steuben (now Steubenville) through the woods on pack horses.
By the act of May 18, 1796, the tract north of the geographer's line to the
Western Reserve was directed to be surveyed, but it was not until 1810 that the
sections were closed up to that line.

A discussion having arisen between the Connecticut Land Company and the
Federal Government, as to the location of the forty-first parallel of latitude,
Surveyor-General Professor Mansfield was directed to examine the line, in that
year, who advised that it be not disturbed.

After the death of Geographer Hutchins, in April, 1789, the entire management
of the surveys devolved upon the Board of the Treasury, until the Constitution
of 1787 went into operation, and for some years after. Before the Constitution
there was no Federal executive, or cabinet, and executive business was transacted
by committees, or boards filled by members of Congress, subject to the direction
of Congress. Legislation was a very simple matter. A convention of delegates
from the several States, in such numbers as they chose to select and to pay, each
State having one vote, constituted the supreme power. Their legislative acts
took the form of resolutions and ordinances, which were final. As early as
August, 1776, it was resolved to give bounties in land, to soldiers and officers in
the war of liberation. A tract was directed to be surveyed for this purpose in
Ohio, in 1796. It is still known as the "Military bounty lands,'' lying next 'west
of the seven ranges, fifty miles down the line to the south, bounded north by the
treaty line of 1795, and extending west to the Scioto river. Its southwest corner
is near Columbus. For this tract the surveyors were able to bring supplies up
the Muskingum and the Scioto rivers in boats. In the bounty lands the townships
were directed to be five miles square, with subdivisions into quarters, containing
4,000 acres. The allotment of the quarter towns was left to the owners.

It was not until 1799 that the surveys were again placed in charge of a special
officer, with the title of surveyor-general.

General Rufus Putnam, of Marietta, was appointed to the place, which he held
until the State of Ohio was admitted into the Union. Putnam was a self-taught
mathematician, surveyor and engineer, on whom Washington relied for the con-
struction of the lines investing the city of Boston in 1775-1776. He compre-
hended at once the rectangular system of surveys, and so did the surveyors of
the New England States. He served until the State of Ohio was organized in
1803 and was succeeded by Jared Mansfield, of the United States Military En-
gineers. Both these gentlemen were for their times accomplished mathematicians
and engineers.

The sale of lands in the seven ranges was so slow, that there was for several
years no necessity for additional surveys. At two dollars per acre, and in tracts
of not less than a section of 640 acres, the western emigrant could do better in
other parts of Ohio and in Kentucky. The purchasers of the Symmes' purchase
paid for the entire tract sixty-seven cents per acre. On the Reserve the State of
Connecticut offered her lands at fifty cents.

In the Virginia military reservation, the whole was available in State warrants
that were very cheap. The Ohio Company paid principally in continental cer-
tificates.

136 THE PUBLIC LANDS OF OHIO.

After 1796 the military bounty land came in competition, which could be had
' in tracts of 4,000 acres for bounty certificates, issued under the resolutions of 1776
and 1780. In 1795 the Western Reserve was sold in a body at about forty cents
per acre. These large blocks covered full half of the State of Ohio.

By the act of May 18, 1796, additional surveys were provided for. First: In
the district between the Ohio Company and the Scioto river. Here it was found
that a correctional meridian was necessary, because of the excess in the sections,
abutting on the west line of the company at range fifteen.* The correction was
made by establishing a true meridian between ranges seventeen and eighteen with
sections of an exact mile square. Between the Ohio river and Hampden, in
Vinton county, the correction north and south amounted to a mile. The errors
from the variation of the needle were such that quarter sections abutting on the
true meridian on the east, were nearly as large as full sections on the west.

There are also discrepancies on the north line of the Ohio Company, especially
between Hocking and Perry counties. On the south side the sections overrun in
some instances twenty acres. On the north, the government surveys are some-
times short 25 to 28 acres. On the county maps in the *Symmes' purchase, the
section lines present a singular appearance. Their east and west boundaries are
the most irregular, especially in the later surveys. This difference is due not so
much to the compass as the chain, and the allowance for rough ground. Land
was of so little value that very little care was given to the accuracy of surveys.

Secondly : By the same act, seven ranges were to be surveyed on the Ohio river,
next west of the first meridian, now in Indiana ; also in the country between this
meridian and the great Miami. In both tracts, the towns were numbered from
the river northward. Quarter posts were required at each half mile, and the land
was offered in half sections, to be divided by the purchaser, the price remaining
at two dollars per acre.

It was not until after the war of 1812-15, and the conquest of the Indian ter-
ritory north of Wayne's treaty line, that surveys were ordered in the northwest
quarter of Ohio. For this tract a base line was run on or near the forty-first
parallel of latitude, corresponding to the south line of the Reserve. The ranges
were numbered east from the first meridian, being the west line of Ohio, and the
towns numbered north and south from the base. It is seventeen ranges east to
the west line of the Reserve, and from the Pennsylvania line twenty-one ranges
west, making the breadth of the State about 228 miles.

From 1779 to 1785 parties holding Virginia State land warrants located them
on the north side of the Ohio. This was done against the law of Virginia and
her cession of 1784. The valley of the Hocking river was occupied as far as
Logan when, in the fall of 1785, the claimants were removed by the United States
troops. Probably these claims had been surveyed. In the Virginia military
tract the private surveys were so loose as to be entirely useless for geographical
purposes. In order to fix the Little Miami river on the official maps, an east and
west line was run from near Chillicothe through the reservation, connecting the
United States surveys from the Scioto river to the Little Miami. According to
the present practice there are corrective lines and guide meridians within thirty
to fifty miles of each other. The towns and sections are thus made nearly equal
by these frequent checks upon errors of chaining, of the variation of the needle,
and the convergence of meridians. It was not until 1804 that sales were made
in quarter sections, and it was 1820 before the price was fixed at $1.25 per acre,
which could be located in half or quarter sections as it has been ever since.

* See line A A of plan.

HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

By. George W. Knight, Ph. D.,
Professor of History and Political Science in Ohio State University.

Geokge Wells Knight was born June 25.
1858, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, of New York and
New England parentSage, and through his mother
is a lineal descendant of William Bradford, second
Governor of the Plymouth colony. He was edu-
cated in the public schools of Ann Arbor, being
graduated from the high school in 1874, and at the
University of Michigan, from which he was
graduated in 1878 in the classical course. After
studying law for a year at the university he was
for two years principal of the high school at Lan-
sing, Michigan. He was married in January,
1882, to Mariette A. Barnes, of Lansing, a gradu-
ate of Vassar College. Having had from his youth
a special fondness for history and political science
he returned to Ann Arbor and continued his
studies in those lines at the university, receiving
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1884. After
teaching history for a year in Ann Arbor he was
elected professor of history and English literature
in the Ohio State University at Columbus, and in
1887, by a rearrangement of the teaching force,
became professor of history and political science
in the same institution. In 1885 he published
through the American Historical Association a
work on " The History and Management of Land
Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory."
In 1887 he was made managing editor of the
Ohio Archceological and Historical Quarterly, the
official publication of the State Historical So-
ciety.

GEO. W. KNIGHT.

COMMON SCHOOL ENDOWMENT AND TAXATION.

In few regions into which civilization has advanced have the educational be-
ginnings been made before settlements were planted and the children actually
needed school facilities. The history of education, or of the provisions for it, in
Ohio commenced, however, before there was an American settlement northwest
of the Ohio river or any wave of migration was rolling towards the wilderness
between the great lakes and " the beautiful river."

In an ordinance passed by Congress in 1785 for the survey and sale of the
western lands, it was provided that section sixteen, or one thirty-sixth, of every
township included under the ordinance should be reserved from sale for the
maintenance of public schools within the township. This reservation was made
not because Congress especially desired to foster education at public expense, but
rather as an inducement to migration and the purchase of land by settlers. In
1787 the famous ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory de-
clared that "schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged,"
thus pledging both the general government and the future States to provide in
some manner for public schools. In the same year, in the contract between the
Board of Treasury and the Ohio Company, it was specified that one section in
each township of the purchase should be reserved for common schools and " not
more than two complete townships" should be "given perpetually for the pur-
poses of an university." A little later, by the contract for the Symmes purchase
along the Little Miami, one township, in addition to the usual school sections,

('37)

138 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

was set aside for the benefit of " an academy and other public schools and sem-
inaries of learning."

Two things should be noted in this connection : First, the foregoing provisions
were all made before any settlement was planted within the territory to which
they applied; second, whatever the original intention of Congress may have
been, these grants established, once for all, the idea that it is the duty of the
American State to provide schools for its children and that it is the part of wis-
dom for Congress, both as a land-owner and a governing body, to take measures
which shall ensure the establishment and assist in the maintenance by the States
of public schools and colleges.

As these lands were at first merely reserved from sale and settlement, no steps
were taken by the territorial Legislature to apply them to the intended purpose.
When Ohio became a State the school lands already reserved were granted to the
State to be disposed of by the Legislature. Provision was also made whereby in
the Western Reserve, the United States and the Virginia Military Districts, not
included in the earlier legislation, one thirty-sixth of the land should be de-
voted to schools. This act terminated the direct relations of the United States
to the schools of Ohio and left in the hands of the Legislature a splendid school
endowment of 704,000 acres of land.

The Constitution of 1802, repeating the famous educational clause of the or-
dinance of 1787, made it the duty of the Legislature to carry out its intent. It
also provided that all schools, academies and colleges founded upon or supported
by revenues from the land-grants should be open " for the reception of scholars,,
students and teachers of every grade without any distinction or preference what-
ever." The Constitution of 1851 was far more specific and shows by its provisions
that there had grown up by that time a positive demand for public schools. In plain
terms it declares the duty of the General Assembly to provide by taxation or other-
wise " a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State."

Such have been the organic provisions and constitutional obligations assumed
by the people of Ohio in regard to public education. What has the State done
in fulfilling these duties? As Ohio was the first State coming into possession of
an extensive land endowment for education, she had no precedents to follow and
could look to no older State for ideas concerning its management. Only the in-
come arising from the proceeds of the lands could be expended. The fund itself
must remain intact forever. The policy of leasing the lands was first adopted,
and all laws on the subject until 1827 provided for leases of various periods and
terms, the rents "to be impartially applied to the education of the youths" in
the several townships. The character of the leases, the low appraisals of the
lands and the terms of payment authorized show conclusively that during the
greater part of this time the interests of the lessees were more carefully guarded
by the Legislature than were those of the schools. Several special legislative-
committees were appointed between 1820 and 1825 to investigate abuses in the
management of the school lands, and as a result the policy of leasing was
abandoned and provision made for selling the lands and investing the proceeds.
It was expected that by this change the school fund would be benefited and the
income increased. The statute-books and executive reports from this time con-
tain a curious mixture of wise and unwise suggestion and legislation and many
complicated transactions concerning this trust fund. Without stopping to re-
count these measures, not all of them creditable to the wisdom and honor of the
General Assembly, it may be said that nearly all of the school lands have long
since been sold, and that those unsold are under perpetual lease at an extremely
low rental. As fast as the lands were sold the proceeds were paid into the State
treasury, and the State has pledged itself to pay six per cent, interest thereon
forever, the interest being annually distributed among the various townships and
districts for school purposes. As a matter of fact the fund itself has been bor-
rowed and spent by the State and the annual interest is raised by taxation. The
fund thus exists only on the books of the State and merely constitutes a legal
and moral obligation on the part of the people to tax themselves a certain amount
annually for school purposes. That this disposition of the fund was never con-
templated when the grant was made cannot be questioned. Of the original grant
of 704,488 acres about 665,000 acres have been sold, producing a fund of $3,829^-

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

139

551.06, which yielded an income in 1887 of $229,392.90, to which should be added
the rents of the unsold lands, making a total income from the Congressional land-
grant of about $240,000.

In the course of a careful study of this subject a few years since the writer of
the present sketch reached the following conclusions :

"That the possibilities of the grant have not been realized is acknowledged
and regretted by all. The great underlying cause was one by no means peculiar
to Ohio or to the times — the failure to appreciate the responsibility imposed upon
the State in guarding this immense trust. It seems undeniable that many of
her lands were forced into market in advance of any call for their sale. So long
as the State was the guardian of the property it ought not to have sanctioned
proceedings which sold land for five, ten or twenty per cent, of what might have
been realized.

" Yet, even though much has been wasted, the grants have been instrumental,
in a degree that cannot be estimated in mere dollars and cents, in promoting the
cause of education. Perhaps the greatest benefit rendered by the funds has been
in fostering among the people a desire for good schools. The funds have made
practicable a system of education which without them it would have been im-
possible to establish."

For many years both before and after the land grant began to produce any in-
come, whatever schools were in existence in Ohio were sustained wholly or prin-
cipally by private subscription, and by rate bills paid by those whose children
attended the schools. These were hardly public schools and certainly not free
schools since, like academies or denominational colleges, they were open only to
those who could afford to pay for the tuition.

In 1821 the first law was passed that authorized the levying of a tax for the
support of schools. By this law authority was given for the division of townships
into school districts, and for the election of district school committees, who might
erect school-houses and lay a school tax not greater than one-half the State and
county tax. While this law committed the State to the idea of taxation for the
support of schools it was a permission, not a compulsory law, and was not de-
signed to make " free public schools ; " for the proceeds of the tax were to be used
only for buying land, erecting buildings, and " making up the deficiency that may
accrue by the schooling of children whose parents or guardians are unable to pay
for the same." The day of free schools had not yet arrived. But the idea of local
taxation for the maintenance of schools has developed from 1821 to the present,
and in 1887 the local taxes in Ohio for school purposes aggregated $7,445,399.02.

In 1838 a State Common School Fund of $200,000 was established, made up from
various sources. This sum was to be annually raised and distributed among the
various school districts, in addition to the income from the lands and to the local
taxes for schools. This law marks the beginning of general State taxation for
school purposes. In 1842 this fund was reduced to $150,000, in 1851 raised to
$300,000 per annum, and in 1853 abolished.

In 1825 a law was passed levying in every county a uniform tax of one-half
mill on the dollar for school purposes. This, too, was in addition to the local
township and district taxes. The rate of this levy was modified at various times
until 1853, when the whole system of general taxation for school purposes was
revised. The township and district taxes were left unchanged, but all other laws
providing revenue for schools by taxation were repealed, and in their place " for
the purpose of affording the advantages of a free education to all the youth of
this State" a u State Common School Fund " was established consisting of the pro-
ceeds of a tax of two mills upon the dollar on all taxable property. These pro-
ceeds were to be annually distributed to each county " in proportion to the
enumeration of scholars." This tax has since 1871 consisted of one mill on the
dollar, but the valuation of taxable property has so increased that the proceeds
have not diminished. In 1887 the fund from this source amounted to
$1,678,561.12.

Since 1827 fines for many petty offences have, when collected, been paid over
to the township treasury for the use of common schools. In 1887 these and
certain local license fees devoted to the same purpose aggregated $372,685.62.

The following table shows the growth of the educational system of the State

140

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

during the last thirty years. Complete figures for earlier years are not ac-
cessible.

Ohio.

1857.

1867.

1877.

1887.

Number of School-houses .

9,795.

11,353.

11,916.

12,589.

Income from land grants . .
Common School Fund (State

Tax). . .

Fines, licenses, etc

Sale of bonds

$137,533 21

1,070,767 72
96,086 57

$221,800 10

1,409,403 50
208,660 92

$233,660 62

1,528,278 86
215,382 10
328,609 52

5,569,972 96

$242,636 76

1,678,561 12
372,685 62
494,011 12

7,445,399 02

Local (township and district)
Taxes

530,353 19

3,019,055 72

Total income (excluding bal-
ances from previous year) .

$1,834,740 69

$4,858,920 24

$7,875,904 06

$10,233,293 64

Total youth between 6 and 21
Average fund per capita . .

838,037
$2 19

995,250

$4 88

1,025,635

$7 68

1,102,721

$9 28

Total children enrolled in
Schools .......

Average fund per child en-
rolled

603,347

$3 04

704,767

$6 89

722,240
$10 90

767,030
$13 34

THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOLS.

Few records of the primitive schools of Ohio have been preserved. Nearly
everything else of interest, and much that is not, of the doings of the pioneers
have been faithfully recorded in various places, while little has been said of the
schools.

Ohio was made up of settlers from various parts of the East. They generally
came in groups and located in groups, and the educational and religious character
of each of these groups or villages depended mainty upon the previous training
and habits of the pioneers. As this training had differed in different ones of the
old States so the educational development of the settlements in Ohio differed
widely, and these differences have not even to-day entirely disappeared. In set-
tlements planted by New Englanders schools almost immediately sprang up, while
in those made by pioneers from some of the central and southern States education
received far less attention at the outset.

The records of the Ohio Company show that on March 5, 1788, a resolution was
adopted by the directors to employ "for the education of the youth and the pro-
motion of public worship among the first settlers," "an instructor eminent for
literary accomplishments and the virtue of his character, who shall also superin-
tend the first scholastic institutions and direct the manner of instruction." Under
this resolution Rev. Daniel Story was employed, and began his services as preacher
and teacher at Marietta in the spring of 1789. In July, 1790, the directors appro-
priated $150 for the support of schools at Marietta, Belpre, and Watertord.
Again in 1791 money was appropriated by the Ohio Company to assist in main-
taining schools in the same places and " to engage teachers of such a character as
shall be approved by the directors."

Hildreth says that "notwithstanding the poverty and privations of the inhab-
itants of the garrison, schools were kept up for the instruction of their children
in reading, writing, and arithmetic nearly all the time during the Indian w r ar."

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 141

The funds were provided partly by the Ohio Company and partly from the lank
pockets of the settlers. Among the early teachers at Marietta were Jonathan
Baldwin, Mr. Curtis, and Dr. Jabez True. In Campus Martius, a school was kept
"in the winter of 1789, in the northwest block-house, by Anselm Tupper, and
every winter after by different teachers." Among them was Benjamin Slocomb.

At Belpre, one of the first things done was to provide for teaching the children
reading, writing, and arithmetic. Bathsheba Rouse, in the summer of 1789, and
for several subsequent summers, taught in Belpre. She was the first woman, and
probably the first person, who taught a school of white children in Ohio. In the
winters a man was hired to teach the school. Among the first teachers at Belpre
were Daniel Mayo and Jonathan Baldwin, the former a Harvard graduate, the
latter "a liberally educated man." These schools like those at Marietta were
supported chiefly by the contributions of the settlers.

In 1793 and thereafter schools, especially in winter, were "kept" in Waterford.
In 1792, at Columbia, the first settlement in Hamilton county, a few miles above
the present site of Cincinnati, a school was opened by Francis Dunleyy. Burnet
tells of a frame school-house, on the north side of Fourth street in Cincinnati, as
occupied, though unfinished, in 4794 or 1795. In the Western Reserve the first
permanent settlement was made in 1796 and schools were probably started very
soon, though the writer can find no record of any prior to 1802, when one was
opened in Harpersfield. Among its first teachers were Abraham Tappan and
Elizabeth Harper. In Athens, where the first pioneer built his cabin in 1797, a
school was started in 1801 with John Goldthwaite as teacher. The school build-
ing was of logs and was used for many years. Walker relates the following inci-
dent of Henry Bartlett, the second teacher of this school. " On one occasion,
when the scholars undertook, according to a custom then prevalent, to bar the
master out, and had made all very fast, Mr. Bartlett procured a roll of brimstone
from the nearest house, climbed to the top of the school-house and dropped the
brimstone down the open chimney into the fire ; then, placing something over
the chimne}% he soon smoked the boys into an unconditional surrender."

The foregoing cases serve to show that in most of the communities a school
followed close upon the beginning of the settlement. The pioneers in general
lived up to the full spirit of the famous ordinance, not simply because it was
law, but because they knew the benefits of schools and desired their children to
enjoy them.

These schools were not public schools in any true sense, and not free schools
in any sense. The land grants were not yet available and school taxes were un-
known. The teacher made an agreement to " keep school " a certain length of
time, and those who sent children agreed to pay from one to three dollars for
each child sent. The school was in reality a private school. The building in
which a pioneer school was conducted, if a separate building was used, was ex-
tremely simple and uncomfortable. It was generally from fifteen to eighteen feet
wide and twenty-four to twenty-eight feet long, and the eaves were about ten feet
from the ground. Built of logs, its architecture was similar to that of the log-
cabin of that day even to the " latch-string." The floor was of earth or of pun-
cheons or smooth slabs. In the more elegant buildings the inside walls were
covered with boards, but the more common coating was clay mortar. The fur-
niture consisted principally of rude benches without backs made by splitting
logs lengthwise into halves and mounting them, flat side up, on four legs or pins
driven into the ground. Desks similarly though less clumsily made were some-
times furnished to the " big boys and girls." The room, or at least one end of it,
was heated from an immense fireplace. There was no blackboard, no apparatus
of even the rudest description to assist the teacher in expounding the lessons.

Reading, spelling, writing and arithmetic constituted the course of study, and
in some districts as late as 1825 a rule was in force prohibiting the teaching of
any other branches. Text-books were few. Murray's " Reader," Dillworth's or
Webster's "Speller," Pike's "Arithmetic" and the " Columbian Orator" were the
usual outfit of the teacher, and each of the pupils generally had one or more of
the books in the list. Reading and spelling were the great tests of learning, and
to have mastered arithmetic was to have " acquired an education," at least in the
smaller districts.

142 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

While all honor should be paid to those who maintained and those who
attended these schools, and all credit given for the results achieved, it has been
truly said that "schools worthy of remembrance between 1802 and 1820 were
known only in the most enterprising towns. The mass of the people had privi-
leges in such 'common' institutions as might be expected among communities
in which school-teachers were tolerated but were neither examined for qualifica-
tion nor encouraged for merit."

In 1821 the law was passed, already referred to as the first one authorizing
taxation for the support of schools. This law was, however, simply permission,
and not until 1825 was any law adopted requiring the levying of taxes for school
purposes, and providing for the appointment of school examiners. With these
laws the schools began to improve. Still, in 1837, twelve years later, there were
few public schools in Ohio. Fortunately in the latter year provision was made
for a state superintendent of schools, and Hon. Samuel Lewis was appointed to
the office. His three years of service produced an immediate and permanent
effect upon the schools. In 1838, as a result of his suggestions, a law was framed
that placed the schools of Ohio on a sure footing. It provided for a uniform
system of schools, with county superintendents and township inspectors, and the
state superintendent at the head to enforce the law and look after the general
interests of the schools. Other laws were adopted in later years that supple-
mented and amplified this, and made possible the present efficient schools.

In 1825 began the system of examining teachers before they were employed y
but as lato as 1838 the law only required that they should be examined in read-
ing, writing and arithmetic. These requirements have been raised from time to
time by the addition of other subjects, but while the great majority of the teach-
ers in the State to-day are thoroughly competent, the requirements and the
methods of examination still permit many poorly-equipped teachers to practice
upon the boys and girls in the rural districts.

In 1845 the first teachers' institute was held and in 1848 a law was passed pro-
viding for the appropriation of money in each county for the purpose of having
such institutes conducted. They are now held annually in most of the counties
and are a great help to the teachers and hence to the schools. A long and per-
sistent attempt, beginning in 1817, has been made to have the State establish
one or more normal schools for the training of teachers. For various reasons all
attempts have thus far failed, though nearly if not quite every other State in the
Union has found such schools not merely helpful but necessary to the proper
equipment of teachers for the public schools. There are in the State several pri-
vate normal schools which seek to give training to teachers. The majority of
them are in reality academies affording a general academic education and paying
more or less subordinate attention to the normal department.

In December, 1847, was organized the State Teachers' Association, which has
held annual meetings from then to the present time. While a purely voluntary
association of teachers, it has in many ways been influential in improving the
tone of education in Ohio and in bringing about wise school legislation. Among
its officers and members have been enrolled the best-known names in Ohio educa-
tional circles.

GRADED SCHOOLS.

In the early schools of Ohio, as of every other State, all the pupils sat and
recited in one room and to a single teacher, and any systematic gradation or
classification was impossible even if proposed. The chief impediment was the
lack of suitable and sufficient school-buildings. Where two or more schools
existed within a village or city the pupils were divided geographically, not by
grades, among the several schools. Pupils of all ages and degrees of advance-
ment sat in the same room. The first systematic gradation and classification of
pupils in Ohio was in Cincinnati, between 1836 and 1840, by virtue of a special
law, dividing the city into districts and providing for a building in each district.
In each building the pupils were separated into two grades, studying different
subjects and grades of work. This was followed in a few years by the establish-
ment of a Central High School. In Cleveland the first free school was estab-
lished in 1834, and in 1840 the schools were graded. Portsmouth, Dayton,

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 143

Columbus, Maumee, Perry sburg and Zanesville soon, by special acts of the Legis-
lature, organized graded schools. In each of these places provision was made for
from two to four grades of pupils ; but, except in Cincinnati, no definite course
of study, such as exists everywhere to-day, was adopted for any of the grades
until about 1850.

No sketch of the educational progress of Ohio would be worthy of notice that
did not describe the Akron law, which when extended to the whole State estab-
lished the present system of free graded schools. The Akron law, passed in 1847,
organized the town of Akron into a single district and provided for the election
of one board of six directors, who should have full control over all the schools
in the town. It authorized the board to establish a number of primary schools
and one central grammar school; to fix the terms of transfer from one to
another; to make and enforce all necessary rules; to employ and pay teachers;
to purchase apparatus ; to determine and certify annually to the town council
the amount of money necessary for school purposes ; to provide for the examina-
tion of teachers. In 1848 the provisions of this law were extended to other
incorporated towns and cities. In 1849 a general law was passed enabling any
town of two hundred inhabitants to organize as under the Akron law ; this last
law provided for the establishment of " an adequate number" of primary schools
" conveniently located ;" a school or schools of higher grade or grades; for the
free admission of all white children ; and that the schools must be kept open not
less than thirty-six weeks in each year.

Thus was the State provided with a system of free graded schools, under which
there should be uniformity in grading and unity in management. " By the close
of the year 1855," says Superintendent R. W. Stevenson, " the free graded system
was permanently established, met with hearty approval, and received high com-
mendation and support from an influential class of citizens who had been the
enemies of any system of popular education supported at the expense of the
State and by local taxation."

ACADEMIES AND HIGH SCHOOLS.

Public high schools were not known in Ohio before the middle of the century.
Long before that, however, many private academies had been founded to furnish
an education superior to that given by the district school. The few colleges
founded in the first half of the century also maintained preparatory schools,
which, doing work similar to that of the academy, bridged over the chasm
between the ungraded school and the college proper.

The Constitution of 1802 provided for the establishment of academies and col-
leges by corporations of individuals, and from that time until 1838 public senti-
ment appears to have crystallized into the idea that private seminaries were the
proper and only necessary means for attaining an education higher than that of
the common school. There was apparently felt no public obligation to afford
educational facilities, beyond instruction in reading, writing and arithmetic, and,
later, grammar and geography.

Accordingly in many places academies were started, either as private enter-
prises or under the general sanction and control of religious sects. In these
academies, many of which did excellent work and furnished superior advantages
for those days, most of the men who for the past generation have been promi-
nent in Ohio either finished their "schooling" or obtained their preparation for
college. With the rise of the public high school most of these academies closed
their doors, though a few broadened their courses of study and entered upon
collegiate instruction. The history of these academies and an account of the
good done by them is one of the most interesting as well as the most neglected
chapters of Ohio's educational growth. Without them and without the influence
of the graduates they sent out, the establishment of a State system of education
would have been long delayed.

According to the best accounts Burton Academy, incorporated in 1803, was the
pioneer among these institutions. Close upon it followed the Dayton Academy,
which enjoyed a useful and prosperous career until the establishment of the
high school in that city. In Cincinnati Kinmont's Academy, Madison Institute.

H4 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

Locke's Academy, Pickets' Young Ladies' Academy and .others flourished. At
Chillicothe, Salem, Springfield, Gallipolis, Circleville, Steubenville, Columbus,
Norwalk and other places successful academies were maintained. Few of them
are to-day in existence, though about two hundred are known to have been
founded within the State. In the latest report of the State Commissioner of
Schools but fourteen academies are listed, and of these two are connected with
colleges as preparatory schools. Thus thoroughly has the public high school
supplanted the private academy.

From an early date in the history of the State the governors were far in
advance of public sentiment on educational matters. Some of them recom-
mended the seminaries to a more hearty popular support, while others with a
truer conception of the duty of the State advocated the establishment of high
schools, in which instruction should be free, in place of or in addition to these pri-
vate seminaries which were obliged to charge large tuition fees in order to maintain
themselves. It was not until the years from 1845 to 1850, however, that the first
high schools were opened in Cincinnati and Columbus. The experiment was so
immediately successful that such schools became, in the language of a close
observer, " a recognized necessity to the existence of the common school sys-
tem." Even before 1845 a few u higher" schools had been started in smaller
places, under authority implied in the law of 1838. Among these, and probably
the first high school in the State, was one at Maumee, started in 1843-4.

To-day a high school, supported by public funds as a part of the common
school system, is to be found in nearly every town and village in the State.
While many children are unwisely withdrawn from school by their parents just
when they are ready to take up this broadening high-school work, still a large
percentage of the youth of Ohio avail themselves of the advantages offered.
Late reports of the educational department of the State show the existence of
about tfiree hundred high schools, and the number is yearly increasing.

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.

Ohio is pre-eminently a community of many colleges, the reports showing that
it possesses more institutions claiming the title of college or university than are
contained within any other State of the Union. While abundant opportunities
for obtaining a higher education are thus afforded, there is little doubt that this
almost abnormal prolificness has been at the expense of strength and high de-
velopment of many of the colleges. A sketch, first of the colleges supported by
national endowment and State aid, and then of the older of the private and de-
nominational colleges follows.

Ohio University. — The Ohio Company, in its contract with the government,
obtained a gift of two townships for the endowment of a university, "to be applied
to the intended object by the Legislature of the State." The townships of Alex-
ander and Athens, in Athens county, were selected for that purpose. In 1802
the Territorial Legislature chartered* the American Western University, located it
in the town of Athens and gave it the two townships. No steps were taken dur-
ing the territorial days to organize the university, and in 1804 the charter was
repealed and provision made for the establishment of Ohio University at Athens.
The lands were appraised and many of them immediately leased on ninety-year
leases. A revaluation was to be made once in about every thirty years, and a
rental of six per cent, of each valuation was to be paid annually. The next year
the law was modified in some parts, but the revaluation clause was not touched.
When the time for the first revaluation came the Legislature was prevailed upon
by a strenuous lobby of the lessees to declare that the intention had been to
repeal the revaluation clause. As a consequence of this unfortunately legal
action of the General Assembly, two townships of land are to-day under perpetual
lease at an average rental of about ten cents an acre, the total income from
rents amounting to about $4,500 per year. The annual income of Michigan
University from a grant of the same size and kind is over $38,000.

The university was opened for students in 1809 and the first class was grad-
uated in 1815, consisting of Thomas Ewing and John Hunter. These men bore
the first collegiate degrees ever conferred in the Northwest Territory. In 1822 a

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. H5

full faculty was organized, consisting of five men. At the outset the old time
classical course was the only one laid down, with a preparatory department or
•academy to fit students to enter the freshman class. Within recent years a sci-
entific course (a course without Greek or Latin) and a normal course have been
added. The latter is, so far as known, the only provision ever made by the State
for training teachers. The university has once been obliged to close its doors for
a few years on account of financial embarrassment, but now seems destined to
continue its long and honorable career of usefulness. It is a State University in
that its trustees are appointed by the Governor, and its scanty income is occa-
sionally increased by all-too-slender appropriations from the State treasury.

Miami University. — Under the contract between John Cleves Symmes and
Congress one township of land was donated by the latter for " an academy and
other public schools and seminaries of learning." Knowing that but one insti-
tution of learning at the most could be maintained by the income from a single
township, the Legislature chartered Miami University in 1809 and made it the
beneficiary of the grant. The same unwise policy, as in the case of Ohio Uni-
versity, was adopted in disposing of the lands, and the institution has received
an annual income of but $5,600 from the grant. The college was >oo«ted at
Oxford, Butler county, and was opened for students in 1824. While it has
always been crippled by lack of funds and has twice been obliged to suspend for
periods of ten or twelve years, its influence has been great and its history notable.
Taking into account its size and its misfortunes, " few institutions have done better
work or sent forth so large a proportion of graduates who have become eminent
in the various walks of life." Probably, however, no other college in America
has ever been obliged to print in any of its catalogues a notice similar to the fol-
lowing: "Tuition and room-rent must invariably be paid in advance and no
deduction or drawback is allowed ; and if not paid by the student it is charged
to the faculty, who are made responsible to the Board for it." Like Ohio Uni-
versity, it is a semi-State institution, its trustees being selected by the Governor,
and its starving treasury receives occasional pittances from the State. The Uni-
versity was reopened in 1885 after a lapse of twelve years, and whether it will
once more regain the position it once held among Ohio's colleges is a question
not yet easily answered.

Ohio State University. — In 1862 a grant of lands was made by Congress to
each of the States and Territories for u the endowment, support and maintenance
of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other
scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such
branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such
manner as the Legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe." Under
this act Ohio received land scrip for 630,000 acres. An institution, first known
as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, and later as Ohio State University,
was chartered by the Legislature and received the scrip as an endowment, sub-
ject to the conditions imposed by Congress. This scrip was sold at an extremely
low price, like the previous college land endowments in Ohio, and produced a
fund now something more than a half million of dollars, from which the univer-
sity receives an annual income of six per cent. The university was located at
Columbus upon a fine farm of three hundred acres, upon which substantial
buildings were soon erected. The site was purchased and the first buildings
erected and equipped by a gift of $300,000 from the county of Franklin and city
of Columbus. The college, now within the city limits of Columbus, was opened
for students in 1873 and the first class was graduated in 1878. In accordance
with the terms of the land grant the chief attention is given to instruction in
agricultural, mechanical and technical branches, but full collegiate courses are
given, and pursued by many students, in classical and literary lines of work.
For the last few years the General Assembly has annually appropriated moderate
sums for carrying on the work so well begun.

The three foregoing universities are State institutions, amenable to State con-
trol and obtaining their support from the land endowment of the general govern-
ment and from State appropriations. Ohio differs from most States in having
three higher institutions which are in reality a part of the public educational
system of the State. Whether the interests of education are best conserved by

H6 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

the maintenance of three institutions, or whether a union of the three into one
stronger than either to-day, or a fusion or co-operation of the three under one
general management would be wiser, are questions that have been discussed for
some years. In any case the sentiment of the State has definitely crystallized
into the idea that the State ought to provide at public expense for the higher
education of its citizens by maintaining one or more public colleges.

There are also many denominational or private colleges within the State, some
of them strong and prosperous, and all of them doing to the extent of their ability
the work of higher education. The limits of this sketch will not permit a de-
scription of all, but the more prominent of those founded before 1850 may be
briefly mentioned.

Kenyon College. — Through the efforts of Bishop Philander Chase, Kenyon
College was established in 1824, at Gambier, as a college and theological seminary,
under the control of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The lands were purchased
and the buildings erected with funds raised in this country and in England. The
town— which is to-day one of the most beautiful college sites in America — the
college, and the principal edifices are named respectively after three English
noblemen. The college was soon opened with a strong faculty and a goodly
number of students. Financial troubles beset the college, however, and the next
fifteen years found an emissary of the institution almost constantly in the East
or in Europe seeking aid for the starving college. In 1841 the college and the
theological seminary were separated so far as their faculties were concerned. The
college has done excellent work, and has afforded good facilities for the pursuit
of the old-time classical course. It drew many of its students from the South,
and hence suffered severely upon the outbreak of the rebellion. Though not
large in membership, it has always had a fine body of students, and has main-
tained a good reputation. In 1886-87 its corps of instructors numbered nine, and
there were fifty-five students in the collegiate department.

Western Reserve University. — This institution, now better known as Adel-
bert College, was chartered in 1826, and opened for students in the same year at
Hudson, Summit (then Portage) county, in the Connecticut Western Reserve. It
was designed by the education-loving settlers of the Western Reserve to be an
independent college, free from ecclesiastical control, but from the outset and until
the removal of the college to Cleveland the members of the board of trustees were
all ministers or members of the Presbyterian or Congregational churches, and its
general policy has been affected by this fact. The objects of the college were " to
educate pious young men as pastors for our destitute churches," "to preserve the
present literary and religious character of the State," and "to prepare competent
men to fill the cabinet, the bench, the bar, and the pulpit." Drawing most of its
students from the Reserve, the college soon entered upon a prosperous career in
both the theological and collegiate departments and in its preparatory school.
In 1859, however, the theological department was closed, and definitely aban-
doned. The institution has been sustained entirely by donations and students'
fees. In 1881 a magnificent bequest was made to the collegiate department, suffi-
cient to erect new and elegant buildings and to increase largely its endowment
fund, on condition that the collegiate department should be transferred to Cleve-
land, and called Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. The conditions
were accepted, and the removal made upon the completion of the new buildings.
The preparatory school is still maintained at Hudson, and a medical department
has been united to the University at Cleveland. Like the greater number of Ohio
colleges, this institution was for some time open to student? of either sex, but in
1888 the trustees decided that hereafter women should not be admitted. The
attendance in 1886-87 was seventy-eight, when there were ten members of the
faculty.

Dennison University. — This institution, located at Granville, Licking county,
was chartered in 1832 as the Granville Literary and Theological Institution ; in
1856 it assumed its present name, in commemoration of a gift from William
Dennison, of Adamsville, Ohio. Its board of trustees constitute a close corporation,
under the control of the Baptist denomination, and all of its trustees must belong
to that church. The college itself is unsectarian in its teachings, the theological
department having been given up some years ago. The classical and scientific

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 147

€Ourses are offered to students, the former— as in most colleges originally literary
alone—having the better equipment. In 1886-87 there were eleven instructors
and eighty students.

Oberlin College. — This was chartered in 1834 as the Oberlin Collegiate
Institute, at Oberlin, Lorain county, and in 1850 assumed its present name. The
institution is under the direction of the Congregational Church, and a theological
seminary was early established as a part of the college. The board of trustees is
a close corporation. From the outset, but especially in later years, the college
has assumed a prominent place among Ohio colleges, indeed, among American
colleges. Both sexes have always been admitted to its classes, and — for some time
alone among colleges — it almost from its foundation admitted colored students.
As it was the pioneer in that regard, its name was soon widespread, and it became
a strong promoter of anti-slavery principles. It has from time to time extended
its range, and to-day sustains theological, collegiate, musical, art, and preparatory
departments. In its collegiate department in 1886-87 were enrolled 400 students
under a faculty of eighteen members.

Marietta College. — The Marietta Collegiate Institute, located at Marietta, was
chartered in 1832. This charter, however, gave the institution no authority to
confer degrees, and was defective in other particulars. A new charter free from
these defects was accordingly obtained in 1835, from which year the existence of
Marietta College dates. The college was founded by some of the men, or their
immediate descendants, who were instrumental in obtaining the grant of two
townships for an university in the Ohio Company's purchase. Just why they
did not lencl their energies solely towards building up the institution (Ohio Uni-
versity, at Athens) founded on that land-grant it is difficult after this lapse of
time to determine, unless it be that the growth and development of that institu-
tion did not accord with the ideas brought to Marietta from New England. The
following, believed to be from the pen of the late President J. W. Andrews, par-
tially explains the matter: "After spending forty years or more in removing the
forest, they (the settlers of Marietta) could no longer postpone the establishment
of an institution of learning, embodying those principles and methods which had
made the old colleges of New England so efficient and prosperous. There was a
deep conviction on the part of many of the most intelligent men in Southeastern
Ohio that a literary institution of high order was essential to the educational and
religious interests of a large region, of which Marietta was the centre." The
board of trustees has always been a close corporation, but there are no restrictions
as to religious belief of the members. As a fact, the majority of the trustees have
usually been members of the Presbyterian or Congregational churches. The col-
lege has been unsectarian in its teachings, but distinctly Christian in both theory
and practice. It has been a remarkably successful, though never a large institu-
tion •" and the proportion of graduates to freshmen has probably been larger than
that of any other Ohio college. Pleasantly located and comfortably equipped for
classical and literary study, it has closely resembled in its staid dignity the older
New England colleges. In 1887 its collegiate students numbered eighty-seven,
its instructors ten.

Ohio Wesleyan University. — This institution, located at Delaware, under the
control of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was chartered in 1842. The alumni
and four Conferences of the church are each represented by five members in the
board of twenty-five trustees. The endowment of the institution has been con-
tributed chiefly in small amounts by adherents of the church. The college has
advanced in its requirements and increased in attendance until it is one of the
largest colleges in the State. With the possible exception of Oberlin College, the
Ohio Wesleyan University has been more thoroughly permeated with religious
sentiment and zeal than any other of the Ohio colleges. The majority of its stu-
dents belong to families adhering to the Methodist Episcopal Church, and it has
sent out a large body of graduates. In 1886 there were 336 collegiate students
and twenty-five instructors.

Wittenberg College. — This college is located at Springfield, Clark county,
and was chartered in 1845. It is under the control of the General Synod of the
Evangelical Lutheran Church, and its trustees are chosen by various local Synods
of that denomination. The institution was founded to meet the religious and

148

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO.

educational wants of the Lutheran denomination in that vicinity. A theological
department has always been a prominent part of the college. The institution
has never been large, but, with a moderate endowment and comfortable buildings
and equipment, it has always prospered. In 1886 it had sixty-five students in
the collegiate department and eleven instructors.

Otterbein University. — This institution, located at Westerville, Franklin
county, was chartered in 1849, under the auspices of the United Brethren in Christ,
and received its name from the founder of that church. Like Wittenberg College,
and many others in the West, it was established to meet the educational needs
of a religious denomination, and has drawn its financial support almost solely
from them. It has always ranked among the smaller colleges of the State, and
has not always been liberally supported by the church. It was unfortunate in
losing its main building, including the library and much apparatus, by fire in
1870. A new building was soon erected, and the institution has continued its
career, its pathway often beset with the rocks of financial embarrassment that are
encountered by most small denominational colleges. In 1886 there were seven
instructors and fifty students in the collegiate department.

Many other colleges exist in Ohio, some of them strong and prosperous, and
several professional institutions have been established, while the number of com-
mercial and business " colleges " is very large. The foregoing are, however, the
leading colleges or universities, properly so called, founded before the middle of
the present century, and the limits of this sketch permit mention only of the
names and a few statistics concerning the others. The. figures given below, as
well as those that have preceded, are based mainly upon the official report of the
State Commissioner of Schools.

No. of

Date

Religious
Denomination.

No. of

Students

Name.

Location.

of
Charter.

Instructors

1886-87.

Collegiate
Dep'tment

1886-87.

Buchtel College

Akron

1870

Universalist

Ashland College

Ashland

1878

Brethren

Baldwin University

Berea

1856

Meth. Episcopal

German Wallace College

Berea

1864

Meth. Episcopal
Roman Catholic

St. Joseph's College

Cincinnati

1873

200

St. Xavier's College

Cincinnati

1846

Roman Catholic

University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati

1870

Non-Sectarian

118

Belmont College

College Hill '

1846

Non-Sectarian

Capital University

Columbus

1850

Evangel. Lutheran

Findlay College

Findlay

1882

169

Hiram College

Hiram

1867

Disciples
Non-Sectarian

Mt. Union College

Mt. Union

1858

115

Franklin College

New Athens

1825

Muskingum College

New Concord

1837

United Presbyteri'n

Rio Grande College

Rio Grande

1875

Free Will Baptist

Scio College

Scio

1866

Meth. Episcopal

125

Heidelberg College

Tiffin

1850

Reformed

Urbana University

Urbana

1850

New Church

Wilberforce University

Wilberforce

1863

African Meth. Epis.

University of Wooster

Wooster

1866

Presbyterian

226

Antioch College

Yellow Sp'ngs

1852

Non-Sectarian

In conclusion, we may quote the words of Prof. E. B. Andrews, uttered after a
careful study and discriminating praise of the good results accomplished by many
of the Ohio colleges : " It is unfortunate that there are in Ohio so many colleges
of denominational origin, when, with a broader view of the subject of higher
learning, combinations could have been effected which, without any sacrifice of
religious influence, would have given us institutions of greater strength and dig-

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN OHIO. 149

nity, and of ampler facilities for affording a broad and generous culture

This entire misconception of the true functiqn of the college has led to such a
multiplication of colleges in Ohio that all are hindered and many are dwarfed."

Authorities consulted in preparing this sketch: Hildreth's " Pioneer History;" Walker's " His-
tory of Athens County;" American Journal of Education; Knight's "Land Grants for Education in
the Northwest Territory ; " "A History of Education in the State of Ohio" (Columbus, 1876) ; " His-
torical Sketches of Higher Educational Institutions in Ohio" (1876); Ohio School Commissioners'
Reports; Reports of United States Commissioner of Education; Ohio Executive Documents* Ohio
Laws.

OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR.

BY GEN. JOHN BEATTY.

JOHN BEATTY.

General John Beatty was born near Sandusky,
Ohio, December 16, 1828. His education was obtained at
the district school of a pioneer settlement. His grand-
father, John Beatty, was an anti-slavery man of the
James G. Birney school ; from him the present John
imbibed in boyhood his first political tenets, and to these
he has adhered somewhat obstinately ever since. In 1852
he supported John P. Hale for the presidency. In 1856
he cast his vote for John C. Fremont. In 1860 he was the
Republican presidential elector for the district which
sent John Sherman to Congress. When the war broke
out in 1861, he was the first to put his name to an enlist-
ment roll in Morrow county. He was elected to the cap-
taincy of his company, subsequently made lieutenant-
colonel, then colonel of the Third Ohio Volunteer
Infantry, and in 1862 advanced to the position of briga-
dier-general of volunteers. He was with McClellan and
Rosecrans in West Virginia, summer and fall 1861; with
General O. M. Mitchel in his dash through Southern JJ
Kentucky, Middle Tennessee and Northern Alabama in
the spring of 1862. Returning with General Buell to the
Ohio river, he joined in the pursuit of Bragg, and on
October 8, 1862, fought at the head of his regiment in the
battle of Perry ville, Kentucky. In the December follow-
ing he was assigned to the command of a brigade of Rous-
seau's division, and led it through the four days' battle
of Stone River, closing on the night of January 3, 1863.
with an assault on the enemy's barricade, on the left of the Murfreesboro' turnpike, which he carried
at the point of the bayonet. He was with Rosecrans on the Tullahoma campaign, and after the enemy
evacuated their stronghold, overtook them at Elk river, drove their rear guard from the heights
beyond, and led the column which pursued them to the summit of the Cumberland. While the army
rested at Winchester, Tennessee, he was president of a board to examine applicants for commissions in
colored regiments, and continued in this service until the army crossed the Tennessee river and entered
on the Chattanooga campaign. In this advance into Georgia his brigade had the honor of being the
first of Thomas' corps to cross Lookout mountain. He was with Brannan and Negley in the affair at
Dug Gap, and took part in the two days' fighting at Chickamauga, September, 1863, and in the affair
at Rossville. At the re-organization of the Army of the Cumberland he was assigned to the command
of the second brigade of Davis' division Thomas* corps, but was with Sherman at the battle of Mission
Ridge; and when the rebel line broke he led the column in pursuit of the retreating enemy, overtook
his rear guard near Graysville, where a short but sharp encounter occurred, in which Gen. George
Many, commanding the opposing force, was wounded, and his troops compelled to retire in disorder.
Subsequently he accompanied Sherman in the expedition to Knoxville for the relief of Burnside, and
the close of this campaign ended his military service.

Gen. Beatty was elected to the Fortieth Congress from the Eighth Ohio district, and re-elected to the
Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses, serving first as member of the Committee on Invalid Pensions,
then as Chairman of the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and finally as Chairman of
Committee on Public Printing.

In 1884 he was one of the Republican electors-at-large, and in 1886-7 a member of the Board of
State Charities. He has since 1873 been engaged in the business of banking at Columbus, Ohio.

It would be impossible to make an exact estimate of tbe number of men who
entered the National army from Ohio during the war for the preservation of the
Union. Those embraced in regimental and company organizations of the State
can, of course, be enumerated, and, with some degree of accuracy, followed to
the time of their death, discharge, or final muster out; but these organizations
did not by any means include all the patriotic citizens of Ohio who left peaceful
homes to incur the risks of battle for the maintenance of national authority.
Five regiments credited to West Virginia were made up in large part of Ohio
men ; the same may be said of two regiments credited to Kentucky ; also of the
Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Colored Infantry, and of two regi-
ments of United States colored troops. In addition to those enrolled in regi-
05°)

OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR. 151

ments credited to other States, thousands entered the gun-boat service, of whom
Ohio has no record, while other thousands enlisted in the regular army.

" From the best prepared statistics of the Provost Marshal-General and Adju-
tant-General of the U. S. A. and the Adjutant-General of Ohio, excluding re-
enlistments, 'squirrel-hunters' and militia, and including a low estimate for
regular enlistments in the army and navy not credited to Ohio, it is found that
Ohio furnished of her citizens 340,000 men of all arms of the service for war;
reduced to a department standard, they represent 240,000 three-years soldiers."*

The State contributed in organized regiments :

26 regiments of infantry . for three months.

43 regiments of infantry . .... for 100 days.

2 regiments of infantry . . . . . . for six months.

27 regiments of infantry for one year.

117 regiments of infantry .for three years.

13 regiments of cavalry .for three years.

3 regiments of artillery . for three years.

To these should be added twenty-six independent batteries of artillery, and
five independent companies of cavalry.

6,536 Ohio soldiers were killed outright in battle.

4,674 were mortally wounded and subsequently died in hospital.

13,354 died of disease contracted in the service.

In brief, 84 Ohio soldiers out of every 1,000 enlisted men lost their lives in the
war of the rebellion.

"The total losses in battle of all kinds in both the American and British
armies in the seven years' war of the Revolution, excluding only the captured at
Saratoga and Yorktown, is 21,526. This number falls 4,000 below Ohio's dead-
list alone during the late war The loss of Ohio officers is known to

have reached 872, nearly ten per cent, of the grand total of officers."f

In the two hundred and thirty-one regiments, twenty-six independent batteries
of artillery, and five independent companies of cavalry which entered the field
from Ohio, there were but 8,750 drafted men ; all other members of the organiza-
tions referred to being volunteers. It should be observed, however, that the
patriotic impulses of many who volunteered during the later years of the war
were to some extent stimulated by the offer and payment of liberal bounties.
This fact, without being permitted to detract at all from the credit of the soldier
who accepted the money, should be remembered to the honor of the loyal citizen
who paid it cheerfully and promptly.

No army ever had a more abundant and sympathetic support than that
accorded by the loyal men and women of the North, who carried forward with
intense energy the ordinary business of civil life, while sons, brothers and hus-
bands were in the field. Indeed, when we consider that more than one-half of
the adult male population of Ohio was in the army, and that probably one-half
of those who remained at home were unfitted by age or physical infirmity for
military service, and that very many others were held to their farms and offices
by business obligations, which could not be honorably disregarded, or family
ties it would have been cruelty to sunder, we shall be at some loss to determine
whether those who by their industry and liberality made it possible for an army
to live, are entitled to less or more credit from the country than those who fought
its battles and won its victories. To the young there is nothing more attractive
than war and nothing more precious than martial honors. It must occur, there-
fore, that the brother who remains at home to provide for the wants of the house-
hold, and attend to interests which cannot be wholly abandoned, often makes a
greater sacrifice of inclination and exhibits a more unselfish devotion to duty
than the one who dons a uniform, and with music, banners and loud hurrahs
marches to the front.

It would be very difficult in any work, and wholly impracticable in this, to
mention by name the private soldiers of Ohio who rendered faithful service to

* Address Gen. J. "Warren Keifer, at Newark, 1878.
f Gen. J. Warren Keifer.

152

OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR.

the country, or to make special reference to those even who were killed in battle
and interred in hurriedly-made graves on the fields where they fought. There
are none so obtuse, however, as not to know that in patriotism and courage, and
frequently in education, wealth and natural capacity, the private soldier of the
Union army was the full equal of those under whom he served, and to whose
orders he gave prompt and unquestioning obedience. In war, as in politics, all
cannot be leaders, and often in both spheres the selfish and incompetent push
clamorously to the front, while men of superior merit stand modestly back, con-
tent to accept any place in a good work to which accident may assign them.

While those who bore the brunt and burden of the conflict are, as has been
suggested, too numerous to receive special recognition, many of them may find
pleasure in reviewing the list of Ohio generals whom their patience, skill and
courage helped to render more or less conspicuous in the history of the war :

Generals :

Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleas-
ant, Ohio, April 27, 1822.*

William T. Sherman, born Lancaster, Feb-
ruary 8, 1820.*

Philip H. Sheridan, Somerset, March 6,
1831.*
Major- Generals :

Don Carlos Buell, born Lowell, March 23,
1818.*

George Crook, Montgomery county, Sep-
tember 8, 1828.*

George A. Custer, Harrison county, De-
cember 5, 1839.*

Quincy A. Gillmore, Lorain county, Feb-
ruary 28, 1825.*

James A. Garfield, Cuyahoga county, No-
vember 19, 1831.

James B. McPherson, Clyde, November
14, 1828.*

Irvin McDowell, Columbus, Oct. 15, 1818.*

Alex. McD. McCook, Columbiana county,
April 22, 1831.*

William S. Bosecrans, Delaware county,
September 6, 1819.*

David S. Stanley, Wayne county, June 1,
1828.*

Bobert C. Schenck, Warren county, Octo-
ber 4, 1809.

Wager Swayne, Columbus, 1835.

Godfrey Weitzel, Cincinnati, Nov. 1, 1835.*
Major- Generals Resident in Ohio but Born

Elsewhere :

Jacob D. Cox, born in New York, October
27, 1828.

William B. Hazen, Vermont, September
27, 1830.*

Mortimer D. Leggett, New York, April
19, 1831.

George B. McClellan, Pennsylvania, De-
cember 3, 1826.*

0. M. Mitchel, Kentucky, August 28,
1810.*

James B. Steedman, Pennsylvania, July 30,

Brigadier- Generals of Ohio Birth: those
having brevet rank of Major-General
marked with f-

William T. H. Brooks, born New Lisbon,
January 28, 1821.*

William W. Burns, Coshocton, September
3, 1825.*

f Henry B. Banning, Knox county, Novem-
ber 10, 1834.

C. P. Buckingham, Zanesville, March 14,
1808.*

John Beatty, Sandusky, December 16,1828.

Joel A. Dewey, Ashtabula, September 20,
1840.

f Thomas H. Ewing, Lancaster, August 7,
1829.

fHugh B. Ewing, Lancaster, October 31,
1826.

James W. Forsyth, 1835.*

t Bobert S. Granger, Zanesville, May 24,
1816.*

Kenner Garrard, Cincinnati, 1830.*
Charles Griffin, Licking county, 1827.*
Rutherford B. Hayes, Delaware, October
14, 1822.

fj. Warren Keifer, Clark county, Jan-
uary 30, 1836.

William H. Lytle, Cincinnati, November
2, 1826.

John S. Mason, Steubenville, August 21,
1824.*

Bobert L. McCook, New Lisbon, Decem-
ber 28, 1827.

Daniel McCook, Carrollton, July 22, 1834.

John G. Mitchell, Piqua, November 6,
1838..

Nathaniel C. McLean, Warren county,
February 2, 1815.

f Emerson Opdycke, Trumbull county,
January 7, 1830.

Benjamin F. Potts, Carroll county, Jan-
uary 29, 1836.

A. Sanders Piatt, Cincinnati, May 2, 1821.

f James S. Bobinson, Mansfield, October
11, '1828.

fBen. P. Bunkle, West Liberty, Septem-
ber 3, 1836.

J. W. Reilly, Akron, May 21, 1828.

William Sooy Smith, Pickaway county,
July 22, 1830.*

Joshua Sill, Chillicothe, December 6, 1831.*

John P. Slough, Cincinnati, 1829.

Ferdinand Van DeVeer, Butler county,
February 27, 1823.

f Charles B. Woods, Licking county.*

* Graduates of West Point.

OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR.

153

fWilliard Warner, Granville, September
4, 1826.

? William B. Woods, Licking county.
Charles C. Walcutt, Columbus, February
12, 1838.

M. S. Wade, Cincinnati, December 2, 1802.
Brigadier- Generals Resident in Ohio but

Born Elsewhere: those having brevet rank

of Major-General marked f.

Jacob Ammen, born in Virginia, January
7, 1808.*

f Samuel Beatty, Pennsylvania, September
16, 1820.

fB. W. Brice, Virginia, 1809.*

Ralph P. Buckland, Massachusetts, Jan-
uary 20, 1812.

H. B. Carrington, Connecticut, March 2,
1824.

George P. Este, New Hampshire, April

30, 1830.
f Manning F. Force, Washington, D. G,
December 17, 1824.
John W. Fuller, England, July, 1827.
Charles W. Hill, Vermont.
"August V. Kautz, Germany, January 5,

1828.
George W. Morgan, Pennsylvania.
William H. Powell, South Wales, May 10,

1825.
E. P. Scammon, Maine, December 27,

1816.*
Thomas Kilby Smith, Massachusetts, 1821.
f John W. Sprague, New York, April 4,
1827.

Erastus B. Tyler, New York.
John C. Tibball, Virginia.*
August Willich, Prussia, 1810.

General Eli Long, for a time Colonel 4th Ohio Cavalry; General S. S. Carroll,
for a time Colonel 8th Ohio Infantry; and General Charles G. Harker, first
Colonel of the 65th Ohio Infantry, are not included in the above list, for the
reason that they were officers of the regular army, and neither by birth nor resi-
dence Ohio men.

It would hardly be safe for a reader in search of truth to assume that rank at
all times, or even generally, indicated the relative merit of officers in the volun-
teer service. Brevet rank conferred neither additional pay nor authority, and
near the close of the war the government was prodigal of gifts which cost it
nothing, and of such gifts gave freely to all for whom they were asked. On the
other hand it would be a mistake to conclude that some of those brevetted were
not justly entitled to greater honors and compensation than many whose rank
was higher and commands larger. It is but .natural for governors to provide well
for those nearest to them officially and otherwise, for senators and representa-
tives to be partial to their own kinsfolk and following, and for victorious generals
to think first of their intimate personal friends. Still the honors were probably
as fairly awarded as those in civil life. Accident, opportunity, family and social
influence, when favorable, are important helps in war, as well as in love, politics
and business.

It will be observed that the graduates of West Point kept well to the front
during the war. They were educated for this purpose, and the government exer-
cised its authority wisely when it sustained them even under circumstances which
would have been deemed sufficient to retire a volunteer officer in disgrace. It
may be truthfully said, also, that the officers of the regular army, with few ex-
ceptions, sustained each other loyally, and never permitted even a straggling
honor to escape which could by hook or crook be gathered in for the glorification
of their Alma Mater.

The officers of Ohio birth whose names are given above, were, with but few
exceptions, born during the first thirty years of the present century, when Ohio
was simply a vast wilderness with here and there a clearing and a cabin. Many
were farmers' sons, who received the rudiments of an education in the log-school
houses of pioneer settlements during the winter months, and in summer assisted
their fathers in the rough work of converting heavily timbered lands into produc-
tive fields. The habits of frugality and industry then attained undoubtedly
contributed much to their subsequent success.

In enumerating the Ohio Generals I have followed the course pursued by White-
law Reid in his " Ohio in the War," but it must be admitted that in doing so a door
is left wide open for adverse criticism. If Grant should be credited to Ohio be-
cause he was born in the State, then Generals Halbert E. Paine, of Wisconsin,
Ben Harrison, of Indiana, Robert B. Mitchell, of Kansas, and others, should also
be credited to Ohio ; while McClellan, O. M. Mitchell, Hazen, and others should

* Graduates of West Point.

154 OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR.

be credited to the place of their birth rather than to that of their residence. It
is apparent, therefore, that the claim usually made by Ohio goes too far or not
far enough, and that a wiser adjustment of the whole matter could be attained by
pooling the honors of the war with other loyal States and simply boasting that
those who won them were American citizens.

No fair estimate of the magnitude of Ohio's contribution to the war, however,,
can be obtained without taking into consideration the services of eight men in
civil life who did more, probably, to insure the success of the Union cause than
any eight of the Generals whom the State sent to the field.

Edwin M. Stanton, born at Steubenville, Dec. 19, 1814, Attorney -General United
States, 1860, and Secretary of War from January, 1862, to August, 1867.

Salmon P. Chase, born in New Hampshire, January 13, 1808, United States
Senator from Ohio, Governor of Ohio, and from March, 1861, to 1864, Secretary
of the Treasury.

John Sherman, born at Lancaster, May 10, 1823, United States Senator from
Ohio, and member of the Finance Committee of the Senate.

Benjamin F. Wade, born in Massachusetts, October 27, 1800, United States Sen-
ator from Ohio, and Chairman of the Senate Committee on the conduct of the
war.

William Dennison, born at Cincinnati, November 23, 1815, Governor of Ohio
from January, 1860, to January, 1862.

David Tod, born at Youngstown, February 21, 1805, Governor of Ohio from
January, 1862, to January, 1864.

John Brough, born at Marietta, September 17, 1811, Governor of Ohio from
January, 1864, to the close of the war.

Jay Cooke, born at Sandusky, August 10, 1821, Special Agent United States
Treasury Department for the negotiation of bonds.

The population of Ohio probably represented more nearly than that of any
other State, the people of all the older sections of the Union. Settlers from New
England and New York predominated in the Western Reserve. Pennsylvania
had peopled the eastern counties ; Virginia and Kentucky the southern and south-
western ; and so we find that Grant's father and Rosecrans's came from Pennsyl-
vania ; Sherman's and Tod's from Connecticut ; McPherson's and Garfield's from
New York ; McDowell's, Kentucky ; Dennison's, New Jersey ; Gillmore's, Massa-
chusetts ; Stanton's, North Carolina ; while Chase was born in New Hampshire,
and Am men, Brice, and Tibball were natives of Virginia.

It was thus on Ohio soil that the people North and South first met and frater-
nized, and by their united and harmonious efforts transformed, within less than
half a century, an unbroken wilderness into a rich and powerful State.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY

MILITARY ORDER OF THE

LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES.

With an Introductory Sketch Giving the History and Patriotic Objects of the Order.

fV ' \/ A- : Ky ■.-■'"

Brev.-Lieut.-Col. E. C. DAWES, TJ. S. V.,
Commander Ohio Commandery.

Capt. ROBERT HUNTER, U. S. V.,
Recorder Ohio Commandery.

The Military Order op the Loyal Legion is an association of officers and
honorably discharged officers of the army, navy, and marine corps of the United
States, regular and volunteer, who took part in the suppression of the rebellion.
It was organized in Philadelphia in 1865. The Order acknowledges as its funda-
mental principles: (1st) a belief and trust in Almighty God; (2d) true allegiance
to the United States of America. Its objects are to cherish the memories of the
war waged for the unity of the Republic, to strengthen the ties of fellowship
formed by companionship in arms, to advance the best interests of its members,
to extend assistance to families of deceased members when required, to foster the
cultivation of military and naval science, and to enforce allegiance to the general
government.

The Order is organized into State Commanderies, of which there are now seven-
teen, with a total membership of over 5,000. There is also a National Com-
mandery-in-Chief, composed of the Commanders, ex-Commanders, Vice-Com-
manders, ex-Vice-Commanders, Recorders, and ex-Recorders of the different
Commanderies. The Commandery -in-Chief is the supreme judicial and executive
body. It meets once a year. It was instituted 21st October, 1885. Previous to
this time the Pennsylvania Commandery acted as Commandery-in-Chief.

Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was the first Commander-in-Chief. Upon his death
Gen. Philip H. Sheridan succeeded him. Col. John P. Nicholson is Recorder-

(i55)

IS 6 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY

in-Chief. The headquarters are at Philadelphia, Pa. A congress composed of
the Commander-in-Chief, Recorder-in-Chief, and three delegates from each Com-
mandery assembles once every four years. All legislative powers, not reserved
by the Constitution to the State Commanderies, are vested in it. The Order is
not sectarian and is not political, nor is it secret. Its members are known as
Companions, and are of three classes. The first class is composed of commis-
sioned officers and honorably discharged commissioned officers of the United
States army, navy, or marine corps, regular or volunteer, who were actually
engaged in the suppression of the rebellion. Also, the eldest, direct, male, lineal
descendants, or male heirs in collateral branches, of officers who died prior to
31st December, 1885, who at the time of death were eligible.

To the second class are eligible the eldest sons, twenty-one years of age, of
living, original members. Upon the death of those through whom they derive
membership, Companions of the second class become Companions of the first
class.

A third class is composed of civilians who were distinguished for conspicuous
loyalty to the government during the Rebellion.

The diploma of membership and insignia of the Order may be conferred, by a
vote of a congress of the Order, after nomination by the Commandery-in -Chief,
upon any gentleman who served during the war of the Rebellion on staff duty
without commission.

Those so chosen are known as Members-at-Large, and are recognized as first-
class Companions of the State Commandery they affiliate with.

This distinguished honor has been conferred upon two members of the Ohio
Commandery : the late Col. John H. Devereaux, of Cleveland, who during the
war was Superintendent of Military railroads in Virginia, and Maj. William D.
Bickham, of Dayton, who served on the staff of Gen. W. S. Rosecrans.

The Insignia of the Order is a badge pendant by a link and a ring of gold from
a tricolored ribbon. The badge is a cross of eight points gold and enamel, with
rays forming a star. In the centre on the obverse side is a circle with the national
eagle displayed, and around it the motto, Lex regit arma tuenter. On the reverse
side are crossed sabres, surmounted by a fasces, on which is the Phrygian cap ;
around it an arch of thirteen stars and a wreath of laurel ; in the circle about it
the legend : " M. O. Loyal Legion, U. S., MDCCCLXV."

The Commandery of Ohio was instituted 7th February, 1883. Its headquarters
are at Nos. 57 and 59 Fourth street, Cincinnati, where it has neat and commo-
dious rooms for its office, library, and meetings. It holds seven regular meetings
each year. At each meeting — except the annual election in May — a paper is
read by some one of the members, giving his personal recollections of some cam-
paign or battle in which he was a participant. Two volumes, of 600 pages each,
of these papers have already been published by the Commandery; and it is
intended to publish one annually.

OFFICERS OHIO COMMANDERY 1888-1889.

Commander — Brev. Lieut. -Col. E. C. Dawes, U. S. V., Cincinnati.

Senior Vice-Commander — Maj. -Gen. M. D. Leggett, U. S. V., Cleveland. #

Junior Vice-Commander — Brev. Col. Cornelius Cadle, Jr., U. S. V., Cincinnati.

Recorder — Capt. Robert Hunter, U. S. V. , Cincinnati.

Registrar — Capt. James C. Mitchie, U. S. V. , Cincinnati.

Treasurer — Brev. Maj. William R. McComas, U. S. V., Cincinnati.

Chancellor — Maj. George A. Vandegrift, U. S. V., Cincinnati.

Chaplain — Capt. George A. Thayer, U. S. V. , Cincinnati.

Council— Brev. Maj. Frank B. James, U. S. V., Cincinnati; Capt. W. E. Crane, U. S.
V., Cincinnati; Capt. L. T. Schofield, U. S. V., Cleveland; Lieut. -Col. George M. Finch,
U. S. V., Cincinnati; Brev. Maj. William R. Lowe, U. S. V., Cincinnati.

Ammon, J. H. , Lieut. -Col. N. Y. V., Boston, 12th Ind. Vol. Cav., Norwalk,. Conn.

Mass. (Transferred.) (Charter mem- (Transferred.)

ber.) Austin, D. R., 1st Lieut. 100th O. V. I.,

Abbott, N. B., 1st Lieut. 20th Conn. Vols., Toledo, O.

Columbus, O. (Charter member.) Abbott, H. R., 1st Lieut. 180th O. Vv L,

Anderson,' E., Chaplain 37th 111. V. L, Col. Detroit, Mich.

OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 157

Ashmun, G. C, 2d Lieut. 7th Ind. Troop, 0.

V. C., Cleveland, 0.
Anderson, Latham, Col. 8th Cal. V. I., Capt.

and Brev. Lieut. -Col. U. S. A., Cincinnati.
Adae, C. A. G., Capt. 4th O. V. C, Cin-
cinnati, O.
Ayres, S. C, 1st Lieut, and Assist. -Surgeon

U. S. V., Brev. Capt. U. S. V., Cincinnati.
Abert, J. W., Maj. U. S. Engineers, Brev.

Lieuto-Col. U. S. A., Newport, Ky.
Bockee, J. S., Capt. 114th N. Y. V., Brev.

Lieut. -Col. U. S. V., Louisville, Ky.
Bickham, W. D., Maj. and Aid-de-Camp on

Staff of Gen. Rosecrans, Dayton, 0. (Mem-

mpt* at IfiT'fj'P 1

Bell, W. H., Maj. and A Q. M., U. S. A,

Denver, Col.
Barnett, James, Col., Brev. Maj. -Gen. U. S.

V., Cleveland, 0.
Brown, J. Morris, Surg., Maj. U. S. A, Fort

Omaha, Omaha. (Transferred.)
Bacon, H. M., Chaplain 63d Ind. V. L,

Toledo, O.
Bliven, C. E., Capt., Brev. Maj. U. S. V.,

Chicago, 111. (Transferred.)
Bigelow, H. W., Capt. 14th O. V. I., To-

ledo, O.
Buckland, R. P., Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj.-

Gen. U.S. V., Fremont, O.
Bejl, Jno. N., Capt. 25th Iowa Y. I., Day-
ton, O.
Brasher, L. B., 1st Lieut, and Reg. Q. M.

54th Ky. Mounted Inf., Meeker, Col.
Baldwin, A. P., Capt. 6th Ohio Bat. Art.,

Akron, O.
Bell, Jno. B., Maj. 15th Mich. V. I, Brev.

Lieut. -Col. U. S. V., Toledo, O.
Barber, G. M., Lieut. -Col. 197th O. V. L,

Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, 0.
Billow, Geo., Capt. 107th O. V. L, Akron.
Buckland, H. S., Fremont, 0. (Second class. )
Bingham, Wm., Cleveland, O. (Third class.)
Burns, J. M., 1st Lieut. 17th U. S. Inf.,

Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming Ter.
Brown, M. G, 1st Lieut, and Reg. Q. M.

111th O. Y. I., Cleveland, 0.
Botsford, J. L., Capt. and A. A G, U. S.

V., Youngstown, O.
Booth, Chas. A., Brev. Maj., Brev. Lieut. -

Col. U. S. Y., Capt. and A Q. M. U. S.

A., Brev. Maj. and Brev. Lieut.-Col, For-
tress Monroe, Va.
Brand, T. T., Capt. 18th U. S. Inf., Brev.

Maj. U. S. A. (retired), Urbana, 0.
Brooks, M. L., Jr., 1st Lieut, and Assist. -

Surg. 93d O. Y. L, Cleveland, O.
Brown, John Mason, Maj. 10th Ky. Y. Cav.,

Col. 45th Ky . Mounted Inf. , Louisville, Ky.
Brown, Fayette, Maj. and Paymaster U. S.

A, Cleveland, 0.
Beatty, John, Col. 3d 0. Y. I., Brig. -Gen.

U. S. Y., Columbus, 0.
Ball, E. H., 1st Lieut. 53d 0. Y. I., Ports-
mouth, 0.
Burt, M. W., Maj. 22d Mass. Y. I., Brev.

Col. U. S. Y., Steubenville, O.
Baldwin, J. G., Captain 2d 0. Y. I., War-
ren, O.
Boyd, C. W., Capt. 34th 0. Y. L, Levana, 0.
Berlin, C, 1st Lieut. 1st N. Y. Light Art,

Brev. Capt., Brev. Maj. U. S.V., Soldiers'
Home, Dayton, O.

Bates, C. S., 1st Lieut. 13th 0. V. I., Cleve-
land, O.

Bates, J. H., Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y., Cincin-
nati, 0. (Charter member.)

Blair, J. M., Capt. 2d Ky. Vol. Inf., Cin-
cinnati, O. (Charter member.)

Bates, Caleb, Maj. and A. D. C. (Dead.)
(Charter member.) (Died April 7, 1884.)

Bond, L. EL, 1st Lieut. 88th 0. Y. L, Brev.
Maj. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.

Brown, A. M., Assist. -Surg. 22d 0. Y. I.,
Maj., Acting Staff Surg., U. S. Y., Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Brown, Frederick W., 2d Lieut. 1st U. S.

. Col. Cav., Cincinnati, O.

Burnet, R. W., Cincinnati, 0. (Third class.)

Baldwin, W. H., Lieut.-Col. 83d O. V. L,
Brev. Col. U. S. Y., Brev. Brig. -Gen. U.
S. Y., Cincinnati, O.

Burton, A. B., 1st Lieut. 5th O. Y. Light
Bat. Art., Brev. Capt., Brev. Maj. U. S.
Y., Cincinnati, O.

Bard, S. W., 2d Lieut. 2d Mo. Cav., Capt.
Bard's Ind. O. Y. C, Cincinnati, 0.

Brachman, W. E., Capt. 47th O. Y. I., Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Baker, C. C M 1st Lieut. 6th 0. Y. C., New
Lisbon, O.

Burrows, W. S., 2d Lieut. 1st N. Y. Yet.
Yol. Cav., Cleveland, O.

Brundage, A. H., Maj., Surgeon 32d 0. Y.
I., Xenia, O.

Buck, A. E., Lieut.-Col. 51st U. S. C. I.,
Brev. Col., U. S. V., Atlanta, Ga.

Brown, Harvey H., Cleveland, O. (Second
class )

Brown; E. F., Col. 28th N. Y. Y. Inf., Sol-
diers' Home, Dayton, 0.

Bond, F. S., Maj. and A. D. C, U. S. Y.,
New York City, N. Y.

Bush, T. J., Capt. 24th Ky. Y. I., Lexing-
ton, Ky.

Buchwalter, E. L., Capt. 53d U. S. C. L,
Springfield, O.

Bonsall, W. H., 2d Lieut. 1st O. Y. Heavy
Art. , Los Angeles, Cal.

Babbitt, H. S., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M. 31st
O. Y. I., Dorchester, Mass.

Bishop, J. C, 1st Lieut. 1st Yet. W. Ya.
Yol, Inf., Middleport, O.

Bonnell, D. Y., 1st Lieut. 93d 0. Y. I., Mid-
dletown, O.

Beatty, W. G., Maj. 174th 0. Y. I., Card-
ington, 0.

Burrows, J. B., Capt. 14th Ohio Batt. Yol.
Light Art. , Painesville, 0.

Babbitt, Albert T., 2d Lieut. 93d 0. Y. L,
Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.

Corbin, H. C, Col. and Brev. Gen. U. S. Y.,
Maj. and A. A. G, U. S. Army, Chicago.

Crowell, J, Capt. and A A G, U. S. V.
Died Dec. 29, 1885.

Conger, A. L., 1st Lieut. 115th 0. Y. I.,
Akron, O.

Clarke, W. C, 1st Lieut. andRegtl. Commis-
sary 2d 111. Cav. , Lithopolis, O.

Conrad, J., Col. U. S. A. (retired), Washing-
ing, D. C. (Transferred.)

158 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMAND FRY

Carnahan, J. R., Capt. 86th Ind. V. I., In-
dianapolis, Ind.

Cable, C. A., Capt. 18th 0. V. I, Nelson-
ville, O.

Comly, J. M., Col. 23d O. V. L, Brev. Brig.-
Gen. U. S. V. Died July 26, 1887.

Clarke, Jno. S., Maj. 8th Ky. V. I., Lexing-
ton, Ky.

Casement, Jno. S., Col. 103d 0. V. I, Brev.
Brig. -Gen., Painesville, O.

Coe, E. S., Capt. 124th O. V. I, Lieut. -Col
196th O. V. I., Cleveland, O.

Gushing, H. K., Maj., Surg. 7th O. V. I.,
Cleveland, O.

Chance, J., 1st Lieut. 17th U. S. I. Died
Dec. 11, 1885.

Cutler, Carroll, 1st Lieut. 85th 0. V. I.,
Cleveland, O.

Clarke, R. W., Capt. 120th N. Y. V. I,
Toledo, 0.

Crumit, C. K., Capt. 53d 0. V. I., Jack-
son, 0.

Chamberlin, W. P., 1st Lieut. 23d O. V. I.,
Knoxville, Tenn.

Crawford, James, Capt. 91st 0. V. I., West
Union, O.

Crawford, Geo. S., Co. G, 49th O. V. I,
Price Hill, Cincinnati, O.

Crouse, Geo. W., Akron, O. (Third class.)

Chapman, J. H., Capt. 5th Conn. V. I.,
Capt. Vet. Res. Corps, Soldiers' Home,
Dayton, O.

Cope, Alexis, Capt. 15th 0. V. I., Colum-
bus, O.

Churchill, M., Col. 27th 0. V. I.,Brev. Brig.-
Gen. U. S. V., Zanesville, O.

Coates, B. F., Col. 91st 0. V. I., Brev. Brig.-
Gen. U. S. V, Portsmouth, O.

Corbin, D. T., Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Capt.
Vet. Res. Corps, Capt. 3d Vermont V. I. ,
Chicago, 111. (Transferred.)

Collins, Chas. L., 2d Lieut. 24th U. S. I.,
Fort Elliott, Texas. (First class by descent. )

Cockerill, John A., private, 24th O. V. I.,
New York City, N. Y. (First class by de-
scent.)

Campbell, Jno., Capt. 70th O. V. I., Wash-
ington, D. C. (Transferred.)

Cooke, Warren W., Capt. 182d 0. V. I.,
Toledo, O.

Cochran, Robert H., 1st Lieut. 15th O. V. I.,
Toledo, O.

Comstock, D. W., Capt. 121st Ind. Vols.,
Richmond, Ind.

Chase, D. H., Capt. 9th Ind. V. I., Capt.
17th U. S. I., Logansport, Ind.

Coon, John, Maj., Paymaster U. S. A.,
Cleveland, 0.

Chance, J. C, Capt. 13th U. S. I., Fort Win-
gate, New Mexico.

Chamberlain, H. S., 1st Lieut. O.V.C., Capt.
and A. Q. M., U. S. Vols., Chattanooga,
Tenn.

Cox, J. D. , Jr. , Cleveland, 0. (Second class. )

Chamberlin, J. W., Capt. 123d 0. V. I.,
Brev. Major U. S. V., Tiffin, 0.

Cushing, Wm. E., Cleveland, 0. (Second
class.)

Cowan, A., Capt. 1st N. Y. Ind. Battery, L.
Art., Brev. Lieut. -Col. U. S. Vols., Louis-
ville, Ky.

Collamore, G. A., Maj., Surgeon 100th O. V.
I., Toledo, O.

Coleman, Horace, Maj., Surgeon 147th O. V.
I., Troy, 0.

Conger, Kenyon B., Akron, O. (Second
class i

Chester, F. S., Capt. 2d Conn. V. I., Cuya-
hoga Falls ; 0.

Cumback, Wm., Maj. and Paymaster U. S.
A., Greensburg, Ind.

Crane, W. E., Capt. 4th 0. V. C, Cincin-
nati, O. (Charter member.)

Cist, H. M., Maj. and A. A. G., Brev. Brig.-
Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 0. (Charter
member.)

Cadle, C, Jr., Lieut. -Col. A. A. G., 17th A.
C, Brev. Col. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.

Cox, Theodore, Lieut. -Col., Brev. Col. U. S.
V. and A. A. G,, 23d A. C, Cincinnati, O.

Conner, P. S., Ass't Surg. U. S. A., Brev.
Capt., Brev. Maj. U. S. A., Cincinnati, 0.

Cullen, Robert, Capt. 74th 0. V. I., Cincin-
nati, O.

Cherry, E. V., 1st Lieut. 63d 0. V. I., Cin-
cinnati. 0.

Coverdale, R. T., Capt. 48th 0. V. I., Capt.
and A. Q. M., U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.

Chamberlin, W. H., Maj. 81st 0. V. L, Cin-
cinnati, O.

Carrick, A. L., Maj., Surgeon 2d E. Tenn. V.
Cav., Cincinnati, O.

Cochran, T. J., 1st Lieut. 77th O. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, O.

Cross, F. G., 1st Lieut. 84th Ind. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, O.

Cox, J. D., Maj. -Gen. U. S. V. , Cincinnati, O.

Cowen, B. R., Maj. and Paymaster, Brev.
Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.

Cooke, H. P., Capt. and A. A. G., U. S. V.,
Cincinnati, 0.

Currie, Geo. E., Lieut. -Col. 1st Inf. Miss.
Marine Regiment, Dayton, Ky.

Chisman, Homer, 1st Lieut. 7th Ind. V. I.,
Ludlow, Ky.

Cavett, G. W., 1st Lieut. 53d O. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, O.

Dudley, E. S., 1st Lieut. 2d U. S. Art, Lin-
coln, Neb. (Transferred.)

Davies, Samuel W., Capt. 1st O. V. I., Day-
ton, O.

De Gress, J. C, Capt. 9th U. S. Cav., Brev.
Lieut. -Col. (retired), Austin, Texas.

Devereux, J. H. , Col. and Vol. Aid by ap-
pointment. Died March 17, 1886.

De Witt, Calvin, Maj., Surgeon U. S. A.,
Fort Sully, D. T.

Donnellan, J. W., Lieut. -Col. 27th U. S. C.
Troops, Laramie, Wyoming Territory.

Dennis, C. P., 1st Lieut. 47th 0. V. L, Ports-
mouth, O.

Du Barry, H. B., 1st Lieut. 88th Ind. V. I.,
Columbus, 0.

Dawes, E. C. , Maj. 53d 0. V. I., Brev. Lieut. -
Col. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O. (Charter
member. )

Dawes, R. R., Col. 6th Wis. V. I., Brev.
Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Marietta, 0.

Dayton, L. M., Col. U. S. A., Cincinnati, O.
(Charter member.)

De Bus, Henry, Capt. IstU. S. Colored Cav-
alry. Died Oct. 9, 1887.

OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 159

Bay, J. B., Maj. 6th U. S. Colored Cavalry,
Cincinnati, 0.

Elwell, John J., Lieut.-Col. and A. Q. M.,

v Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, 0.

Enochs, W. H. , Col. 1st Vet. W. Va. I. , Brev.
Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Ironton, 0.

Edwards, Wm. , Cleveland, 0. (Third class. )

Ellison, H. C, 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 115th 0.
Y. I., Cleveland, 0.

Ewing, E. E., 1st Lieut. 91st 0. V. L, Ports-
mouth, 0.

Edgerton, R. A., 1st Lieut. 72d 0. V. L,
Little Rock, Ark.

Evans, N. W., Capt. 173d 0. V. L, Ports-
mouth, 0.

Emerson, Lowe, 1st Lieut, and Q. M., 15th
N. J. Vols., Cincinnati, 0.

Everts, 0,, Maj., Surgeon 20th Ind. V. I.,
College Hill, Cincinnati, 0.

Foraker, J. B., 1st Lieut. 89th 0. V. L, Brev.
Capt. U. S. V., Columbus, O. (Charter
member.)

Fuller, J. W., Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj. -Gen.
U. S. V., Toledo, 0.

Faulkner, J. K., Col. 7th Ky. Vol. Cav.,
Louisville, Ky.

Fenner, A. C, Capt. 63d 0. V. I., Dayton, O.

Fraunfelter,E., Capt. 114th O.V.I., Akron, O.

Forbes, S. R, Maj., Surgeon 67th O. V. I.,
Toledo, 0.

Frazer, A. S., 1st Lieut. 34th 0. V. I.,
Xenia, O.

Freeman, H. B., Capt. 7th U : S. I., Brev.
Maj. U. S. A., Ft. Laramie, Wyoming
Ter.

Fountain, S. W., 1st Lieut. 8th U. S. Cav.,
Jefferson Barracks, Mo.

Fowler,. H. R, 2d Lieut. 1st Mass. Heavy
Art., Toledo, O.

Foster, Robert S., Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj.-
Gen. U. S. V., Indianapolis, Ind.

Finch, C. M., Maj., Surgeon 9th 0. V. C,
Columbus, 0.

Felton, William, Capt. 90th 0. V. L f Brev.
Maj. U. S. V., Columbus, O.

Fechet, E. O., 2d Lieut. 2d U. S. Art.,
Hachita, New Mexico.

Fuller, W. G., Capt. and A. Q. M., Brev.
Maj., Brev. Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Gallipo-
lis, O.

Ford, D. T. , Youngstown, O. (First class by
descent.)

Force, M. R, Brig. : Gen. , Brev. Maj. -Gen. U.
S. V., Cincinnati, O. (Charter member.)

Foley, J. L., Maj. 10th Ky. Vol. Cav., Cin-
cinnati, O. (Charter member.)

Fox, George B., Maj. 75th O. V. I., Wyom-
ing, O.

Finch, Geo. M., Capt. 2d O. V. I., Lieut. -
Col. 137th O. V. L, Cincinnati, 0.

Flemming, Robert H., Capt. 77th 0. V. I.,
Ludlow, Ky.

Ferrell, T. R, 1st Lieut. 18th 0. V. I, Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Guthrie, J. V., Maj. 19th 111. Infantry, Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Garrard, Jeptha, Col. 1st U. S. Col. Cav.,
Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 0.

Gagahan, A. J., Lieut, and A. Q. M., 1st
Tenn. Cav., Chattanooga, Tenn.

Gano, J. W., 1st Lieut. 75th 0. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, 0.
Guenther, R L., Maj. 2d U. S. Art., Brev.

Col. U. S. A., Little Rock Barracks, Little

Rock, Ark.
Gaul, Jos. L., 1st Lieut. 5th 0. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, 0.
Grosvenor, ft H., Col. 18th 0. V. I., Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S.V., Athens, 0.
Goodloe, Wm. Cassius, Capt. and Asst. Adjt.-

Gen., U. S. V., Lexington, Ky.
Gottschall, 0. M., 1st Lieut. 93d 0. V. I.,

Dayton, 0.
Goodspeed, Jos. M., 1st Lieut. 75th 0. V. I.,

Athens,
Goodspeed, W. R, Maj. 1st Reg. Ohio L.

Art, Cleveland, 0.
Greenleaf, C. R., Maj., Surgeon U. S. A.,

Washington, D. ft ■
Garretson, Geo. A., 2d Lieut. 4th U. S. Art.,

Cleveland, 0.
Goodrich, B. R, 1st Lieut., Assist. Surgeon

35th N. Y. V., Akron, O.
Gibson, Wm. H., Col. 49th O. V. I., Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Tiffin, O.
Goodwillie, Thomas, 1st Lieut. 150th 0. V.

1., Cleveland, 0.
Goodwin, E. M. , Acting Assist. Surgeon U.

S. N., Toledo, 0.
Godfrey, E. S., Capt. 7th U. S. Cav., Fort

Riley, Kansas.
Godwin, E. A., 1st Lieut, and Reg. Q. M.

8th U. S. Cav., Chicago, 111.
Galligher, M., 1st Lieut. 16th Penn. V. I.,

Urbana, 0.
Garfield, Harry A., Cleveland, 0. (First

class by descent.)
Granger, M. M., Lieut.-Col. 122d 0. V. I.,

Brev. Col. U. S. V., Zanesville, 0.
Hickenlooper, A., Lieut.-Col. U. S. V., Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 0. (Char-

t^r member 1
Hunt, C. B., Lieut. -Col. 2d Mo. Cav., Cin-
cinnati, O.
Hosea, L. M., Capt. and Brev. Maj., 16th U.

S. Inf., Cincinnati, O.
Hurd, E. O., Capt. 39th O. V. I., Cincin-
nati, 0.
Hawthorn, L. R., Capt. and Brev. Major U.

S. V., Newport, Ky.
Hawkins, M. L., 1st Lieut. 36th 0. V. I.,

Cincinnati, 0.
Healy, R. W., Col. 58th Illinois V. I., Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.
Heath, T. T., Col, 5th O. V., Cavalry, Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.
Hunter, Robert, Capt. 74th O. V. I., Cincin-
nati, 0.
Hall, J. C, Capt. 55th Mass. V. I., Brev.

Major U. S. v., Cincinnati, 0.
Harris, L. A., Col. 2d O. V. I., Col. 137th

0. V. I., Cincinnati, O.
Heam, J. A., Capt. 16th U. S. Inf., Brev.

U. S. A. (retired), Newport, Ky.
Hoeltge, Augustus, Assist. Surg. 47th 0. V.

I., Cincinnati, 0.
Hereon, Win. ft, Acting Ensign U. S. N. t

Cincinnati, 0.
Houghton, R N., 2d Lieut. 17th 0. V. Batt'y

Light Art. , Columbus, 0.

i6o ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY

Hayes, Rutherford B., Brev. Maj.-Gen. U.

S. V., Fremont, 0. (Charter member.)
Harris, Win. H., Capt., Brev. Major, Brev.

Lieut. -Col. U. S. A., Cleveland, 0.
Holter, M. J. W., Lieut.-Col. 195th 0. V. L,

Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Batavia, 0.
Howard, W. C, 2d Lieut. 17th Ohio Batt'y,

St. Paul, Minn. (Transferred.)
Hay, John, Major and A. A. Gen., Brev.

Col. U. S. V., Cleveland, O.
Herrick, John F., Lieut.-Col. 12th 0. V. C,

Cleveland, 0.
Hamilton, J. K., Capt. 113th 0.>Y. I, To-
ledo, O. r
Howe, George W., 1st Lieut. 1st Reg. Ohio

Vol. Art., Cleveland, O.
Hitchcock, Peter M., 1st Lieut. andR. Q. M.

20th O. V. I, Cleveland, O.
Hazen, W. B., Brig. -Gen. U. S. A., Maj.-
Gen. U. S. V. (Transferred.) (Dead.)
Hayes, Birchard, Toledo, 0. (Second class.)
Harris, Ira, Lieut. -Com. U. S. N., Kensing-
ton, 111. (Transferred.)
Hutchins, John C, 1st Lieut. 2d 0. V. C,

Cleveland, O.
Haynes, Wm. E., Lieut.-Col. 10th 0. V. C,

Fremont, O.
Hodge, Noah, 1st Lieut andAdjt. 52dU. S.

Col. Inf., San Diego, Cal.
Harter, George D., 1st Lieut. 115th 0. V. I.,

Canton, 0.
Herrick, Henry J., Maj., Surgeon 17th 0.

V. L, Cleveland, O.
Hay, Charles E., 1st Lieut. 3d U. S. Cav.,

Brev. Capt. U. S. A., Springfield. LI.
Himes, I. N.. Maj., Surgeon 73d 0. V. L,

Cleveland, O.
Hager, J. B., Capt. 12th Ind. V. I,

Capt. 14th U. S. Inf. (Died August

28, 1885.)
Hale, Clayton, Capt. 16th U. S. I., Brev.

Lieut. -Col. U. S. A., El Paso, Texas.
Hoffman, Lewis, Capt. 4th Ind. O. Batt.,

Light Art. , Cincinnati, O.
Hanna, H. M., Cleveland, 0., Paymaster

U. S. Navy.
Hayes, Webb C. , Cleveland, 0. (First class

by descent.)
Hamilton, Wm. D., Col. 9th O. V. C, Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Columbus, O.
Hutchins, H. A., Maj., Paymaster U. S. A.,

Brev. Lieut. -Col. U. S. V., New York

City, N. Y.
Hayes, R. P., Fremont, 0. (First class by

descent. )
Herenden, G. B., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 44th

N. Y. Y. Inf., Cleveland, O.
Heistand, H. 0. S., 1st Lieut. 11th U. S.

Inf., Oswego, N. Y. (First class by de-
scent.)
Hutchins, John, Cleveland, 0. (Third class.)
Hood, Robert N., Capt. 2d Tenn. Y. C.,

Knoxville, Tenn.
Harrison, Benjamin, Col. 70th Indiana V. I.,

Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V. , Indianapolis, Ind.
Isom, J. F., Capt. 25th Ills. V. L, Cleve-
land, 0.
Isham, A. B., 1st Lieut. 7th Mich. V. C,

Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, 0.
Ingersoll, Joseph, Capt. 76th Ills. V. I.,

Cleveland, O.

Jones, F. J., Capt. U. S. V., Brev. Maj. U.
S. V., Cincinnati, 0.

James, F. B., Capt. 52d 0. V. I., Brev.
Maj. U. S. V., Cincinnati, O.

Jones, George E., Acting Assist. -Surgeon
U. S. Navv, Cincinnati, O.

Jones, J. K., 2d Lieut. 24th 0. V. I., Co-
lumbus, O.

Jacobs, Wm. C, Maj., Surgeon 81st 0. V. I.,
Akron, O.

Jackson, Joseph R., Capt. 69th Ind. V. I.,
Union City, Ind.

Johnson, R. M., Col. 100th Ind. V. I.,
Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Johnston, J. R., 2d Lieut. 25th Vol. Batt.
O. Y. Light Art., Canfield, 0.

Kendall, F. A., Capt. 25th U. S. I. (retired),
Cleveland, O. (Charter member.)

Kilpatrick, Robert L, Col. U. S. A. (re-
tired) , Springfield, O. (Charter member. )

Kilbourne, James, Capt. 95th 0. Y. I. , Brev.
Lieut-Col., Brev. Col. U. S. V., Colum-
bus, O.

Kellogg, A. G., Commander U. S. N., Wash-
ington, D. C. (Transferred.)

Knapp, A. A, Capt. 40th 0. Y. I., Union
City, Ind.

Kelly, R. M., Col. 4th Ky. Y. I., Louis-
ville, Ky.

Kellogg, C. W., Capt. 29th O. Y. I., Brook-
line, Mass. (Transferred.)

Kirk, E. B., Maj., Quartermaster U. S. A,
Atlanta, Ga.

Keifer, J. Warren, Col. 110th O. Y. I.,
Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y., Brev. Maj.-
Gen. U. S. Y., Springfield, 0.

Kell, W. H., 1st Lieut. 22d U. S. I., Fort
Lewis, Colo.

Knefler, Fred'k, Col. 77th Ind. Y. I., Brev.
Brig.-Gen. U. S. Y., Indianapolis, Ind.

Kennedy, Robert P., Col. 196th O. Y.
I., Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. Y., Bellefon-
taine, O.

Kimball, W. C, Capt. and Com. of Sub. U.
S. Y., Tiffin, O.

Kemper, G. W. H., Assist. -Surgeon 17th
Ind. Y. I., Muncie, Ind.

Kauffman, Albert B., Capt. 8th U. S. Cav.,
Fort Clarke, Texas.

Kirby, T. H., 1st Lieut. 36th Ind. Y. I.,
Muncie, Ind.

Kemper, A. C, Capt. and Assist. Adjt. -Gen.
U. S. Y., Cincinnati, O. (Charter mem-
ber. )

Kuhn,W. E., Capt. 47th 111. Inf., Capt. and
A. A. G. U. S. Y., Cincinnati, 0.

Lane, P. P., Col. 11th O. Y. I., Cincinnati,
O. (Charter member.)

Lukens, E. J., 1st Lieut. 2d 0. Y. Cav.,
Cincinnati, 0. (Charter member.)

Lowe, W. R., Capt. 19th U. S. Inf., Brev.
Maj. U. S. A., Cincinnati, 0.

Lloyd, H. P., Capt. 22d N. Y. Y. C, Brev.
Maj. U. S. V ; , Cincinnati, O.

Lane, H. M., Cincinnati, 0. (Second class.)

Lovell, E. H. , Cincinnati, 0. (First class by
descent. )

Locke, Jos. M., Capt. 14th U. S. I. and Brev.
Lieut.-Col. U. S. A.. Cincinnati, O.

Lewis, G. W. , 2d Lieut. 111th O. Y. I. , Cleve-
land, O.

OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 161

Little, Geo. W., Lieut, and R. Q. M. 60th
0. V. I., Cleveland, 0.

La Motte, Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y. (Trans-
ferred. Dead. Charter member.)

Lewis, John V. H., Capt. and A. Q. M. U.
S. V., Boston, Mass. (Charter member.)

Leggett, M. D., Maj.-Gen. U. S. V., Cleve-
land, 0. (Charter member.)

Lybrand, A. , Capt. 73d 0. Y. I. , Delaware, 0.

Lostutter, D., Capt. 7th Ind. Y. I., Aurora,
Ind.

Laird, George F., Capt. 4th 0. Y. I, Kings-
ton, New Mexico.

Leggett, L. L. , Cleveland, O. (Second class. )

Loving, Starling, Maj., Surgeon 6th O. Y. I.,
Columbus, O.

Lindsay, C. D., 1st Lieut. 67th 0. Y. I.,
Toledo, O.

Lewis, John R., Maj. 44th U. S. I, Col. U.
S.A., Atlanta, Ga.

Lewis, R. H., 1st Lieut. 1st Del. Ind. Batt.
Heavy Art. , Chicago, Ills. (Transferred. )

Lafferty, N. B., Assist. -Surgeon 1st O.
Heavy Art., Hillsboro, 0.

Lynch, Frank, Lieut. -Col. 27th O. Y. I.,
Cleveland, 0.

Lybrand, R. G., Capt. 192d 0. Y. I., Del-
aware, 0.

Luckey, J. B., Capt. 3d O. Y. C. , Elmore, O.

Mitchell, John G., Col. 118th O. Y. L, Brev.
Maj.-Gen. U. S. Y., Columbus, 0.

Morey, H. L, Capt. 75th 0. Y. I., Hamil-
ton, 0.

Morrison, Walter, * Capt. 9th 0. Y. C, Co-
lumbus, O.

Munson, Gilbert D., Lieut. -Col. 78th O.Y. L,
Brev. Col. U. S. Y., Zanesville, O.

Milward. H. K., Lieut. -Col. 18th Ky. Y. L,
Brev. Col. U. S. Y., Lexington, Ky.

Miller, S. J. F., Acting Asst. -Surgeon U. S.
A., Soldiers' Home, Milwaukee, Wis.

Mitchell, John T., Lieut. -Col. 66th O. Y. I.,
Urban a, 0.

McAllister, A., Capt. 10th U. S. Colored
Heavy Art, Brev. Maj., Brev. Lieut. -Col.
U. S. Y., Cleveland, 0.

Meade, Alfred N., Capt. 128th O. Y. I.,
Cleveland. O.

Mitchell, John, 1st Lieut. 32d O. Y. I., Nor-
walk, 0.

Mundy, W. H., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 23d Ky.
Y. I., Louisville, Ky.

Matthews, W. S., Capt. 60th O. Y. I, Brev.
Capt. U. S. Y., Pasadena, Cal.

Mansfield, I. F., 1st Lieut. 105th O. Y. I.,
Cannelton, Pa.

Marvin, U. L, Capt. 5th Reg. U. S. Colored
Troops, Brev. Maj. U. S. Y., Akron, O.

Macauley, Daniel, Col. 11th Ind. Y. I., Brev.
Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y., No. 45 Broadway,
New York City, N. Y.

Madeira, John D., Capt. 73d O. Y. I., Chil-
licothe, 0.

Morgan, W. J., Capt. 41st 0. Y. I., Cleve-
land, 0.

Molyneaux, J. B., Capt. 7th O.Y. I., Cleve-
land, O.

Marshall, W. S., Maj. 5th Iowa Y. I., Chat-
tanooga, Tenn.

McDowell, H. C, Capt. and A. A. G. U. S.
V., Lexington, Ky.

McClymonds, J. W., 1st Lieut. 104th O.Y. I,
Massillon, 0.

McMillen, W. L., Col. 95th 0. Y. L, Brev.
Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. Y.,
New Orleans, La.

McNaught, J. S., Capt. 20th U. S. I., Mad-
ison, Wis.

Mcllvaine, D. B., Capt. 14th W. Ya. Y. I.,
82 Chambers St., New York City, N. Y.

McCown, A. F., Maj. 13th W. Ya. Y. L,
Point Pleasant, W. Ya.

McGinnis, G. F., Brig.-Gen. U. S. Y., In-
dianapolis, Ind.

McGinniss, J. T., Capt. 13th U.S.I., Brev.
Maj. U. S. A., Olney, 111. (Retired.)

McCook, Alex. McDowell, Col. 6th U. S. L,
Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S, A., Fort Leaven-
worth, Kansas.

Mattox, A. H., 1st Lieut. 17th Ohio Batt.,
Light Art. , Cincinnati, O. (Charter mem-
ber.)

Monfort, E. R., Capt. 75th 0. Y. I, Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Moore, F. W„ Col. 83d O. Y. I, 1st Lieut.
19th U. S. I, Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. Y.,
Cincinnati, 0.

Michie, J. C, Capt. 1st U. S. Yeteran Inf.,
Covington, Ky.

Merrill, W. E., Col. 1st U. S. Yet. Y. Engi-
neers, Lieut. -Col. Corps of Engineers,
Brev. Col. U. S. A., Cincinnati. 0.

Murdock, James E. , Avondale. (Third class. )

Mosler, Max, 2d Lieut. 108th 0. Y. I., Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Mitchell, J. B., 1st Lieut. 83d 0. Y. L, Cin-
cinnati, O.

Miller, F. C, 2d Lieut. 1st Reg. 0. Y. Light
Art, Newport, Ky.

Moore, W. A., Capt. 7th Rhode Island Y. I.,
Newport, Ky.

McClung, D. W., Capt. and A. Q. M., U. S.
Y., Cincinnati, O.

McComas, W. R., Capt. 83d O. Y. I, Brev.
Maj. U. S. Y., Cincinnati, O.

McCormick, A. W., Capt. 77th O. V. I.,
Brev. Maj., Brev. Lieut. -Col. U. S. Y.,
Cincinnati, O.

McGrath, John, Cincinnati, O. (Second
class )

McCormick, J. H., Capt. 148th O. Y. I,
Rays, Jackson county, O.

McCormick, F. R. , Washington, D. C. (Sec-
ond class/)

McCurdy, John, Major, Surgeon 11th O. Y.
L, Youngstown, 0.

Molyneaux, Wm. Y. , Cleveland, . (Sec-
ond class.)

Madigan, M. F., Lieut. 27th 0. Y. I., Cleve-
land, 0.

Meyer, E. S., Brev. Brig.-Gen. U. S. Y.,
Cleveland, O.

Myers, L. D., Capt. and Q. M. U. S. Y.,
Columbus, 0.

McClure, Chas., Brev. Col. U. S. Y., Major
and Paymaster IT. S. A., El Paso, Texas.

McDonald, I. H., 2d Lieut. 9th U. S. Cav.,
Urban a, 0.

McMillin, E., 2d Lieut. 2d W. Ya. Yol. Cav.,
Columbus, O.

McCullough, S. M., 1st Lieut. 5th W. Ya,
Y. I., Washington, D. C.

i<52 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMAND ERY

Neil, H. M., Capt. 22d 0. Batt. Vol. Light
Art, Columbus, O.

Norton, H. D., Capt. 32d Mass V. I., Brev.
Major U. S. V., Washington, D. C.

Neil, John B., Major 46th 0. V. I., Colum-
bus, O.

Neubert, H. G., Capt. 14th 0. V. I, Tole-
do, 0.

Nesbitt, W. B., 1st Lieut. 12th O. V. L,
Lieut. -Col. 176th O. V. L, 1st Lieut. 25th
U. S. Infantry, Xenia, O.

Neff, E. W. S., 2d Lieut. 1st Regiment O.
V. Heavy Art. , Cleveland, O.

Neff, C. A. (Second class.) Cleveland, 0.

Noyes, E. P., Col. 39th O. Y I., Brev. Brig.-
Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 0. (Charter
member.)

Nichols, G. W., Capt. and A. A. D. C, Brev.
Lieut. -Col. U. S. A. (Died Sept. 15,
1885.)

Neff, G. W., Col. 88th 0. Y.I., Brev. Brig.-
Gen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 0.

Neil, Wm., Columbus, O. (Second class.)

Neil, Moses H., Major 1st O. Y. C, Colum-
bus, O.

Nash, Sumner, 1st Lieut. 115th O. V. L,
Akron, 0.

Noble, C. H., Capt. 16th U. S. Infantry, San
Antonio, Texas.

Oglevee, J. F., 1st Lieut. 98th O. Y. I., Co-
lumbus, O.

Osborn, Hartwell, Capt. 55th O. Y. L, Chi-
cago, 111.

Ostrander, J. S., 1st Lieut. 18th U. S. Inf.,
Richmond, Ind.

Offley, R. EL, Lieut. -Col. U, S. A, Fort D.
A. Russell, Wyoming Territory.

Overturf, J. W., 1st Lieut. 91st 0. Y I.,
Brev. Capt., Brev. Major U. S. Y., Ports-
mouth, O.

Otis, Elmer, Col. 8th U. S. Cav., Fort Davis,

Partridge, C. A, 1st Lieut. 48th 0. Y. I.,
Cincinnati, O.

Potter, J. M., 1st Lieut. 117th Colored U. S.
Infantry, Cincinnati, O.

Payne, E. B., Lieut. -Col. 37th Ills. Y. I.,
and Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y, Cleveland.

Pierson, J. L., Major 2d New Jersey Yol.
Cav., Painesville, O. (Charter member.)

Potter, J. B., Surgeon 30th O. Y I. (Died
March 27, 1887.)

Pickands, James, Col. 124th 0. Y. I, Cleve-
land, O.

Perkins, Geo. T., Lieut. -Col. 105th 0. Y. I.,
Brev. Col. U. S. Y, Akron, O.

Pease, Wm. B., Capt. 9th U. S. Inf. (retired),
Astor House, New City.

Parrott, E. A, Col. 1st 0. Y I„ Dayton, 0.

Parrott, H. E., 1st Lieut. 86th O. V. L, Day-
ton, O.

Peck, B. B., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 27th Mass.
Yol. Inf., Indianapolis, Ind.

Penney, C. G, Capt. 6th U. S. Inf., High-
wood, 111.

Piatt, J. D., Lieut. -Col. 10th 0. Y.C., Day-
ton, O.

Perry, Oran, Lieut. -Col. 69th Ind. Y.I., In-
dianapolis, Ind.

Park, Horace, Col. 43dO.Y.L, Columbus,0.

Pierson, H. W. , Wernersville, Penn. (Third

class.)
Patton, A. G., Lieut. -Col. IstN. Y. Mounted

Rifle Yols. , Columbus, O.
Patterson, E. L., Capt. 79th 0. Y. I., Cleve-
land, O.
Peck, Wm. H. H., Capt. 5th Yer. Y. I.,

Capt. 19th Yet. Res. Inf., Cleveland, 0.
Peelle, S. J., 2d Lieut. 57th Ind. Y. I., In-
dianapolis, Ind.
Payne, W. S., Capt. 2d La. Yol. Inf., Fos-

toria, O.
Pettit, S., 1st Lieut. 104th 0. Y. I., New

Lisbon, 0.
Prindle, J. A., Capt. 7th Yer. Y. I., Cleve-
land, 0.
Pettit, J. S., 1st Lieut. 1st U. S. L, Benicia

Barracks, Cal. (Second class. )
Perkins, S. J., Capt. and A. Q. M., U. S. Y.,

Sharon, Pa.
Powell, Eugene, Col. 193d 0. Y. L, Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y, Delaware, 0.
Putnam, Douglass, Lieut. -Col. 92d O. Y. I.,

Ashland, Ky.
Price, E. H., Capt. 11th 0. Y I., Chatta-
nooga, Tenn.
Pollard, J. K., 2d Lieut. 182d 0. Y. L, West

Union, O.
Quinn, Timothy, Lieut. -Col. 7th N. Y. Cav.,

Washington, D. C.
Ruhm, John, 1st Lieut. 15th U. S. Col. Inf.,

Nashville, Tenn.
Rice, A. Y, Col. 57th 0. Y. I., Brig. -Gen.

U. S. Y, Ottawa, O. •
Rice, Owen, Capt. 153d Penn. Yol. Inf.,

Chicago, 111.
Robertson, R. S., 1st Lieut. 93d N. Y. Inf.,

Brev. Capt. U. S. Y., Ft. Wayne, Ind.
Ricks, A. J., 1st Lieut, 104th O. Y. I., Mas-

sillon, O.
Ratliff, R. W., Col. 12th O. Y. C, Brig. -Gen.

U. S. Y. Died Sept. 14, 1887.
Ranney, H. C, Capt., A. A. G., U. S. Y.,

Cleveland, O.
Reilly, W. W., Capt. 30th 0. Y. G, Ports-
mouth, O.
Rees, J.. Capt. 27th O. Y. I., Newark, O.
Rule, Wm., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 6th Tenn.

Y. I., Knoxville, Tenn.
Robinson, James S., Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj.-

Gen. U. S. Y, Columbus, O.
Rodgers, J. H., Major, Surgeon 104th 0. Y.

I., Springfield, 0.
Rannells, W. J., Capt. 75th O. Y. I., Mc-

Arthur, 0.
Raynor, W. H., Col. 56th 0. Y. I., Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y., Toledo, 0.
Riley, C. T., 1st Lieut, and R. Q. M., 71st

0. Y. I., Troy, 0.
Roots, L. H. , Capt. , Brev. Major, and Brev.

Lieut. -Col. U. S. Y., Little Rock, Ark.

(Transferred.)
Raynolds, J. M. , (private soldier), Las Yegas,

New Mexico. (First class bv descent. )
Rose, J. T, Rev., Syracuse, N. Y. (First

class by descent. )
Roberts, C. S., Capt. 17th U. S. L, FortD.

A. Russell, Wyoming Territory.
Rose, Thos. E., Col. 77th Penn. Y. I., Brev.

Brig. -Gen. U. S. Y., Capt. 16th U. S. I.,

OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 163

Brev. Major U. S. A., Brev. Lieut. -Col.
U. S. A., Fort Concho, Tex.

Bathbone, E. G., Hamilton, O. (First class
by descent.)

Baper, J. T., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 26th O.
Y. I, Chillicothe, O.

Boberts, J. D., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 53d O.
V. I., Chattanooga, Tenn.

Biebsame, C, Capt. 116th Illinois Vol. Inf.,
Bloomington, 111.

Bichards, Channing, Capt. 22d O. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, O. (Charter member.)

Bifenberick, B. P., Capt. 4th 0. V. C, Cin-
cinnati, O.

Beynolds, J. K., 1st Lieut. 6th 0. V. I., Cin-
cinnati, O.

Beamy, Thad. A., Major, Surgeon 122d O.
Y. I., Cincinnati, O.

Bobison, A. B., Capt. 39th 0. V. I., Pleasant
Bidge, 0.

Bochester, M., Capt. and A. A. Gr., U. S. Y.,
Lieut. -Col. and A. A. G., U. S. V., Cin-
cinnati, O.

Smith, S. B., Capt. 93d 0. Y. I., Ludlow
Falls, 0. (Charter member.)

Smith, Orland, Col. 73d O. V. I., and Brev.
Brig. -Glen. U. S. V., Cincinnati, 0.

Swing, P. F., Capt. 9th O. Y. C, Cincin-
nati, O.

Stoms, H. G., Capt. 39th 0. Y. I., Cincin-
nati, 0.

Sechler, T. M., 1st Lieut. 2d Ohio Heavy
Art., Cincinnati, O.

Stewart, J. B., Capt. 17th Ind. Y. I., Cin-
cinnati, O.

Scarlett, J. A., Ensign U. S. Navy, Cincin-
nati, 0.

Shattuc, W. B., 1st Lieut. 2d 0. Y. C, Cin-
cinnati, 0.

Schwarz, G. W., Capt. 2d Perm. Y. Cav.,
Cincinnati, O.

Selbert, A, Capt. 183d O. Y. I., Cincin-
nati, O.

Speed, J. B., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 27th Ky.
Y. I., Louisville, Ky.

Schenck, S. C. (First class by descent. ) To-
ledo, O.

Swaine, P. T., Col. 22d U. S. I., Fort Keogh,
Montana Territory.

Sanderson, Fred. M., Capt. 21st Mass. V.I.,
Cleveland, O.

ScoSeld, Levi T., Capt, 103d O. Y. I., and
Top. Engineer, 23d A. C, Cleveland, 0.

Storer, J. B., Capt. 29th O. Y. I., Akron, 0.

Smith, Brewer, Capt. 65th 0. Y. I., Brev.
Major U. S. V., Crown Hill, W. Ya.

Scovill, E. A., Lieut.-Col. 128th O. Y. L,
Cleveland, O.

Stanley, David S., Col. 22d U. S. I., Brig.-
Gen. and Brev. Major-Gen. U. S. A., San
Antonio, Texas.

Sherman, H. S., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 120th
0. Y. I., Cleveland, 0.

Shields, J. C, Capt 19thO. Batt. Yol. Light
Art, Cleveland, 0.

Strong, E. E 1st Lieut. 16th Conn. Y. I.,
Cleveland, 0.

Scovill, E. T. , Cleveland, 0. (Second class. )

Smith, W. H. H., 1st Lieut. 21st Batt. 0.
Y. Light Art, Toledo, O.

Speed, G. K., Capt. 4th Ky. Y. C. Died
February 12, 1887.

Smith, Wm, Capt 2d O. Y. Cav. Died
October 11, 1886. |

Smith, A. J., Capt. 4th N. Y. Heavy Art,
Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Cleveland, 0.

Stevenson, B. F., Maj., Surgeon 22d Ky. Y.
Inf., Visalia, Ky.

Sterling, J. T., Lieut.-Col. 103d 0. Y. I.,
Brev. Col. U. S. Y. (Transferred.)

Sanderson, T. W., Col. 10th O. Y. I, Brev.
Brig. -Gen. V. S. Y., Youngstown, 0.

Shively, J. W., Surgeon U. S. N., Kent,
O.

Stafford, S. B., Capt. 15th IT. S. I., Fort
Bandall, Dak. Terr.

Steward, T. L., 1st Lieut. 11th 0. Y. I.,
Dayton, 0.

Speed, Thos., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 12th Ky.
Y. I., Louisville, Ky.

Smith, 0. M., 1st Lieut. 22d U. S. I., San
Antonio, Tex.

Steward, L. T., Chicago, Ills. (Second class.)
(Transferred.)

Shaw, W. L., Capt. 11th 0. Y. L, Brev.
Maj. U. S. Y., Minneapolis, Minn.

Strong, II. C, 1st Lieut, and Beg. Q. M.
128th O. Y. I., Newark, 0.

Stone, B. F., Capt 73d 0. Y. I., Chilli-
cothe, 0.

Shanks, T. P., 1st Lieut 9th Ky. Yol. Cav.,
Louisville, Ky.

Shellenberger, J. K., 1st Lieut 64th 0. Y.
I., Helmboldt, la.

Sherman, W. T., Gen. U. S. A., New York
City, N. Y.

Strickland, D. W., Lieut.-Col. 48th N. Y. Y.
I., Aspen, Col.

Smith, C. H., Maj. 27th 0. Y. I., Cleve-
land, O.

Stewart, J. E., Capt 167th 0. Y. L, Brev.
Col. U. S. Y., Springfield, 0.

Sullivant, L. S., Maj. 113th O. Y. I., Colum-
bus, 0.

Skinner, B. M., Maj. 9th W. Ya. Y. I.,
Pomeroy, 0.

Speed, James, Hon. (Third class.) (Died
June 15, 1887.)

Sargent, H. S., Capt. 12th N. H. Y. I.,
Cleveland, O.

Seibert, John, Capt. 13th 0. Y. I., Colum-
bus, 0.

Scranton, E. E., Capt. 65th 0. Y. I., Alli-
ance, 0.

Steele, H. K., Maj., Surgeon 44th 0. Y. I.,
Dayton, 0.

Starr, W. C, Lieut -Col. 9th Ya. Y. I.,
Bichmond, Ind.

Thomas, David W., Capt 29th O. Y, I.,
Akron, 0.

Townsend, E. F., Lieut.-Col. 11th U. S. I.,
Fort Gates, Dak. Terr.

Thurstin, W. S., Capt. 111th 0. Y. I., To-
ledo, 0.

Townsend, Amos, 1st Lieut. 1st Beg. 0. Y.
Lt Art, Cleveland, 0.

Thompson, A. C, Capt. 105th Penn. Y. I.,
Portsmouth, 0.

Taylor, John, 2d Lieut. 70th 0, Y. L, West
Union, 0.

164 ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO COMMANDERY.

Taylor, John H., 2d Lieut. 143d 0. V. L,
East Liverpool, 0.

Tyler, R B., Capt. 74th N. Y. V. I., Brev.
Maj., Brev. Lieut. -Col U. S. V., Chatta-
nooga, Tenn.

Tillman, W., Maj. and Pavm., Brev. Lieut. -
Col. U. S. A., Louisville, Ky.

Thompson, Jno. T., 2d Lieut. 2d U. S. Art.,
Mt. Vernon, Ala. (First class by descent.)

Taylor, V. C, 1st Lieut. 84th 0. V. I.,
Cleveland. 0.

Thrift, R. W„, Maj., Surgeon 49th O. V. L,
Lima, O.

Tillotson, E., 1st Lieut. 27th U. S. I., Ur-
bana, 0.

Thomas,* Samuel, Col. 64th U. S. C. I.,
Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V, N. Y. City.

Todd, Samuel A., 1st Lieut. 44th O. Y. L,
1st Lieut. 8th O. Y. C, Springfield, O.

Yan De Man, J. H., Capt. 66th 0. Y. I.,
Assist. -Surg. 10th 0. Y. I., Chattanooga,
Tenn.

Yoris, A. C, Col. 67th 0. Y. I, Brev.
Brig., Brev. Maj. -Gen. U. S. V., Akron, O.

Yance, A. F., Maj. and Paym. U. S. V.,
Urbana, O.

Yance, Wilson, 1st Lieut. 14th U. S. C. T.,
Brev. Capt. U. S. V., Findlay, O.

Vandearift, Geo. A., 1st Lieut. 2d 0. Y. I.,
Maj. 137th O. Y. I., Cincinnati, O.

Yan Yoast, J., Col. 9th U. S. I. (retired),
Cincinnati, 0.

Yan Dyke, A. M., Capt. and A. A. G. U. S.
V., Brev. Maj. U. S. Y., Wyoming, O.

Walcutt, Chas. C, Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj.-
Gen. U. S. V., Lieut. -Col. 10th U. S. C,
Columbus, O. (Charter member.)

Wills, A. W., Capt. and A. Q. M., Brev.
Lieut. -Col. U. S. V., Nashville, Tenn.

Wood, E. Morgan, Capt. 15th U. S. I.,
Dayton, 0.

Wilson, G. W., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 54th O.
Y. I., Hamilton, O.

Wood, Thomas J., Brig. -Gen., Maj. -Gen. U.
S. A. (retired), Dayton, O.

Wright, G. B., Col. 106th O. Y. I., U. S.
Mil. Storekeeper, Columbus, O.

Woodruff, Carle A., Capt. 2d U. S. Art.,
Brev. Lieut. -Col. U. o. A., Fort Leaven-
worth. Kan.

Wilson, Harrison, Col. 20th 0. Y. I., Sid-
ney, 0.

Wake, Norman, Maj. 189th 0. Y. I., To-
ledo, 0.

Welch, G. P., 1st Lieut, and Adjt. 10th Yer.
V. I., Cleveland, O.

Waite, Richard, Capt. 84th 0. Y. I., To-
ledo, 0.

Whitbeck, H. N., Lieut.-Col. 65th 0. Y. I,
Brev. Brig. -Gen. U. S. V., Cleveland, O.-
Wilson, W. C, Col. 135th Ind. Y. I., La-
fayette, Ind.

Williams, W. S., Capt. 3d Ind. 0. Bat. Yol.
Light Art., Canton, O.

Wood, Chas. 0., Lieut.-Col. 8th Cal. Inf.,
Brev. -Col. U. S. Y., Capt. 9th U. S. I.,
Akron, O.

Wilcox, A. M., Capt., Com. U. S. Y., Brev.
Maj. U. S. Y., St. Louis, Mo. (Trans-
ferred.)

Warner, Willard, Col. 180th O. Y. I., Brev.
Brig. -Gen., Brev. Maj.-Gen. U. S. Y.,
Tecumseh, Ala.

Whittlesey, R. D., 1st Lieut. 1st Beg. 0. Y.
Art, Toledo, 0.

Walker, Wm. T., Toledo, 0. (Third class.)

Williams, W. W., Pay Director U. S. N.,
San Francisco, Cal.

Williams, A. J., 2d Lieut. 7th O. Y. I.,
Cleveland, O.

Wolcott, J. L., 2d Lieut. 67th O. Y. I., To-
ledo, 0.

Weist, J. R., Maj., Surgeon 1st U. S. Col.
Troops, Richmond, Ind.

Ward, Jno. H., Lieut.-Col. 27th Ky. Y. I.,
Louisville, Ky.

Wright, James T. , Indianapolis, Ind. (Sec-
ond class.)

Wedemeyer, Wm. G., Capt. 16th U. S. I.,
San Antonio, Tex.

Wilson, Robert, Capt. 12th 0. Y. I., Mid-
dletown, O.

Watson, C. T., Capt. and A. Q. M., Brev.
Maj. U. S. V., Atlanta, Ga.

Welch, J. M., Maj, 18th 0. Y. I., Athens, 0.

Wagner, A., 2d Lieut. 6th 0. Y. C, Akron, O.

Walden, W. A., Capt. 36th 0. Y. I., Co-
lumbus, 0.

Webster, E. F., 1st Lieut. 25th 0. Battery
Light Art., Wellington, O.

Williams, W. H., Maj. 42d O. Y. L, Welling-
ton, 0.

Wilson, C. L., Maj., Surgeon 75th O. Y. I.,
Indianapolis, Ind.

White, W. J., Capt. 4th U. S. Col. Heavy
Art., Brev. Maj. U. S. Y., Springfield, O.

Wight, E. B., Maj. 24th Mich. Y. L, Cleve-
land, O.

Wallace, Lew., Maj.-Gen. U. S. Y., Craw-
fordsville, Ind.

Wilson, Wm. M., Capt. 122d 0. Y. I.,
Xenia, O.

Wasson, A. M. S., 3d Assist. -Eng. U. S. N.,
Cincinnati, O.

Warnock, Wm. R., Maj. 95th 0. Y. I., Brev.
Lieut. -Col. U. S. V., Xenia, O.

Williams, E. Cort, Acting Ensign U. S. N. ,
Cincinnati, O.

Whitfield, S. A., Lieut. -Col. 123d U. S. Col.
Inf., Cincinnati, O.

Wiltsee, W. P., Capt. Benton Cadets, Cin-
cinnati, O.

Wilson, R. B., 1st Lieut. 194th O. Y. I.,
Cincinnati, O.

Wilshire, J. W., 2d Lieut. 45th 0. Y. I.,
Cincinnati, O.

White, Ambrose, Private 2d Ky. Y. I., Cin-
cinnati, O. (First class by descent.)

Warwick, N. R., 2d Lieut. 91st 0. Y. I.,
Cincinnati, O.

Wilson, C. P., Mai and Surgeon 138th 0. Y.
I., Cincinnati, U.

Weber, Daniel, Col. 39th 0. Y. I., Cincin-
nati, O.

Werner, F. J., 1st Lieut. 106th 0. Y. I.,
Cincinnati, 0.

Wallace,F. S.,Maj.82dO.Y. I., Cincinnati, O.

Youtsey, T. B., 1st Lieut. 37th Ky. V. I.,
Newport, Ky.

Total Roll of Names 560

OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. 165

New members admitted November 1th, 1888.

For the First Class :

Crook, George, Maj.-Gen. U. S. A., Chi-
cago, 111.

Doolittle, Charles Camp, late Brig. -Gen.
and Brevet Maj.-Gen. U. S. V.. Toledo, 0.

Friesner, W. S., late Lieut. -Col. 58th 0.
,V. L, Logan, 0.

Foote, Allen R, late 2d Lieut. Co. U B,"
21st Mich. V. I., Cincinnati, 0.

Ford, Collin, late Major and Brevet-Col.
100th U. S. Col. Inf., Cincinnati, 0.
> Gillett, Simeon Palmer, late Lieut. -Com.
U. S. N., Evansville, Ind.

Hipp, Charles, late Major 37th Begt. 0.
V. I., St. Marys, O.

Jones, Wells S. , late Brevet Brig. -Gen. U.
S. V., Waverly, O.

Lewis, Edwin R, late Capt. Co. u C," 21st
Mass. Inf. , Crawfordsville, Ind.

Markbreit, Leopold, late Capt. 28th 0. V.
I., Cincinnati, 0.

McConnell, Ezra, late 1st Lieut. 30th 0.
V. I., Flushing, 0.

Beese, Henry Bickham, Major and Pay-
master U. S. A., Lancaster, O.

Stubbins, Benjamin Ambrose, late Surgeon
14th Vet. Ky. V. L, Gallipolis, 0.

Thruston, Gates Phillips, late Brig. -Gen.
U. S. V., Nashville, Tenn.

Williams, Edward P., late Capt. and Com-
missary of Subsistence, U. S. V., Ft. Wayne,
Ind.

Of the First Glass by Descent:

Burbank, Clayton S., 1st Lieut. 10th Inf.,
eldest living son of the late Col. Sidney Bur-
bank, U. S. A., Fort Lyon, Col.

Stuckey, J. D., late Sergeant 73d 0. V. I. ;
eldest living brother of the late Samuel W.
Stuckey, Capt. Co. "C," 90th 0. V. I.,
Washington C. H., O.

For the Second Glass:

Marvin, David L. , eldest living son of
Companion U. L. Marvin, late Major 5th IL
S. Colored Troops, Columbus, 0.

OHIO OFFICERS-STATE AND NATIONAL.

STATE OFFICIALS FROM 1788 TO 1888.

GOVERNORS OF OHIO.

TERM, TWO YEARS.

Arthur St. Clair [1], 1788-1802. Charles W. Byrd [2], Hamilton County, 1802-3. Edward
Tiffin [3], Ross, 1803-7. Thomas Kirker [4], Adams, 1807-8. Samuel Huntington, Trumbull,
1808-10. Return Jonathan Meigs [5], Washington, 1810-14. Othniel Looker [*], Hamilton, 1814.
Thomas Worthington Ross, 1814-18. Ethan Allen Brown [6], Hamilton, 1818-22. Allen Trim-
ble [*], Highland, 1822. Jeremiah Morrow, Warren, 1822-6. Allen Trimble, Highland, 1826-30.
Duncan McArthur, Ross, 1830-32. Robert Lucas, Pike, 1832-6. Joseph Vance, Champaign,
1836-8. Wilson Shannon, Belmont, 1838-40. Thomas Corwin, Warren, 1840-2. Wilson

Shannon [7], Belmont, 1842-4. Thomas W. Bartley [*], Richland, 1844. Mordecai Bartley,
Rishland, 1844-6. William Bebb, Butler, 1846-9. Seabury Ford [£], Geauga, 1849-50. Reuben
Wood [9], Cuyahoga, 1850-3. William Medill [10], Fairfield, 1853-6. Salmon P. Chase, Ham-
ilton, 1856-60. William Dennison, Franklin, 1860-2. David Tod, Mahoning, 1862-4. John
Brough [11], Cuyahoga, 1864-5. Charles Anderson [f], Montgomery, 1865-6. Jacob D. Cox,
Trumbull, 1866-8. Rutherford B. Hayes, Hamilton, 1868-72. Edward F. Noyes, Hamilton,
1872-4. William Allen, Ross, 1874-6. Rutherford B. Haves [12], Sandusky, 1876-7. Thomas
L. Young [f], Hamilton, 1877-8. Richard M. Bishop, Hamilton, 1878-80. Charles Foster,
Seneca, 1880-4. George Hoadly, Hamilton, 1884-6. Joseph B. Foraker, Hamilton, 1886-90.

[1] Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, was Governor of the Northwest Territory, of which Ohio was a part, from July 13,
1788, when the first civil government was established in the Territory, until about the close of the year 1802, when he was
removed by the President.

[2] Secretary of the Territory, and was Acting Governor of the Territory after the removal of Governor St. Clair.
[3] Resigned March 3, 1807, to accept the office of United States Senator.

[4] Return Jonathan Meigs was elected Governor on the second Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel Massie, who
contested the election of Meigs on the ground " that he had not been a resident of this State for four years next preceding
the election as required by the Constitution," and the General Assembly, in joint convention, decided that he was not
eligible. The office was not given to Massie, nor does it appear from the records that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirker,
Acting Governor, continued to discharge the duties of the office until December 12, 1808, when Samuel Huntington was
inaugurated, he having been elected on the second Tuesday of October in that year.

5] Resigned March 25, 1814, to accept the office of Postmaster-General of the United States.
°6] Resigned January 4, 1822, to accept the office of United States Senator.
]7J Resigned April 13, 1844, to accept the office of Minister to Mexico.

[8] The result of the election in 1848 was not finally determined in joint convention of the two houses of the General
Assembly until January 19, 1849, and the inauguration did not take place until the 2'2d of that month.
9] Resigne-1 July 15, 1853, to accept the office of Consul to Valparaiso.

10J Elected in October, 1853, for the regular term, to commence on the second Monday in January, 1854.
11] Died August 29, 1865.

"12] Resigned March 2, 1877, to accept the office of President of the United States.
*] Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Speaker of the Senate,
't J Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Lieutenant-Governor.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS.

UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION OF 1851. TERM, TWO YEARS.

William Medill, 1852-4. James Myers, 1854-6. Thomas Ford, 1856-8. Martin Welker,
1858-60. Robert C. Kirk, 1860-2. Benjamin Stanton, 1862-4. Charles Anderson, 1864-6.
Andrew G. McBurney, 1866-8. John C. Lee, 1868-72. Jacob Mueller, 1872-4. Alphonso

Hart, 1874-6. Thomas L. Young [1], 1876-7. H. W. Curtiss [2], 1877-8. Jabez W. Fitch,
1878-80. Andrew Hickenlooper, 1880-2. R. G. Richards, 1882-4. John G. Warwick, 1884-6.
Robert P. Kennedy [3], 1886-7. Silas A. Conrad, 1887-8. William C. Lyons, 1888-90.

l s Became Governor, vice Rutherford B, Hayes, who resigned March 2, 1877, to become President of the United States.

'2] Acting Lieutenant- Governor, vice Thomas L. Young.

3] Resigned to take a seat in Congress.

4] Acting Lieutenant-Governor, vice Robert P. Kennedy.

MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION,

WHO FORMED THE FIRST STATE CONSTITUTION, ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT CHILLICOTHE,

NOVEMBER 29, 1802.

Edward Tiffin, President and representative from the county of Ross.
Adams County. — Joseoh Darlinton, Israel Donalson and Thomas Kirker.
Belmont County. — James Caldwell and Elijah Woods.
Clermont County. — Philip Gatch and James Sargent.
Fairfield County. — Henry Abrams and Emanuel Carpenter.

Hamilton County. — John W. Browne, Charles Willing Byrd, Francis Dunlavy, William Goforth,
John Kitchel, Jeremiah Morrow, John Paul, John Riley, John Smith and John Wilson.

(166)

OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL, 167

Jefferson County.— Kudolph Bair, Geoxge Humphrey, John Milligan, Nathan Updegraff and Bez-
aleel Wells.
Ross County. — Michael Baldwin, James Grubb, Nathaniel Massie and T. Worthington.
Trumbull County. — David Abbott and Samuel Huntington.

Washington County. — Ephraim Cutler, Benjamin Ives Gillman, John Mclntire and Rufus Putnam.
Thomas Scott, secretary of the convention.

MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION,

WHO FOEMED THE SECOND STATE CONSTITUTION, ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT CINCINNATI,

MARCH 10, 1851.

S. J. Andrews, Cuyahoga County. Ed. Archbold, Monroe. Wm. Barbee, Miami. Joseph
Barnett, Montgomery. David Barnett, Preble. Wm. S.Bates, Jefferson. Alden J. Bennett,
Tuscarawas. John H. Blair, Brown. Jacob Blickensderfer, Tuscarawas. A. G. Brown,
Athens. Van Brown, Carroll. R. W. Cahill, Crawford. L. Case, Licking. F. Case, Hock-
ing. David Chambers, Muskingum. John Chaney. Horace D. Clark, Lorain. Wesley Clay-
pool, Ross. George Collings, Adams. Friend Cook, Portage. Otway Curry, Union. Wm.
P. Cutler, Washington. G. Volney Dorsey, Miami. Thos. W. Ewart, Washington. John
Ewing, Hancock. Jos. M. Farr, Huron. L. Firestone, Wayne. Elias Florence, Pickaway.
Robert Forbes, Mahoning. H. N. Gillet, Lawrence. John Graham, Franklin. H. C. Gray,
Lake. Henry H. Gregg. Jacob J. Greene, Defiance. John L. Greene, Ross. W. S. Groes-
beck, Hamilton. C. S. Hamilton, Union. D. D. T. Hard, Jackson. A. Harlan, Greene.
W. Hawkins, Morgan. Jas. P. Henderson, Richland. Reuben Hitchcock, Cuyahoga. Peter
HitchcocK, Geauga. G. W. Holmes, Hamilton. Geo. B. Holt, Montgomery. John J. Hoot-
man, Ashland. V. B. Horton, Meigs. S. Humphreville, Medina. John H. Hunt, Lucas.
B. B. Hunter, Ashtabula. John Johnson, Coshocton. J. Dan Jones, Hamilton. Wm. Ken-

non, Hamilton. Jas. B. King, Butler. S. J. G. Kirkwood, Richland. Thomas J. Larsh, Pre-
ble. Wm. Lawrence, Guernsey. John Larwell, Wayne. Robert Leech, Guernsey. D. P.
Leadbetter, Holmes. Jas. Loudon, Brown. John Lidey, Perry. H. S. Marion, Licking.

Samson Mason, Clark. Wm. Medill, Fairfield. Matthew H. Mitchell, Knox. Samuel Moor-
head, Harrison. Isaiah Morris, Clinton. Chas. McCloud, Madison. J. McCormick, Adams.
Simeon Nash, Gallia. S. F. Norris, Clermont. C. J. Orton, Sandusky. Wm. S. C. Otis, Sum-
mit. Thomas Patterson, Highland. Daniel Peck, Belmont. Jacob Perkins, Trumbull.
Samuel Quigley, Columbiana. * Rufus P. Ranney, Trumbull. Chas. Reemelin, Hamilton.
Adam N. Riddle, Hamilton. D. A. Robertson, Fairfield. Ed. C. Roll, Hamilton. Wm. Saw-
yer, Auglaize. Sabirt Scott. John Sellers, Knox. John A. Smith, Highland. George J.
Smith, Warren. Benj. P. Smith, Wyandot. Henry Stanberry, Franklin. Benj. Stanton, Lo-
gan. Albert V. Stebbens, Henry. Richard Stillwell, Muskingum. E. T. Stickney, Seneoa.
Harmon Stidger, Shelby. James Struble, Hamilton. J. R. Swan, Franklin. L. Swift, Sum-
mit. Joseph Thompson, Stark. Jas. W. Taylor, Erie. H. Thompson, Stark. N. S. Towns-
hend, Lorain. Elijah Vance, Butler. Joseph Vance, Champaign. W. M. Warren, Delaware.
Thos. A. Way, Monroe. J. Milton Williams, Warren. Elzey Wilson. E. B. Woodbury,
Ashtabula. Jas. S. Worthington, Ross.

SUPREME JUDGES.

JUDGES UNDER THE TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT, APPOINTED UNDER THE ORDINANCE OF

CONGRESS.

James M. Varnum. Samuel H. Parsons. John Armstrong. John C. Symmes. William
Barton. George Turner. Rufus Putnam. Joseph Gillman. Return J. Meigs.

JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF OHIO UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1802.

Samuel Huntington, Cuyahoga County. William Sprigg, Jefferson. Daniel Symmes, Hamil-
ton. Thomas Morris, Clermont. Ethan Allen Brown, Hamilton. John McLean, Warren.
Jacob Burnet, Hamilton. Peter Hitchcock, Geauga. Elijah Hayward, Hamilton. Henry
Brush, Ross. John C. Wright, Jefferson. Ebenezer Lane, Huron. Matthew Birchard, Trum-
bull. Edward Avery, Wayne. William B. Caldwell, Hamilton. Return Jonathan Meigs,
Washington. Georgo Tod, Trumbull. Thomas Scott, Ross. William W. Irwin, Fairfield.
Calvin Pease, Trumbull. Jessup N. Couch, Hamilton. Charles R. Sherman, Fairfield. Gus-
tavus Swan, Franklin. John M. Goodenow, Jefferson. Reuben Wood, Cuyahoga. Joshua
Collett, Warren. Frederick Grimke, Ross. Nathaniel C. Read, Hamilton. Rufus P. Spalding,
Summit. Rufus P. Ranney, Trumbull.

JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF OHIO UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1851.

Thomas W. Bartley, Richland County. Allen G. Thurman, Ross. William B. Caldwell,
Hamilton. William Kennon, Belmont. Jacob Brinkerhoff', Richland. Ozias Brown, Marion.
Milton Sutliff, Trumbull. W r illiam Y. Gholson, Hamilton. Hocking H. Hunter, Fairfield.
Luther Day, Portage. George W. Mcllvaine, Tuscarawas. Walter F. Stone, Erie. William
J. Gilmore, Preble. John W. Okey, Franklin. Nicholas Longworth, Hamilton. Wm. H.
Upson, Summit. Selwyn N. Owen, Williams. William T. Spear, Trumbull. Thaddeus A.
Minshall, Ross. John A. Corwin, Champaign. Rufus P. Ranney, Trumbull. Robert B. War-
den, Franklin. Joseph R. Swan, Franklin. Chas. C. Converse, Muskingum. Josiah Scott,
Butler. William V. Peck, Scioto. Horace Wilder, Ashtabula. William White, Clarke.
John Welsh, Athens. William H. West, Logan. George Rex, Wayne. W. W. Boyuton, Lor-
ain. Wm. W. Johnson, Lawrence. John H. Doyle, Lucas. Martin D. Follett, Washington.
Gibson Atherton, Licking. Marshall J. Williams, Fayette. Franklin J. Dickman, Cuyahoga.

1 68 OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL.

SUPREME COURT COMMISSION.

APPOINTED IN 1876, CONCLUDED ITS LABORS IN 1879.

Josiah Scott, Crawford County. D. Thew Wright, Hamilton. Thos. Q. Ashburn [1], Clermont.
W. W. Johnson, Lawrence. Luther Day [2], Portage.

[1] Appointed in place of Henry C. Whitman, from Hamilton County, who resigned in March, 1876.
[2] Appointed in place of Richard A. Harrison, from Franklin County, who resigned in January, 1876.

APPOINTED IN 1883, CONCLUDED ITS LABORS IN 1885.

Moses M. Granger, Muskingum County. Franklin J. Dickman, Cuyahoga. John McCauley,
Seneca. George K. Nash, Franklin. Charles D. Martin, Fairfield.

CLERKS OF SUPREME COURT.

TERM, THREE YEARS.

Rodney Foos, 1866-75. Arnold Green, 1875-8. Richard J. Fanning, 1878-81. Dwight
Crowell, 1881-4. J. W. Cruikshank, 1884-7. Urban H. Hester, 1887-90.

SECRETARIES OF STATE.

From 1802 to 1850 the secretaries were elected for three years by joint ballot of the Senate and House
of Representatives. Since 1850* the elections have been by the people for terms of two years each.

Winthrop Sargent [*], 1788-98. Wm. H. Harrison [*], 1798-9. Charles Willing Byrd [*],

1799-1803. Wm. Creighton, Jr., 1803-8. Jeremiah McLene, 1808-31. Moses H. Kirby, 1831-5.
B. Hinkson, 1835-6. Carter B. Harlan, 1836-40. William Trevitt, 1840-1. John Sloane,
1841-4. Samuel Galloway, 1844-50. Henry W. King, 1850-2. William Trevitt, 1852-6.
James H. Baker, 1856-8. Addison P. Russell, 1858-62. Benjamin R. Cowen, 1862. Wilson S.
Kennon, 1862-3. Wm. W. Armstrong, 1863-5. Wm. H. Smith, 1865-8. John Russell, 1868-9.
Isaac R. Sherwood, 1869-73. Allen T. Wikoff, 1873-5. William Bell, Jr., 1875-7. Milton
Barnes, 1877-81. Charles Townsend, 1881-3. James W. Newman, 1883-5. James S. Robin-
son, 1885-9.

[*] Secretary of the Northwest Territory.

TREASURERS OF STATE.

UNTIL THE ADOPTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION IN 1851. TERM, THREE YEARS; AFTERWARD,

TWO YEARS.

John Armstrong r l], 1792-1803. William McFarland, 1803-16. Hiram M. Curry [2], 1816-20.
Samuel Sullivan, 1820-3. Henry Brown, 1823-35. Joseph Whiten. ill, 1835-47. Albert A.

Bliss Elyria), 1847-52. John G. Breslin, 1852-6. W. H. Gibson [3], 1856-7. A. P. Stone,

1857-62. G. V. Dorsev, 1862-5. W. Hooper, 1865-6. S. S. Warner, 1866-72. Isaac Welsh [4],
1872-5. Leroy W. Welsh, 1875-6. John M. Millikin, 1876-8. Anthony Howells, 1878-80.
Joseph Turney, 1880-4. Peter Brady, 1884-6. John C. Brown, 1886-90.

1] Treasurer of the Northwest Territory.

[2] Resigned February, 1820.

3] Resigned June, 1857.

4] Died November 29, 1875, during official term.

COMPTROLLERS OF THE TREASURY.

THE OFFICE WAS ABOLISHED IN JANUARY, 1877. TERM, THREE YEARS.

W. B. Thrall, 1859-62. Joseph H. Riley, 1862-5. Moses R. Brailey, 1865-71. William T.
Wilson, 1871-7.

AUDITORS OF STATE.

UNTIL THE ADOPTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION IN 1851. TERM, THREE YEARS ; AFTERWARD,

FOUR YEARS.

Thomas Gibson, 1803-8. Benjamin Hough, 1808-15. Ralph Osborn, 1815-33. John A.
Brvan, 1833-9. John Brough, 1839-45. John Woods, 1845-52. William D. Morgan, 1852-6.
Francis M.Wright, 1856-60. Robert W. Taylor, 1860-3. Oviatt Cole, 1863-4. James H. God-
man, 1864-72. James Williams, 1872-80. John F. Oglevee, 1880-4. Emil Kiesewetter, 1884-8.
Ebenezer W. Poe, 1888-92.

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.

TERM, TWO YEARS.

Henry Stanbery, 1846-51. Joseph McCormick, 1851-2. George E. Pugh, 1852-4. George W.
McCook, 1854-6. Francis D. Kimball, 1856. C. P. Wolcott, 1856-61. James Murray, 1861-3.
L. R. Critchfield, 1863-5. William P. Richardson, 1865. Chauncey N. Olds, 1865-6. William
H. West, 1866-70. Francis B. Pond, 1870-4. John Little, 1874-8. Isaiah Pillars, 1878-80.
George K. Nash, 1880-4 James Lawrence, 1884-6. Jacob A. Kohler, 1886-8. David K. Wat-
son, 1888-90.

OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL, 169

ADJUTANT-GENERALS.

Cornelius R. Sedan, 1803. Samuel Finley, 1803-7. David Ziegler, 1807. Thomas Worthing-
ton, 1807-9. Joseph Kerr, 1809-10. Isaac Van Horn, 1810-19. William Daugherty, 1819-28.
Samuel C. Andrews, 1828-37. William Daugherty, 1837-9. Jacob Medary, Jr., 1839-41. Ed-
ward H. Cumming, 1841-5. Thomas W. H. Mosely, 1845-51. J. W. Wilson, 1851-57. H. B.
Carrington, 1857-61. C. P. Buckingham, 1861-2. Charles W. Hill, 1862-4. Ben. R. Cowen,
1864-8. Ed. F. Schneider, 1868-9. William A. Knapp, 1869-74. James O. Amos, 1874-6.
A. T. Wikoff, 1876-7. Charles W. Karr, 1877-8. Luther M. Meily, 1878-80. William H.
Gibson, 1880-1. S. B. Smith, 1881-4. E. B. Finley, 1884-6. H. A. Axline, 1886-90.

SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS.

TERM, THREE YEARS.

Samuel Lewis, [1] 1837-40. Hiram H. Barney, 1854-57. Anson Smythe, 1857-63. C. W. H.
Cathcart, 1863. Emerson E. White, 1863-66. John A. Norris, 1866-9. William D. Henkle,
1869-71. Thomas W. Harvey, 1871-5. Charles S. Smart, 1875-8. J. J. Burns, 1878-81.
D. F. DeWolf, 1881-4. Leroy D. Brown, 1884-7. Eli T. Tappan, 1887-90.

[1] From 1840 to 1854 the Secretaries of State were the eti-officio School Commissioners.

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

TERM, THREE YEARS.

Alexander McConnell, 1836-8. John Harris, 1836-8. R. Dickinson, 1836-45. T. G. Bates,
1836-42. William Wall, 1836-8. Leander Ransom, 1836-45. William Rayen, 1839-40.

William Spencer, 1842-5. O. Follett, 1845-9. J. Blickensderfer, Jr., 1845-52. Samuel Forrer,
1845-52. E. S. Hamlin, 1849-52. A. P. Miller, 1852-55. George W. Manypenny, 1852-53.
James B. Steedman, 1852-6. Wayne Griswold, 1853-7. J. Blickensderfer, Jr., 1854-8. A. G.
Conover, 1856-60. John Waddle, 1857-60. R. L. Backus, 1858-61. John L. Martin, 1859-62.
John B. Gregory, 1860-3. Levi Sargent, 1861-4. John F. Torrence, 1862-5. James Gamble,
1863-4. James Moore, 1864-71. John M. Barrere, 1864-70. Philip D. Herzing, 1865-77.
Richard R. Porter, 1870-76. Stephen R. Hosmer, 1872-5. Martin Schilder, 1875-81. Peter
Thatcher, 1876-9. J. C. Evans, 1877-80. George Paul, 1879-85. James Fullington, 1880-3.
Stephen R. Hosmer, 1881-84. Leo Weltz, 1883-4. Henry Weible, 1883-6. John P. Martin,
1884r-7. C. A. Flickinger, 1885-91. Wells S. Jones, 1886-9. William H. Hahn, 1887-90.

COMMISSIONERS OF RAILROADS AND TELEGRAPHS.

TERM, TWO YEARS.

George B. Wright, [1] 1867-71. Richard D. Harrison, [2] 1871-2. Orlow L. Wolcott, 1872-4.
John G. Thompson, [3] 1874-76. Lincoln G. Delano, 1876-8. William Bell, Jr., 1878-80. J. S.
Robinson, [4] 1880-1. Hylas Sabine, 1881-3. Hylas Sabine, 1883-5, Henry Apthorp, 1885-7.
William S. Capeller, 1887-9.

1] Resigned October, 1871,
*2J D«ed April, 1872.
3] Resigned December, 1875.
4) Resigned February, 1881.

SUPERVISORS OF PUBLIC PRINTING.

TERM, TWO YEARS.

L. L. Rice, 1860-4. William O. Blake, 1864. W. H. Foster, 1864-7. L. L. Rice, 1867-75.
Charles B. Flood, 1875-7. William W. Bond, 1877-9. William J. Elliott, 1879-81. J. K.
Brown, 1881-3. J. K. Brown, 1883-5. W. C. A. De la Court, 1885-7. Leo Hirsch, 18S7-9.

SUPERINTENDENTS OF INSURANCE.

TERM, THREE YEARS.

William F. Church, 1872-5. William D. Hill, 1875-8. Joseph F. Wright, 1878-81. Charles
H. Moore, 1881-4. Henry J. Reinmund, 1884-7. Samuel E. Kemp, 1887-90.

COMMISSIONERS OF LABOR STATISTICS.

TERM, TWO YEARS.

H. J. Walls, 1877-81. Henry Luskey, 1881-5. Larkin McHugh, 1885-7. Alonzo D. Fas-
sett, 1887-9.

INSPECTORS OF MINES.

TERM, FOUR YEARS.

Andrew Roy, 1874-8. James D. Posten, 1878-9. David Owens, 1879-80. Andrew Roy,
1880-4. Thomas B. Bancroft, 1884-8. R. M. Hazeltine, 1888-92.

INSPECTOR OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES.

TERM, FOUR YEARS.
Henry Dorn, 1885-9.

170

OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL.

DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONERS.

TERM, TWO YEARS.

S. H. Hurst, 1886-7. F. A. Derthick, 1887-8. F. A. Derthick, 1888-90.
STATE LIBRARIANS.

THE STATE LIBRARY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1817, WITH ABOUT 500 VOLUMES. NOW IT CONTAINS

OVER 55,000 VOLUMES.

John L. Harper, 1817-8. John Mcllvain, 1818-20. David S. Brodrick, 1820-4. Zachariah
Mills, 1824-42. Thomas Kennedy, 1842-5. John Greiner, 1845-51. Elijah Hayward, 1851-4.
James W. Taylor, 1854-6. William T. Coggeshall, 1856-62. S. G. Harbaugh, 1862-74. Walter
C. Hood, 1874-5. H. H. Robinson, 1875-7. R. M. Stimson, 1877-9. H. V. Kerr, 1879-81.
Joseph Geiger, 1881-3. Howard L. Conard, 1883-5. H. W. Pierson, 1885-6. Frank B. Loomis,
1886-7. John M. Doane, 1887-90.

LAW LIBRARIANS.

James H. Beebe, 1867-80. Frank N. Beebe, 1880-89. '

SIXTY-EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

SENATORS.

Dist.

Names.

Politics.

County.

Post-office address.

Occupation.

31st

Adams, Perry M.
Alexander, J. Park

Seneca

Tiffin

Attorney-at-Law.

26th

Summit

Akron

Manufacturer.

5th

Barrett, Isaac M.

Greene

Spring Valley

Merchant Milling.

28th

Braddock, John S.

Knox

Mt. Vernon

Real Estate.

1st

Brown, Harmon W.

Hamilton

Cincinnati, Sta'n "C"

f TicketAgentUnion
( Passenger Station.
Real Estate.

33d

Carlin, William L.

Hancock

Findlay

7th

Cole, Amos B.

Scioto .

Portsmouth

Farmer.

22d

Coulter, Thomas B.

Jefferson

Steuben ville

Attorney-at-Law.

Crook, Walter

Montgomery

Tadmor

Farmer.

11th

Cowgill, Thomas A.

Champaign

Kennard

13th

Cutler, James

Union

Richwood

Banker.

14th

Davis, Theodore F.

Washington

Marietta

Editor.

19th

Dorr, Anthony I.

Noble

Berne

Physician.

24th

Ford, George H.

Geauga

Burton

Banker.

33d

Geyser, William

Fulton

Swanton

Merchant.

20th

Glover, George W.

Harrison

Cadiz

15th

Huffman, Joseph G.

Perry

New Lexington

Attorney-at-Law.

29th

Kerr, Winfield S.

Richland

Mansfield

a a

4th

Lindsey, Frank L.

Brown

Georgetown

li it

6th

Massie, David M.*

Ross

Chillicothe

a it

1st

Mack, Henry

Hamilton

Cincinnati

Merchant.

32d

Mehaffey, Robert

Allen

Herring

Banker.

25th Morison, David

Cuyahoga

Cleveland

Real Estate.

18th Mortley, David H.

Coshocton

Retired Merchant.

8th Raunells, William J.

Vinton

McArthur

Attorney-at-Law.

2d Rath bone, Estes G.

Butler

Hamilton

Ranker.

1st Richardson, James C.

Hamilton

Glendale

Paper Manufacturer.

12th Robertson, Andrew J.

Shelby

Sidney

Marble Dealer.

16th Sinnett, Edwin

Licking

Granville

Physician.

IstStueve, Henry

Hamilton

Cincinnati

Lime and Cement D'r.

23dStull, John M.

Trumbull

Warren

Attorney-at-Law.

21st Snyder, Thomas C.

Stark

Canton

Manufacturer.

25th Taylor, Vincent A.

Cuyahoga

Bedford

9th Townsend, Charles

Athens

Attorney-at-Law,

10th Wallace, William T.

Franklin

Columbus

11 li

30th.Zimmermann, Joseph

Sandusky

Fremont

Editor.

REPRESENTATIVES.

County.

Names.

Politics.

Post-office address.

Occupation.

Adams

Joseph W. SI

linn

West Union

County Auditor.

Allen

William E. ^

Vatkins

Delphos

Farmer.

Ashland

John T. McC

ray

Ashland

A ttorney-at-Law.

Ashtal

mla

Elbert L. La

mpson

Jefferson

Editor.

OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL.

REPRESENTATIVES.— Continued.

171

County.

Names.

Politics.

Post-office address.

Occupation.

Athens

Em mitt Tompkins

Athens

Attorney-at-Law.

Auglaize

Melville D. Shaw

Wapakoneta

u n

Belmont

Christian L. Poorman

Bellaire

Editor.

Alex. T. McKelvey

St. Clairsville

Farmer.

Brown

William W. Pennell

Eastwood

School Teacher.

Butler

Frank. R. .Vinnedge

JBamilton

Farmer.

Carroll

John H. Fimple

Carroll ton

Attorney-at-Law.

Champaign

Samuel M. Taylor

Urbana

11 it

Clarke

George C. Rawlins

Springfield

11 . n

Clermont

Elkany B. Holmes

Williamsburg

Merchant.

Clinton

Wilford C. Hudson

Blanchester

Farmer.

Columbiana

William T. Cope

Salineville

Banker.

John Y. Williams

Clarkson

Farmer.

Coshocton

Jesse B. Forbes

Coshocton

Attorney-at-Law.

Crawford

Philip Schuler

Gal ion

Real Estate.

Cuyahoga

John J. Stranahan

Chagrin Falls

Editor.

* (i

Edward J. Kennedy

Berea

Real Estate.

John P. Haley

Cleveland

Polisher.

Evan H. Davis

Puddler.

Jere A. Brown

fo-

Mechanic.

William T. Clark

Attorney-at-Law.

Darke

Andrew C. Robeson

Greenville

it n

Defiance & Paulding

John L. Geyer

Paulding

Surveyor.

Delaware

John S. Gill

Delaware

Attorney-at-Law.

Erie

Fred. Ohlemacher

Sandusky City

Manufacturer.

Fairfield

Thomas H. Dill

Lithopolis

Farmer.

Fayette

D. I. Worth ington

Washington C. H.

A ttorn ey-at-La w.

Franklin

Lot L. Smith

Columbus

it ti

John B. Lawlor

Printer.

Fulton

Estell H. Rorick

Fayette

Physician. -

Gallia

Jehu Eakins

Patriot

Geauga and Lake

Hosmer G. Tryon

Willoughby

Farmer.

Greene

Andrew Jackson

Cedarville

Lumber Merchant.

Guernsey

William E. Boden

Cambridge

Manufacturer.

Hamilton

Charles Bird

Cincinnati

Attorney-at-Law.

Charles L. Doran

Journalist.

Byron S. Wydman

Molder.

Walter Hartpence

Harrison

Editor.

John C. Hart

Cincinnati

Attorney-at-Law.

William Copeland

Market Master.

Oliver Outcalt

Printer.

Frederick Pfiester

Superintendent Asso.

Frederick Klensch

Grocer.

Hancock

Henry Brown

Findlay

Attorney-at-Law.

Hardin

Michael F. Eggerman

Ada

Teacher.

Harrison

Jasper N. Lantz

Moorefield

Farmer.

Henry
Highland

Dennis D. Donovan

Deshler

Gen'l Business Man.

Jonah Britton

Willettsville

Farmer.

Hocking

Carl H. Buerhaus

Logan

Attorney-at-Law.

Holmes

Thomas Armor

Millersburg

Farmer.

Huron

Lewis C. Lay 1 in

Norwalk

Attorn ey : at-Law.

Jackson

Benjamin F. Kitchen

Jackson

Physician.

Jefferson

Charles W. Clancey

Smithfield

J a

Knox

Frank V. Owen

Fredericktown

Attorney-at-Law.

Lake and Geauga

Hosmer G. Tryon

Willoughby

Farmer.

Lawrence

Alfred Robinson

Arabia

Physician.

Licking

Samuel L. Blue

Homer

Merchant.

Logan

William W. Beatty

Huntsville

Attorney-at-Law.

Lorain

William A. Braman

Elyria

Real Estate.

Lucas

Charles P. Griffin

Toledo

James C. Messer

East Toledo

Farmer.

Madison

Daniel Boyd

Plain City

Mahoning

Lemuel C. Ohl

Mineral Ridge

" and Teacher.

Marion

Boston G. Young

Marion

A ttorney-at-La w.

Medina

Thomas Palmer

Chippewa

Farmer.

Meigs

Walter W. Merrick

Pomeroy

Attorney-at-Law.

Mercer

Charles M. LeBlond.

Celina

tt te

Miami

Noah H. Albaugh

Tadmor

Nurseryman.

Monroe

James H. Hamilton

Calais

Teacher.

Montgomery

Wickliffe Belville

Dayton

Attorney-at-Law.

Martin Eidemiller

Vandalia

Farmer.

Wilson S. Harper

Trotwood

Physician.

Morgan

Leroy S. Holcomb

Pennsville

J u

Morrow

George Kreis

Cardington

Merchant.

172

OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL.

REPRESENTATIVES— Continued.

County.

Names.

Politics.

Post-office address.

Occupation.

Muskingum

Daniel H. Gaumer

Zanesville

Editor.

« °

John C. McGregor

Teacher and Farmer.

Noble

Capell L. Weems

Caldwell

Attorn ey-at-Law.

Ottawa

William E. Bense

Port Clinton

Real Estate & Loans.

Paulding & Defiance

John L. Geyer

Paulding

Surveyor.

Perry

Nial R. Hysell

Corning

Miner.

Pickaway

ThaddeusE. Cromley

Ashville

Farmer.

Pike

John W. Barger

Waverly

Portage

Friend Whittlesey

Atwater

Preble

Andrew L. Harris

Eaton

Attorney -at-Law.

Putnam

Amos Boehmer

Fort Jennings

n ti

Richland

James E. Howard

Bellville

Farmer.

Ross

William H. Reed

Chillicothe

Lumber Merchant.

Sandusky

James Hunt

Fremont

Attorney-at-Law.

Scioto

Joseph P. Coates

Portsmouth

" " "

Seneca

Elisha B. Hubbard

Tiffin

Druggist.

Shelby

Jackomyer C. Counts

Sidney

Laborer.

Stark

John E. Monnot

Canton

Attorney-at-Law.

George W. Wilhelm

Justus

Merchant.

Summit

Henry C. Sanford

Akron

Attorney-at-Law.

Trumbull

Mark Ames

Newton Falls

Merchant.

Thomas H. Stewart

Church Hill

Physician.

Tuscarawas

Francis Ankney

New Philadelphia

Farmer.

Union

John H. Shearer

Marysville

Editor.

Van Wert

Levi Meredith

Van Wert

Merchant.

Vinton

Stephen W. Monahan

Hamden Junction

Physician.

Warren

William T. Whitacre

Morrow

Farmer.

Washington

John Strecker

Marietta

Manufacturer.

Wayne

John W. Baughman

Wooster

Attorney-at-Law.

Williams

Robert Ogle

Montpelier

Farmer.

Wood

George B. Spencer

Weston.

Physician.

Wyandot

Matthias A. Smalley

Carey.

Real Estate.

OFFICERS BY APPOINTMENT.

Office.

Adjutant-General
Assistant Adjutant- General
Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Comra'r of Railroads & Telegraphs
Dairy and Food Commissioner
Eugineer of Public Works
Law Librarian
Inspector of Mines
Inspector of Oils
Inspector of Workshops
Meteorological Bureau
Superintendent of Insurance
State Geologist
State Librarian
Supervisor of Public Printing
Secretary of Board of State Charities
Secretary State Board of Agriculture

Name.

Henry A. Axline
William S. Wickham
Alonzo D. Fassett
Wm. S. Cappeller
F. A. Derthick
Samuel Bachtell
Frank N. Beebe
Thomas B. Bancroft
Louis Smithnight
Henry Dorn
George H. Twiss
Samuel E. Kemp
Edward Orton
John M. Doane
L. Hirsch
Albert G. Byers
L. N. Bonham

Residence.

Zanesville

Norwalk

^oungstown

Cincinnati

Mantua

Columbus

Gallipolis
Cleveland

Columbus
Dayton
Columbus
Cleveland

Columbus

Oxford

Term of office.

Years. Expires.

Two

Three
Four
Two
Four

Three

Two

2d Monday in Jan.,
1890.
February 16, 1889.
March 12, 1889.
May, 1888.
May 22, 1888.
September 27, 1889.
April 30, 1888.
May 14, 1888.
April 29, 1889.
Not specified.
June 3, 1890.
Not specified.
April 18, 1889.
April 14, 1889.

One January 11, 1888.

OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL.

173

OFFICERS OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FROM OHIO.

SUPREME COUET JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM OHIO— CHIEF- JUSTICES

AND ASSOCIATES.

John McLean, [1] 1829-61; born 1785, died 1861. Noah H. Swayne, [2] 1862-81; born 1805,

died 1884. Salmon P. Chase, [1] 1864-73; born 1808, died 1873. Morrison R. Waite, [1]

William B. Woods, 1880-87 ; born 1824, died 1887.

1874-87 ; born 1816, died 1887.
Matthews, 1881.

[1] Chief-Justices.
[21 Resigned.

SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
J. Warren Keifer, 47th Congress ; December 5, 1881, to March 4, 1883 ; born 1836.

UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS FROM OHIO.

Stanley

William Henry Harrison, 1841 ; born 1773, died 1841.
died 1885. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81; born 1817.

died 1881.

Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-77; born 1822,
James A. Garfield, 1881 ; born 1831,

UNITED STATES CABINET OFFICERS FROM OHIO.

Thomas Ewing, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 5, 1841, by William H. Harrison; April 6,

1841, by John Tyler.
Thomas Corwin, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed July 23, 1850, by Millard Fillmore.
Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 7, 1861, by Abraham Lincoln.
John Sherman, Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 8, 1877, by Rutherford B. Hayes.
Ulysses S. Grant, ad interim Secretary of War. Appointed August 12, 1867.
William T. Sherman, Secretary of War. Appointed September 9, 1869, by Ulysses S. Grant.
Alphonso Taft, Secretary of War. Appointed March 8, 1876, by Ulysses S. Grant.
Thomas Ewing, Secretary of Interior. Appointed March 8, 1849, by Zachary Taylor.
Jacob D. Cox, Secretary of Interior. Appointed March 5, 1869, by Ulysses S. Grant.
Columbus Delano, Secretary of Interior. Appointed November 1, 1870, by Ulysses S. Grant; March

4, 1873, by Ulysses S. Grant.
Return J. Meigs, Jr., Postrnaster-General. Appointed March 17, 1814, by James Madison; March 4,

1817, by James Monroe ; March 5, 1821, by James Monroe.
John McLean, Postmaster-General. Appointed June 26, 1823, by James Monroe; March 4, 1821, by

John Q. Adams.
William Dennison, Postmaster-General. Appointed September 24, 1864, by Abraham Lincoln ; March

4, 1865, by Abraham Lincoln; April 15, 1865, by Andrew Johnson.
Henry Stanbery, Attorney-General. Appointed July 23, 1866, by Andrew Johnson.
Alphonso Taft, Attorney-General. Appointed May 26, 1876, by 'Ulysses S. Grant.
William Windom, [1] Secretary of Treasury. Appointed March 4, 1881, by James A. Garfield; October

20, 1881, by Chester A. Arthur.
Edwin M. Stanton, Attorney-General. Appointed December 20, 1860, by James Buchanan ; Secretary

of War, January 15, 1862, by Abraham Lincoln; March 4, 1865, by Abraham Lincoln; April 15,

1865, by Andrew Johnson.

[1] Born in Ohio.

DATES OF THE NUMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSES.

1st.— 1789-1791.
2d.— 1791-1793.
3d.— 1793-1795.

4th.— 1795-1797.

5th.— 1797-1799.

6th.— 1799-1801.

7th.— 1801-1803.

8th.— 1803-1805.

9th.— 1805-1807.
10th.— 1807-1809.
11th.— 1809-1811.
12th.— 1811-1813.
13th.— 1813-1815.

14th.— 1815-1817.
15th.— 1817-1819.
16th.— 1819-1821.
17th.— 1821-1823.
18th.— 1823-1825.
19th.— 1825-1827.
20th.— 1827-1829.

21st.— 1829-1831.

22d.— 1831-1833.

23d.— 1833-1835.
24th.— 1835-1837.
25th.— 1837-1839.
26th.— 1839-1841.

27th.— 1841-1843.
28th.— 1843-1845.
29th.— 1845-1847.
30th.— 1847-1849.
31st.— 1849-1851.

32d.— 1851-1853.

33d.— 1853-1855.
34th.— 1855-1857.
35th.— 1857-1859.
36th.— 1859-1861.
37th.— 1861-1863.
38th.— 1863-1865.

39th.— 1865-1867.
40th.— 1867-1869.

41st.— 1869-1871.

42d.— 1871-1873.

43d.— 1873-1875.
44th.— 1875-1877.
45th.— 1877-1879.
46th.— 1879-1881.
47th.— 1881-1883.
48th.— 1883-1885.
49th.— 1885-1887.
50th.— 1887-1889.

OHIO DELEGATES TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS.

William H. Harrison, [1] Hamilton co., 6 Cong. Paul Fearing, Washington co., 7 Cong.

William McMillan, [2] Hamilton co., 6 Cong.

[1] Resigned to accept office of Governor of the Territory of Indiana.
[2J Vice Harrison, resigned.

UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM OHIO.

Thomas Worthington, [3] Ross county, 8,9, 11 to

13 Congress.
John Smith, [1] Hamilton co., 8 to 10 Cong.
Edward Tiffin, Ross co., 10, 11 Cong.
Return J. Meigs, [2] Washington co.. 10, 11 Cong.

Alexander Campbell, Brown co., 11, 12 Cong.
Stanley Griswold, Cuyahoga co., 11 Cong.
Jeremiah Morrow, Warren co., 13 to 15 Cong.
Joseph Kerr, [4] Ross co., 13 Cong.
Benjamin Ruggles, Belmont co., 14 to 22 Cong,

174

OHIO OFFICERS—STATE AND NATIONAL.

Wm. A. Trimble, [5] Highland co., 16, 17 Cong.
Ethan A. Brown, [0] Hamilton co., 17, 18 Cong.
William H. Harrison, [7] Hamilton co., 19, 20

Cong.
Jacob Burnet, [8] Hamilton co., 20, 21 Cong.
Thos. Ewing, [9] Fairfield co., 22 to 24, 31 Cong.
Thomas Morris, Clermont co., 23 to 25 Cong.
William Allen, Ross co., 25 to 30 Cong.
Benjamin Tappan, Jefferson co., 26 to 28 Cong.
Thomas Corwin, [10] Warren co., 29 to 31 Cong.

Salmon P. Chase, [11] Hamilton co., 31 to 33, 37

Cong.
Benjamin F. Wade, Ashtabula co., 32 to 40 Cong.
George E. Pugh, Hamilton co., 34 to 36 Cong.
John Sherman, [12] Richland co., 37 to 45, 47 to 50

Cong.
Allen G. Thurman, Franklin co., 41 to 46 Cong.
Stanley Matthews, [13] Hamilton co., 45 Cong.
George H. Pendleton, Hamilton co., 46 to 48 Cong.
Henry B. Payne, Cuyahoga co., 49, 50 Cong.

1] Resigned.

2 Vice Smith, resigned.

3 Resigned December 8, 1810, to accept office of Governor of Ohio.
[4 Vice Worthington, resigned.

5 J Died in 1822 from the effects of a wound received in the battle at Fort Erie, in the war of 1812.

6] Vice Trimble, deceased.

'7] Resigned in 1828 to accept appointment of Minister to Colombia.

8] Vice Harrison, resigned.

9] Vice Corwin, deceased.

Died in 1849, prior to the convening of the 31st Congress, to which he was elected.
Resigned to accept appointment of Secretary of the United States Treasury.
w j Vice Chase, resigned. Re-igned in 1877 to accept appointment of Secretary of the United States Treasury. James
A. Garfield was elected Senator by the 64th Assembly on the 14th of January, 1880. He declined the office on the 18th
of January, 1881, having in the meantime been nominated to the Presidency of the United States by the Republican party,
and John Sherman was elected Senator in his place.
[13] Vice John Sherman, resigned.

MEMBERS OF U. S. HOUSE OF KEPRESENTATIVES FROM OHIO.

Alexander, John, Greene county, 13, 14 Congress.
Allen, William, Ross co., 23 Cong.
Alexander, James, Jr., Belmont co., 25 Cong.
Allen, Jno. W., Cuyahoga co., 25, 26 Cong.
Andrews, Sherlock J., Cuyahoga co., 27 Cong.
Allen, William, Darke co., 36, 37 Cong.
Ashley, James M., Lucas co., 36 to 40 Cong.
Ambler, Jacob A., Columbiana co., 41, 42 Cong.
Atherton, Gibson, Licking, 46, 47 Cong.
Anderson, C. M., Darke co., 49 Cong.

Beall, Rezin, Wayne co., 13 Cong.
Barber, Levi, Washington co., 15, 17 Cong.
Beecher, Philemon, Fairfield co., 15 to 16, 18 to

20 Cong.
Brush, Henry, Ross co., 16 Cong.
Bartley, Mordecai, Richland co., 18 to 21 Cong.
Bell, James M., Guernsey co., 23 Cong.
Bond, William Key, Ross co., 24 to 26 Cong,
Brinkerhoff, Jacob, Richland co., 28, 29 Cong.
Brinkerhoff, Henry R., Huron co., 28 Cong.
Bell, John, Sandusky co , 31 Cong.
Bell, Hiram, Darke co., 32 Cong.
Barrere, Nelson, Adams co., 32 Cong.
Busby, George H., Marion co., 32 Cong.
Ball, Edward, Muskingum co., 33, 34 Cong.
Bliss, George, Portage co.", 33 Cong.
Bliss, Philemon, Lorain co., 34, 35 Cong.
Bingham, John A., Harrison co., 34 to 37, 39 to

42 Cong.
Blake, Harrison G., Medina co., 36, 37 Cong.
Bliss, George, Wayne co., 38 Cong.
Buckland, Ralph P., Sandusky co., 39, 40 Cong.
Bundy, Hezekiah S., Jackson co., 39, 43 Cong.
Beatty, John, Morrow co., 40 to 42 Cong.
Banning, Henry B., Hamilton co., 43 to 45 Cong.
Berry, John, Wyandot co., 43 Cong.
Butterworth, Benj., Hamilton co., 46 to 50 Cong.
Brown, Charles E., Hamilton co., 49, 50 Cong.
Booth man, M. M., Williams co., 50 Cong.

Creighton, William, Jr., Ross co., 13, 14 Cong.
Caldwell, James, Belmont co., 13, 14 Cong.
Clendenen, David, Trumbull co., 13, 14 Cong.
Campbell, John W., Adams co., 15 to 19 Cong.
Chambers, David, Muskingum co., 17 Cong.
Creighton, Wm., Jr., Pickaway co., 20 to 22 Cong.
Crane, Jos. H., Montgomery co., 21 to 24 Cong.
Corwin, Thomas, Warren co., 22 to 26, 36, 37 Cong.
Cook, Eleutheros, Huron co., 22 Cong.
Chaney, John, Fairfield co., 23 to 25 Cong.
Coffin, Charles D., Columbiana co., 25 Cong.
Cowen, Benjamin S., Belmont co., 27 Cong.
Cunningham, Francis A., Preble co., 29 Cong.
Cummins, John D., Tuscarawas co., 29, 30 Cong.

Canby, Richard S., Logan co., 30 Cong.
Crowell, John, Trumbull co., 30, 31 Cong.
Campbell, Lewis D., Butler co., 31 to 35, 42 Cong.
Corwin, Moses B., Champaign co., 31, 33 Cong.
Cable, Joseph, Carroll co., 31, 32 Cong.
Cartter, David K., Stark co., 31, 32 Cong.
Cockerill, Joseph R., Adams co., 35 Cong.
Cox, Samuel S., Franklin co., 35 to 38 Cong.
Carey, John, Wyandot co., 36 Cong.
Cutler, W T illiam P., Washington co., 37 Cong.
Cary, Samuel F., Hamilton co., 40 Cong.
Clarke, Reader W., Clermont co., 40 Cong.
Cowen, Jacob P., Ashland co., 44 Cong.
Cox, Jacob D., Lucas co., 45 Cong.
Converse, George L., Franklin co., 46 to 48 Cong.
Campbell, J. E., Butler co., 49, 50 Cong.
Cooper, William C, Knox co., 49, 50 Cong.
Crouse, George W., Summit co., 50 Cong.

Davenport. John, Belmont co., 20 Cong.
Duncan, Alexander, Hamilton co., 25 to 28 Cong.
Doane, William, Clermont co., 26, 27 Cong.
Dean, Ezra, Wayne co., 27, 28 Cong.
Delano, Columbus, Knox co., 29, 39 Cong.
Duncan, Daniel, Licking co., 30 Cong.
Dickinson, Rudolphus, Sandusky co., 30, 31 Cong.
Disney, David T., Hamilton co., 31 to 33 Cong.
Day, Timothy C, Hamilton co., 34 Cong.
Dickinson, Edward F., Sandusky co., 41 Cong.
Dodds, Ozro J., Hamilton co., 42 Cong.
Danford, Lorenzo, Belmont co., 43 to 45 Cong.
Dickey, Henry L., Highland co., 45, 46 Cong.
Dawes, Rufus R., Washington co., 47 Cong.

Edwards, John S., Trumbull co., 13 Cong.
Edwards, Thomas ()., Fairfield co., 30 Cong.
Evans, Nathan, Guernsey co., 30, 31 Cong.
Ellison, Andrew, Brown co., 33 Cong.
Emrie, Jonas R., Highland co., 34 Cong.
Edgerton, Sidney, Summit co., 36, 37 Cong.
Eckley, Ephrairn R., Carroll co., 38 to 40 Cong.
Eggleston, Benjamin, Hamilton co., 39, 40 Cong.
Edgerton, Alfred P., Defiance co., 32, 33 Cong.
Ewing, Thomas, Fairfield co., 45, 46 Cong.
Ellsbury, W. W., Brown co., 49 Cong.

Findlay, James, Hamilton co., 19 to 22 Cong.
Florence, Elias, Pickaway co., 28 Cong.
Faran, James J., Hamilton co., 29, 30 Cong.
Fries, George, Columbiana co., 29, 30 Cong.
Fisher, David, Clinton co., 30 Cong.
Finck, William E., Perry co., 38, 39 Cong.
Foster, Charles, Seneca co., 42 to 45 Cong.
Finley, Ebenezer B., Crawford co., 45, 46 Cong.

OHIO OFFICERS— STA TE AND NA TIONAL.

175

Follett, John F., Hamilton co., 48 Cong.
Foran, Martin A., Cuyahoga co., 48 to 50 Cong.

Gazlay, James W., Hamilton co., 18 Cong.
Goodenow, John M., Jefferson co., 21 Cong.
Goode, Patrick G., Shelby co., 25 to 27 Cong.
Giddings, Joshua R., Ashtabula co., 25 to 35 Cong.
Gaylord, James M., Morgan co., 32 Cong.
Galloway, Samuel, Franklin co., 34 Cong.
Groesbeck, William S., Hamilton co., 35 Cong.
Gurley, John A., Hamilton co., 36, 37 Cong.
Garfield, James A., Portage co., 38 to 46 Cong.
Gunckel, Lewis B., Montgomery co., 43 Cong.
Gardner, Mills, Fayette co., 45 Cong.
Geddes, George W., Richland co., 46 to 49 Cong.
Green, Frederick W., Seneca co., 32, 33 Cong.
Grosvenor, C. H., Athens co., 49, 50 Cong.

Harrison, William H., Hamilton co., 15, 16 Cong.
Harrison, John Scott, Hamilton co., 33, 34 Cong.
Herrick, Samuel, Muskingum co., 15, 16 Cong.
Hitchcock, Peter, Geauga co., 15 Cong.
Hamer, Thomas L., Brown co., 23 to 25, 30 Cong.
Howell, Elias, Licking co., 24 Cong.
Harper, Alexander, Muskingum co., 25 Cong.
Hunter, William H., Huron co., 25 Cong.
Hastings, John, Columbiana co., 26, 27 Cong.
Harper, Alexander J., Jr., Muskingum co., 28, 29,

32 Cong.
Hamlin, Edward S M Lorain co., 28 Cong.
Hunter, William F., Monroe co., 31, 32 Cong.
Hoagland, Moses, Holmes co., 31 Cong.
Harlan, Aaron, Greene co., 33 to 35 Cong.
Horton, Valentine B., Meigs co., 34, 35, 37 Cong.
Hall, Lawrence W., Crawford co., 35 Cong.
Howard, William, Clermont co., 36 Cong.
Helmick, William, Tuscarawas co., 36 Cong.
Hutchiiis, John, Trumbull co., 36, 37 Coug.
Harrison, Richard A., Madison co., 37 Cong.
Hutchins, Wells A., Scioto co., 38 Cong.
Hayes, Rutherford B., Hamilton co., 39, 40 Cong.
Hubbell, James R., Delaware co., 39 Cong.
Hamilton, Cornelius S., Union co., 40 Cong.
Hoag, Truman H., Lucas co., 41 Cong.
Hurd, Frank H., Lucas co., 44, 46, 48 Cong.
Hill, William D., Defiance co., 46, 48, 49 Cong. '
Hart, Alphonso, Highland co., 48 Cong.

Irwin, William W., Fairfield co., 21, 22 Cong.

Jennings, David, Belmont co., 19 Cong.
Jones, Benjamin, Wayne co., 23, 24 Cong.
Johnson, Perley B., Morgan co., 28 Cong.
Johnson, John, Coshocton co., 32 Cong.
Johnson, Harvey Ef., Ashland co., 33 Cong.
Johnson. William, Richland co., 38 Cong.
Jewett, Hugh J., Franklin co., 43 Coug.
Jones, John S., Delaware co., 45 Cong.
Jordan, Isaac M., Hamilton co., 48 Cong.

Kilbourne, James, Franklin co., 13, 14 Cong.
Kennon, William, Belmont co., 21, 22, 24 Cong.
Kennon, William, Jr., Belmont co., 30 Cong.
Kilgore, Daniel, Harrison co., 23 to 25 Cong.
Keifer, J. Warren, Clarke co., 45 to 48 Cong.
Kennedy, Robert P., Logan co., 50 Cong.

Leavitt, Humphrey H., Jefferson co., 21 to 23

Cong.
Lytle, Robert T., Hamilton co., 23 Cong.
Leadbetter, Daniel P., Holmes co., 25, 26 Cong.
Loomis, Andrew W., Columbiana co., 25 Cong.
Lahm, Samuel, Starke co., 30 Cong.
Lindsley, William D., Erie co., 33 Cong.
Lawrence, William, Guernsey co., 35 Cong.
Leiter, Benjamin F., Stark co., 35 Cong.
Long, Alexander, Hamilton co., 38 Cong.
Le Blond, Francis C, Mercer co., 38, 39 Cong.
Lawrence, Wm., Logan co., 39 to 41, 43, 44 Cong.
Lamison, Charles N., Allen co., 42, 43 Cong.

Le Fevre, Benjamin, Shelby co., 46 to 48, 49 Cong.
Leecfom, John P., Adams co., 47 Cong.
Little, Johnj Greene co., 49 Cong.

McLean, John, Warren co., 13, 14 Cong.
McArthur, Duncan, Ross co., 13, 18 Cong.
McLean, William, Miami co., 18 to 20 Cong.
McLene, Jeremiah, Franklin co., 23, 24 Cong.
McDowell, Joseph J., Highland co., 28, 29 Cong.
McCauslin, William, Jefferson co., 28 Cong.
McKinney, John F., Miami co., 38, 42 Cong.
McMahon, John A., Montgomery co., 44 to 46

Cong.
McKinley, William, Jr., Stark co., 45 to 50 Cong.
McClure, Addison S., Wayne co., 47 Cong.
McCormick, John W., Gallia co., 48 Cong.
Morrow, Jeremiah, Warren co., 8 to 10, 12, 26, 27

Cong.
Muhlenburg, Francis, Pickaway co., 20 Cong.
Mitchell, Robert, Muskingum co., 23 Cong.
Mason, Samson, Clarke co., 24 to 27 Cong.
Morris, Calvary, Athens co., 25 to 27 Cong.
Medill, William, Fairfield co., 26, 27 Cong.
Mathiot, Joshua, Licking co., 27 Cong.
Mathews, James, Coshocton co., 27, 28 Cong.
Moore, Heman A., Franklin co., 28 Cong.
Morris, Joseph, Monroe co., 28, 29 Cong.
Morris, Jonathan D., Clermont co., 30, 31 Cong.
Miller, John K., Knox co., 30, 31 Cong.
Maynard, Robert, Miami co., 48 Cong.
Mott, Richard, Lucas co., 34, 35 Cong.
Moore, Oscar F., Scioto co., 34 Cong.
Miller, Joseph, Ross co., 35 Cong.
Martin, Charles D., Fairfield co., 36 Cong.
Morris, James R., Monroe co., 37, 38 Cong.
Mungen, William, Hancock co., 40, 41 Cong.
Morgan, George W., Knox co., 40 to 42 Cong.
Moore, Eliakim H., Athens co., 41 Cong.
Monroe, James, Lorain co., 42 to 46 Cong.
Morey, Henry L., Butler co., 47, 48 Cong.

Newton, Eben, Mahoning co., 32 Cong.
Nichols, Matthias H., Allen co., 33 to 35 Cong.
Noble, Warren P., Seneca co., 37, 38 Cong.
Nugen, Robert H., Tuscarawas co., 37 Cong.
Neal, Lawrence T., Ross co., 43, 44 Cong.
Neal, Henry S., Lawrence co., 45 to 47 Cong.

Olds, Edson B., Pickaway co., 31 to 33 Cong.
O'Neill, John, Muskingum co., 38 Cong.
Outhwaite, J. H., Franklin co., 49, 50 Cong.

Patterson, John, Belmont co., 18 Cong.
Patterson, William, Richland co., 23, 24 Cong.
Parish, Isaac, Guernsey co., 26 Cong.
Pendleton, Nathaniel G., Hamilton co., 27 Cong.
Pendleton, Geo. H., Hamilton co., 35 to 38 Cong.
Potter, Emery D., Lucas co., 28 to 31 Cong:.
Perrill, Augustus L., Pickaway co., 29 Cong.
Parrish, Isaac, Morgan co., 29 Cong.
Plants, Tobias A., Meigs co., 39, 40 Cong.
Peck, Erasmus D., Wood co., 41, 42 Cong.
Perry, Aaron F., Hamilton co., 42 Cong.
Parsons, Richard C, Cuyahoga co., 43 Cong.
Poppleton, Early F., Delaware co., 44 Cong.
Payne, Henry B., Cuyahoga co., 44 Cong.
Page, David R., Summit co., 48 Cong.
Pugsley, Jacob J., Highland co., 50 Cong. *

Ross, Thomas R., Warren co., 16 to 18 Cong.
Russell, William, Adams co., 20 Cong.
Russell, William, Scioto co., 21, 22, 27 Cong.
Root, Joseph M., Huron co., 29, 30 Cong.
Root, Joseph M., Erie co., 31 Cong.
Ritchey, Thomas, Perry co., 30, 33 Cong.
Riddle, Albert G., Cuyahoga co., 37 Cong.
Robinson, James W., Union co,, 43 Cong.
Rice, Americus V., Putnam co., 44, 45 Cong.
Ritchie, James M., Lucas co., 47 Cong.
Robinson, James S., Hardin co., 47, 48 Cong.

176

OHIO OFFICERS— STATE AND NATIONAL.

Rice, John B., Sandusky co., 47 Cong.
Romeis, John, Lucas co., 49, 50 Cong.
Bidgway, Joseph, Franklin co., 25, 27 Cong.

Shannon, Thomas, Belmont co., 19 Cong.
Shields, James, Butler co., 21 Cong.
Stanberry, William, Licking co., 21, 22 Cong.
Spangler, David, Coshocton co., 23, 24 Cong.
Sloane, Jonathan, Portage co., 23, 24 Cong.
Storer, Bellamy, Hamilton co., 24 Cong.
Shepler, Matthias, Stark co., 25 Cong.
Swearengen, Henry, Jefferson, 25, 26 Cong.
Sweeney, George, Crawford co., 26, 27 Cong-
Starkweather, David A., Stark co., 26, 29 Cong.
Stokeley, Samuel, Jefferson co., 27 Cong.
Schenck, Robert C, Montgomery co., 28 to 31, 38

to 41 Cong.
St. John, Henry, Seneca co., 28, 29 Cong.
Stone, Alfred P., Franklin co., 28 Cong.
Sawyer, William, Mercer co., 29, 30 Cong.
Sweetzer, Charles, Delaware co., 31, 32 Cong.
Stanton, Benjamin, Logan co., 32, 34 to 36 Cong.
Sapp, William R., Knox co., 33, 34 Cong.
Shannon, Wilson, Belmont co., 33 Cong.
Stuart, Andrew, Jefferson co., 33 Cong.
Sherman, John, Richland co., 34 to 37 Cong.
Shellabarger, Samuel, Clarke co., 37, 39, 40, 42

Cong.
Spalding, Rufus P., Cuyahoga co., 38 to 40 Cong.
Strader, Peter W., Hamilton co., 41 Cong.
Stevenson, Job E., Hamilton co., 41, 42 Cong.
Smith, John A., Highland co., 41, 42 Cong.
Sprague, William P., Morgan co., 42, 43 Cong.
Sayler, Milton, Hamilton co., 43 to 45 Cong.
Smith, John Q., Clinton co., 43 Cong.
Sherwood, Isaac R., Williams co., 43 Cong.
Southard, Milton I., Muskingum co., 43 to 45

Cong.
Savage, John S., Clinton co., 44 Cong.
Schultz, Emanuel, Montgomery co., 47 Cong.
Seney, George E., Seneca co., 48 to 50 Cong.
Sloan, John, Wayne co., 16 to 20 Cong.

Thompson, John, Columbiana co., 19, 21 to 24

Cong.
Taylor, Jonathan, Licking co., 26 Cong.
Taylor, John L., Ross co., 30 to 33 Cong.
Taylor, Ezra B., Trumbull co., 47 to 50 Cong.
Taylor, Joseph T., Guernsey co., 48, 50 Cong.
Taylor, Isaac H., Carroll co., 49 Cong.

Tilden, Daniel R., Portage co., 28, 29 Cong.
Thurman, Allen G., Ross co., 29 Cong.
Townshend, Norton S., Lorain co., 32 Cong.
Townsend, Amos, Cuyahoga co., 45 to 47 Cong.
Tompkins, Cydnor B., Morgan co., 35, 36 Cong.
Trimble, Carey A., Ross co., 36, 37 Cong.
Theaker, Thomas C, Belmont co., 36 Cong.
Thompson, A. C, Scioto co., 49, 50 Cong.

Upson, William H., Summit co., 41, 42 Cong.
Updegraff, Jonathan T., Jefferson co., 46, 47 Cong.

Vance, Joseph, Champaign co., 17 to 23, 28, 29

Cong.
Vinton, Samuel F., Gallia co., 18 to 24, 28 to 31

Cong.
Van Meter, John I., Pike co., 28 Cong.
Vallandigham, Clement L., Butler co., 35 to 37

Cong.
Van Trump, Philadelph, Fairfield co., 40 to 42

Cong.
Vance, John L., Gallia co., 44 Cong.
Van Vorhes, Nelson H., Athens co., 44, 45 Cong.

Wright, John C, Jefferson co., 17 to 20 Cong.
Wilson, William, Licking co., 18 to 20 Cong.
Whittlesey, Elisha, Trumbull co., 18 to 25 Cong.
Woods, John, Butler co., 19, 20 Cong.
Webster, Taylor, Butler co., 23 to 25 Cong.
Weller, John B., Butler co., 26 to 28 Cong.
Wood, Amos E., Sandusky co., 31 Cong.
Whittlesey, William A., Washington co., 31 Cong.
Welch, John, Athens co., 32 Cong.
Wade, Edward, Cuyahoga co., 33 to 36 Cong.
Watson, Cooper K., Seneca co., 34 Cong.
White, Chilton A., Brown co., 37, 38 Cong.
Worcester, Samuel T., Huron co., 37 Cong.
Welker, Martin, Wayne co., 39 to 41 Cong.
Wilson, John T., Adams co., 40 to 42 Cong.
Winans, James J., Greene co., 41 Cong.
Woodworth, Laurin D., Mahoning co., 43, 44 Cong.
Walling, Ansel T., Pickaway co., 44 Cong.
Warner, A. J., Washington co., 46, 48, 49 Cong.
Wilkins, Beriah, Tuscarawas co., 48 to 50 Cong.
Williams, E. S., Miami co., 50 Cong.
Wick ham, Charles P., Huron co., 50 Cong.

Young, Thomas L., Hamilton co., 46, 47 Cong.
Yoder, S. S., Allen co., 50 Cong.

Duncan Mc Arthur resigned April 5, 1815.

John S. Kd wards resigned April, 1813.

Kezin Beall resigned August 18, 1814.

John McLean resigned in 1816 to accept office of Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio.

John C. Wright resigned from the 17th Congress.

W^IuMm 6 ^!^©?, 1 ^!- 6 , resigned December 14, 1814. He also resigned in 1828, after second election, to accept the
appointment of Judge of the United States District Court, but was not confirmed by the United States Senate
John M. Goodenow resigned April 14, 1830.

Robert T. Lytle resigned October 16, 1834, and re-elected November 8, 1834. ....

Humphrey H. Leavitt resigned July 10, 1831, to accept office of Judge of the United States District Court of Ohio.
Elisha Whittlesey resi ned in 1838.^
Andrew W. Loomis resigned in 1837.

Thomas Corw^n^esfgned'from 26th Congress to accept office of Governor of Ohio. He also resigned from the 37th Con-
gress to accept the appointment of Minister to Mexico.

Joshua K. Giddings resigned in 1842 ; re-elected April 26, 1842.

Heman A. Moore died in 1844.

Henry R. Brinkerhoff died in 1844. , v„*„-

Gen. Thomas L. Hamer died in Mexico prior to the convening of the 30th Congress, to which he was elected, being
at that time in the military service of the United States.

Kodolphu* Dickinson resigned from the 31st Congress to accept office of Secretary of the United States Treasury.

Amos E. Wood died in l s 50. ^ T

Seat of Lewis D. Campbell in the 35th Congress was given to Clement L. Vallandigham on contest.

John Sherman resigned from 35th Congress to accept office of United States Senator.

Rutherford B. Hayes resigned in 1867 to accept office of Governor of Ohio.

Cornelius S. Hamilton died December 22, 1867.

Truman H. Hoag died in 1870.

Jam°e l s A. cSldw^sdectJdSenator by the 64th General Assembly on the 14th day of January, 1880. He decHned the
office on the 18th day of January, 1881, having in the meantime been nominated to the Presidency of the United States Dy
the Republican party, and John Sherman was elected Senator in his place.

THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

Ohio has borne to the States of the Farther West a similar relation to that of
Virginia to the West and Southwest, inasmuch as she has been a great source of
emigration. Ohio people and their children largely occupy the land as it stretches
on towards the setting sun, and wherever they go illustrate an extraordinary af-
fection for their mother State such as is shown by the emigrants from none other.
They do this by the formation of Ohio Societies. Even in California the sons
of Ohio, as they look out on the Pacific, have not forgotten to form an Ohio So-
ciety. In Kansas there is an association of ex-Ohio soldiers that numbers 10,000
on its muster rolls. But the most singular fact, as showing the tendency of the
sons of Ohio to keep alive their youthful memories, is that in the metropolis of
the nation they should be the very first to form a State Society.

The formation of societies among citizens of different parts of the country and
of foreign countries residing in New York city is, however, by no means a novel
idea. The New England Society was organized some eighty years ago, the object
being to commemorate the landing of the pilgrims, to promote friendship, charity
and mutual assistance and for literary purposes. St. Andrew's Society, which is
composed of Scotchmen and the sons of Scotchmen who reside in New York,
was established in 1756. The Southern Society, composed of former residents
of the twelve Southern States ; the Holland Society, the Liederkranz, the Arion,
St. Patrick and the Canadian Society are all similar organizations, but the Ohio
Society of New York is the pioneer State Society of the metropolis. The follow-
ing interesting history and information is extracted from the first annual report
of Secretary Homer Lee, presented to the society November 29, 1888:

The first step of which any record can be found toward establishing an Ohio
Society was a call printed in the Boston papers on the 25th day of January, 1788,
not quite 101 years ago, when eleven delegates met at the Bunch of Grapes
tavern in Boston and organized by electing Gen. Rufus Putnam president and
Winthrop Sargent secretary. This w T as undoubtedly the first Ohio Society. It
was called the " Ohio Company of Associates," and was intended to promote emi-
gration to Ohio and to develop that portion of the national domain then a part
of the State of Virginia.

The next step taken was at the outbreak of the civil war, when there was
formed in the parlors of one of Ohio's fair daughters residing on Murray Hill,
New York city, a Society composed mainly of Ohio ladies and gentlemen, which
held weekly meetings, and which was afterwards known throughout the land as
the " Sanitary Fair."

The object was to send supplies, clothing, medicines, etc., to the soldiers at the
front. A handsome silk and satin banner was made at a cost of some $500, upon
which was a beautiful and embroidered coat of-arms of the State of Ohio, to be pre-
sented to the bravest Ohio regiment. As might have been expected, there was much
rivalry for the possession of this prize, as glowing descriptions of the oeautiful
souvenir were given by the newspapers of that time. The commanding officers
were appealed to, but could not be prevailed upon to decide the question, because,
as one officer put it, u it could not easily be decided which was the bravest where
all the regiments by their valor and heroism had covered themselves with glory."
At the close of the war the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry of Cleveland secured
the prize.

This, however, was not carried further, but several members of our Society were
among the number, as follows : William L. Strong, Augustus D. Juilliard; Tf heron
R. Butler, Albert W. Green, Thomas Reed, Joel Reed, A. Jennings, D. M. Porter,
Samuel Hawk, Frank Work and Clinton Work.

i l 7l)

'" *• !

^ lr » ^jF^

^M^ A

* **®Jk

■Ml \i\

Ifi^ J

(178)

THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. i 79

The Ohio Soldier's Aid Society was formed about the same time at the Fifth
Avenue Hotel, of which Theron R. Butler was elected president and John R. Cecil
treasurer. Committees were appointed to assist all the sick and wounded soldiers
belonging to Ohio regiments from the Armv of the Potomac that could be found
m the hospitals of New York and vicinity/ Hundreds of disabled Ohio soldiers
were sent home transportation free. Over $15,000 were expended in this good
work.

Upon the occasion of the funeral of the late Hon. Salmon P. Chase, in 1877,
the subject again came up and was warmly discussed by a large number of
Ohioans who were residents of New York at that time, but no decisive steps were
taken. Several of the gentlemen who were most active are also members of the
Ohio Society. Among them were Henry L. Burnett, Whitelaw Reid, S. S. Cox,
Algernon S. Sullivan and others.

Some of the younger Ohioans in New York again endeavored to form an Ohio
Society in the winter of 1874. Several meetings were held at the Hotel St. Ger-
main, Broadway and Twenty-second street, where they endeavored to put the
"Buckeye Club" on its feet. This, also, was but a glimmer. Several of those
are likewise among the present members of the Society, viz.: Wm. M. Hoffer,
Giles N. Howlett, Henry C. Ehlers and Homer Lee.

Still another and last attempt was the one out of which the present Society
sprang. It was rewarded with better success, however, for when a paper was cir-
culated in this city, in 1885, to see whether a dozen "Buckeyes" could be
united on this matter, it was found that over thirty responded, and with such
spirit and enthusiasm that there was no longer any doubt that the time had at
last arrived for organization.

This paper, which is the nucleus of the Ohio Society, has among its signers
representatives of all the former attempts (except General Putnam's ), and is as
follows:

" New York, October 7th, 1885.
^ "We, the undersigned, hereby agree to unite with each other to form an Asso-
ciation to be known as 4 The Ohio Association in New York,' and to that end
will meet at any place designated, for the purpose of completing such organization
upon notice given to us whenever twelve persons shall have signed this agree-
ment. There is to be no expense incurred until the organization is completed
and assented to by each member.

" C. W. Moulton, Joseph Pool, Thomas Ewing, Homer Lee, Samuel Thomas,
Wm. Perry Fogg, Milton Sayler, Mahlon Chance, L. M. Schwan, Jay 0.
'Moss, M. L Southard, Anton G. McCook, W. M.Safford, Calvin S. Brice,
J. W. Harmon, J. Q. Howard, David F. Harbaugh, Wm. L. Strong,
Hugh J. Jewett, Warren Higley, Cyrus Butler, Carson Lake, A. J. C.
Foy6, Henry L. Burnett and Wallace C. Andrews."

Notice was sent to the subscribers of the above paper to meet at the offices of
Ewing & Southard, 155 Broadway, on the 13th of November, 1885. A majority
of the signers being present, Gen. Thomas Ewing was elected president, pro tern.,
and David E. Harbaugh, secretary, pro tern. The following committee of ten on
permanent organization was appointed : C. W. Moulton, Wm. Perry Fogg, Cyrus
Butler, J. Q. Howard, Mahlon Chance, M. I. Southard, David F. Harbaugh, War-
ren Higley, Calvin S. Brice, Joseph Pool.

On the 20th of the same month another meeting was held at the same place,
and this committee was enlarged by the addition of the following names : Carson
Lake, Homer Lee, J. W. Harmon, making a total of thirteen members.

At this meeting the committee on permanent organization presented a draft of
a proposed constitution and by-laws for the Society, copies of which were printed
and distributed among the former residents of Ohio living in New York and vi-
cinity, to see whether the desirable names could be obtained. This call was re-
sponded to quickly by over 125 " Buckeyes." A meeting was called promptly by
the president pro tern., at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, on the evening of the 13th of
January, 1886, at which over one hundred gentlemen w T ere present.

This was the first gathering of note, and all present were elated at the interest
shown. The Ohio Society of New York was permanently organized at this meet-

180 THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

ins. An election was held and the following persons were chosen to he officers
of the society: President, Thomas Ewing; Vice-Presidents , Whitelaw Reid,
Waser Swayne, Wm. L. Strong, Hugh J. Jewett, Algernon S. Sullivan ; Secretary
Homer Lee: Recording Secretary, Carson Lake; Treasurer, William Perry Jogg.
A Governing Committee was also appointed, as follows : Henry L. Burnett, chair-
man • Calvin S. Brice, Andrew J. C. Foye, A. D. Juilliard, George Follett, Stephen
B. Elkins, Jerome D. Gillett, C. W. Moulton, Joseph Pool.

The president and the five vice-presidents were appointed a committee to trame
a constitution and code of by-laws for the government of the society.

Being without permanent quarters, the society accepted invitations trom
various hotels whose proprietors were Ohioans. The first regular monthly meet-
ing was held on the 1st of February at the Windsor Hotel.

The committee appointed presented a draft of constitution and by-laws, which
was unanimously adopted. ,,•,,,, o-i tt i „

On the 26th of February a special meeting was held at the Gilsey House, when
the subject of procuring club rooms was first acted upon. It was decided to
lease the floor at 236 Fifth Avenue, which was promptly done. On the 8th ot
March, 1886, the second monthly meeting was held at the Grand Central Hotel,
when a Committee on History and Art was appointed by the president, as fol-
lows: J. Q. Howard, Cyrus Butler, Wm. Henry Smith, C. H. Applegate, A. J.
Rickoff, J. Q. A. Ward, J. H. Beard. e n nm . TV,« m n«

A Committee on Entertainment was also appointed, as follows lhomns
Ewing W. C. Andrews, R. C. Kimball, Wm. L. Strong, Homer Lee, W. L. Brown,
Bernard Peters, Carson Lake, Henry L. Burnett, C. W. Moulton.

At about this time a discussion took place as to the date upon which Ohio was
admitted as a State into the Federal Union, with a view of celebrating the anni-
versary with a banquet. It was developed that there are no less than seven dif-
ferent dates given by historians for the auspicious event as follows : April 28, 18U/,
April 30, 1802, June 30, 1802, November 29, 1802, February 19, 1803, March 1,

Th'e a April "meeting was held on the 6th day of that month at the Murray Hill
Hotel A satisfactory date as to Ohio's admission could not be determined upon.
A banquet was voted, however, and May 7th was fixed upon as the date ; not be-
cause that date had anything to do with Ohio's natal day but as the most con-
venient one upon which Delmonico's banqueting hall could be secured.

There was inclement weather on the evening of the banquet but out ot the two
hundred and twenty-two seats subscribed for, two hundred and twenty members
and guests were seated. The banquet was attended by many eminent- sons ot
Ohio from Washington and elsewhere. It was a gratifying success and a tore-
runner of further pleasant reunions. The banqueters lingered until a late hour.
Few such enthusiastic gatherings have ever graced Delmonico s board.

The June and July meetings were devoted to routine business, and it was de-
cided to omit the August meeting. At the June meeting however, the first of a
series of papers was read by Mr. J. Q. Howard, subject, "An Outline of Ohio
History." At the September meeting Mr. J. Q. Mitchell favored the society ma
like manner, the subject being "The Second Settlement of Marietta At the
October meeting Mr. James Beard delivered an extemporaneous address on Hiram
Powers, the sculptor, replete with interesting reminiscences. At the November
meeting Mr. Warren Higley read a paper on "The Second Settlement of Ohio at

Ci A C t thfend of the first year of its existence the society had nearly three hun-
dred members on its roll. The following extract from the second annual report
of Secretary Lee gives some very interesting facts in regard to the members of
the soS ''and th'eir occupation 7 It is a record of great interests under the con,
trol of Ohio men, and is a roll of honor to which the citizens of the State as well
as the members of the society can point with laudable pride mtm hm

The membership of the society numbers 303, of whom 237 are active members

%?awl^

at-law 24 railways, 9; Insurance, 7 ; bankers. 29; real estate, 3; hotel proprie-
tors; 6; pr'ess> ; dergymen, 2 j artists, 11 ; miscellaneous, 16, and public life, 15.

THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. i8r

Among the latter is the Vice-President of the United States, the Chief- Justice of
the United States Supreme Court, the Governor of Ohio and two ex-Governors,
the Secretary of State and one ex-Secretary, several United States Senators and
Members of Congress from Ohio and other States with which they have since be-
come identified.

Four of our members are presidents of New York City National Banks.

The Western Union Telegraph and the Metropolitan Telephone Companies are
both managed and legally advised by other members of the society.

The New York Steam Heating Company and th Standard Gas Light Company,
both of which occasionally take possession of our streets, are Ohio institutions.

The new aqueduct is not only being engineered by Buckeyes, but is also financed
largely by Ohio men.

The Standard Oil Company, which has representatives in every town between
the Atlantic and the Pacific, the Lakes and the Gulf, also came here from Ohio
and is largely identified in our society.

The Windsor, Murray Hill, Grand Central and the Ashland are among the
hostelries controlled by Buckeyes.

The Associated Press is managed by one of our members; the New York
Tribune, the World, the News, the Daily Graphic and the Brooklyn Times are con-
trolled by others.

The Erie, the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, the Housatonic, Lake Erie
and Western, New York and New England, Richmond Terminal, Memphis and
Charleston and nine other railways are represented here by their directors and
managers in this society.

The inventors of the two principal electric lighting systems of the United
States, Edison and Brush, are Ohio men.

Rooms of the Society, 236 Fifth Ave., Between Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Sts.

OFFICERS FOR 1888.

President — Thomas Ewing.
Vice-Presidents— Whitelaw Reid, George Hoadly, Wager Swayne, Charles W. Moulton, Algernon S.
Sullivan.

Secretary— Home* Lee.

Recording Secretary— William Ford Upson.

Treasurer — William Perry Fogg.

Trustees— Henry L. Burnett, Andrew J. C. Foye\ George Follett, Joseph Pool, John Dickson, W. H.

Eckert, Chas. T. Wing, Henry K. Enos, L. C. Hopkins.
Governing Committee (the President, Recording Secretary, and Treasurer, Members ex-officio)— Henrr
L. Burnett, Andrew J. C. Foy6, Geo. Follett, Joseph Pool, John Dickson, W. H. Eckert, Chas. T.
Wing, Henry K. Enos, L. C. Hopkins.

LIST OF ACTIVE MEMBERS WITH THE FORMER HOME OF EACH IN OHIO TO

JULY, 1888.

Abbey, Henry E., Akron. Andrews, W. C, Youngstown. Applegate, C. H., Highland Co.
Armstrong, Geo. E., Cleveland. Armstrong, P. B., Cincinnati. Ashley, James M., Toledo. At-
kinson, W. H., Cleveland. Archbold, John D., Leesburg. Adams, Henry H., Cleveland.

Bartlett, Geo. S., Mt. Gilead. Beard, D. C, Painesville. Beard, Henry, Painesville. Beard,
W. H., Painesville. Beasley, A. W., Ripley. Belt, Washington, St. Louisville. Bidwell, F.
H., Toledo. Bonnet, J. N., Zanesville. Bostwick, J. A., Cleveland. Brainard, Frank, Salem.
Brainard, W.H., Salem. Brewster, S. D., Madison. Brice, Calvin S., Lima. Brown, Walston H.,
Cincinnati. Brown, W. L., Youngstown. Bruch, C. P., Canton. Brundrett, H. B., Cincinnati.
Bryant, Stanley A., Mt. Vernon. Buckingham, G., McConnellsville. Burnett, Henry L., Cin-
cinnati. Busbey, Hamilton, Clark Co. Butler, Cyrus, Norwalk. Butler, Richard, Norwalk.
Buckingham, C. L., Berlin Heights. Bostwick, W. W., Cincinnati. Bosworth, T. B., Marietta.
Bodman, E. C, Toledo. Baker, W. D., Cleveland. Bonnet, S. Frank F., Zanesville. Brock-
way, H. H., Cleveland. Bosworth, F. H., Marietta. Bunnell, J. H., Massillon. Bliss, C. F.,
Wooster. Bruch, E. B., Canton. Baker, W. H., Cleveland.

Chance, Mahlon, Fremont. Chandler, J. M., Mansfield. Clark, Heman, Portage Co. Cor-
wine, R. M., Cincinnati. Corwine, Quinton, Cincinnati. Crall, L. H., Cincinnati. Critten, T.
IX, Piqua. Cox, S. S., Columbus. Caldwell, W. H., Cincinnati. Corwine, John, Cincinnati.
Converse, J. Stedman, Urbana.

Dickson, John, Cincinnati. Donaldson, Andrew, Cincinnati. Doren, D., Wooster. Doyle,
George, Steubenville. DeMilt, H. R., West Jefferson. Dunn, W. S., Fletcher. Doyle, Alexan-
der, Steubenville. Dunham, S. T., Cleveland, Dorsey, Stephen W., Oberlin.

Eckert, Thomas T., Wooster. Eckert, T. T., Jr., Wooster. Eckert, W. H., Wooster. Edger-
ton, D. M., Mansfield. Elkins, Stephen B., Perry Co. Ellis, John W., Cincinnati. Enos, H.
K., Millersburgh, Holmes Co. Este, W. M., Cincinnati. Ewing, Thomas, Lancaster. Essick,
S. V., Alliance.

Foy6i Andrew J. C, Mt. Gilead. Fleischmann, Max, Cincinnati. Fogg, Wm. Perry, Cleveland.

1 82 THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

Follett, Austin W., Granville. Follett, George, Johnstown. Foyg, Frank M., Mt. Gilead.
French, Hamlin Q., Delaware. Fackler, Geo. W. S., Cincinnati. Foote, Edward B., Euclid.

Gillett, M. G., Upper Sandusky. Gillett, Francis M., Upper Sandusky. Gillett, Jerome D.,
Upper Sandusky. Gillett, Mori Ho H., Upper Sandusky. Glassford, Henry A M Cincinnati.
Goddard, Calvin, Cleveland. Gorham, A. S., Cleveland. Granger, John T., Zanesville. Green,
Albert W., Nonh Bloomfield. Green, Edwin M., North Bloomfield. Grojean, J. H., Canton.
Guiteau, John M., Marietta. Gard, Anson A., Tremout City. Gunnison, Austin, Cincinnati.

Hain, Isaiah, Circleviile. Hall, P. D., Akron. Hammond, D. S., Delaware. Harbaugh,
David F., Cleveland. Harman, Geo. V., Canal Dover. Harman, Granville W., Canal Dover.
Harman, John W., Canal Dover. Hawk, Wm. S., Canton. Heaton, Wm. W., Salem. Hewson,
J. H., Cincinnati. Higley, Warren, Cincinnati. Hine, C. C, Massillon. Hoffer, Wm. M., Mans-
field. Hopkins, L. C., Cincinnati. Howard, James Q, Columbus. Howlett, Giles N., Mans-
field. Hoyt, Colgate, Cleveland. Handy, Parker, Cleveland. Halstead, Marshall, Cincinnati.
Hoagland, C. N., Miami Co. Hoadly/ George, Cincinnati. Hobbs, H. H., Cincinnati. Hollo-
way, J. F., Cleveland. Hibbard, George B., Ironton. Hazlett, Wm. Converse, Zanesville.

Irvine, James, Toledo. Imgard, Julius, Wooster.

Jennings, P. S., Cleveland. Jeffords, John E., Columbus. Jewett, Hugh J., Zanesville. Juil-
liard, A. D., Bucyrus. Jacobs, A. L., Lima. Johnson, Edgar M., Cincinnati. Johnston, J. W.,
Zanesville. - . _ _ _

Kimball, R. C, Canton. King, Thomas S., New Philadelphia. Knisely, Wm.. Tuscarawas
Co. Kingsbury, F. H., Columbus. ,

Lahm, Frank M., Mansfield. Lake, Carson, Akron. Lauer, E., Cincinnati. Leavitt, John
B., Cincinnati. Lee, Homer, Mansfield. Loveland, F. C, Wellington. Linn, Fred. D., Mt.
Gilead. Le Fevre, Ben, Maplewood.

Mayo, Wallace, Akron. McCook, Anson G., Steubenville. McCracken, W. V., Bucyrus.
McFall, Gaylord, Mansfield. McGill, Geo. W., Lancaster. Merser, Isaac P., Marlboro*. Mil-
ler, J. W., Springfield. Mitchell, John Q., Mt. Vernon. Monett, Henry, Columbus. Moore,
Cary W., Zanesville. Moore, L. B., Mt. Gilead. Moss, J. O., Sandusky. Moulton, John Sher-
man, Cincinnati. Munson, Wm. S., Cincinnati. Morgan, Henry M., Mt. Vernon. Morgan,
Rollin M., Mt. Vernon. Milmine, George, Toledo. Morgan, David, Wilmington. Morse,
Horace J., Norwalk. McNally, J. Flack, Springfield. Moore, Robert, Cincinnati. Milmine,
Chas. E.,- Toledo.

Newton, Ensign, Canfield. Nye, Theodore S., Marietta.

Oldham, J. L., Springfield. .

Palmer, Lowell M., Chester. Peet, Wm. C, London, O. Peters, Bernard, Marietta. Phillipp,
M. B., Cincinnati. Peixotto, B. F., Cleveland. Pool, Harwood R., Elyna. Prentiss, F. J.,
Cleveland. Prentiss, F. C, Cleveland. Pritchard, Daniel, Cleveland. Packard, S. S., Cincin-
nati. Pease, Geo. L., Painesville. Peet, Chas. B., London, O. Peixotto, Geo. D. M., Cleveland.
Pool, Joseph, Cleveland. Peixotto, M. P., Cleveland. Parker, S. Webber, Chagrin Falls.

Reid, Whitelaw, Cincinnati. Rickoff, A. J., Cleveland. Ricksecker, Theodore, Canal Dover.
Rodarmor, John F., Ironton. Rogers, Wm. A., Springfield.

Sadler, J. F., Lucas Co. Safford, W. M., Cleveland. Schooley, John C, Cincinnati. Schwan,
Louis M., Cleveland. Scott, Geo., Canton. Shillito, Wallace, Cincinnati. Shoppell, R. W.,
Columbus. Shotwell, Theodore, Cincinnati. Smith, John A., Carey. Smith, Wm. Henry, Cin-
cinnati. Southard, Milton I., Zanesville. Sprague, Chas., Wooster. Stout, John W., Wooster.
Strong, W. L., Mansfield. Struble, I. J., Chesterviile. Swayne, Wager, Columbus. Spooner,
Chas. W., Cincinnati. Smith, Richard, Jr., Cincinnati. Sisson, H. H., Marietta. Sterling,
Theodore W., Cleveland. Stebbins, W. R., Monroeville. Shayne, C. C, Cincinnati. Short, John
C. Clarksville. Shunk, Albert, Mansfield. Sterling, Willis B., Cleveland. Schaffer, Onesi-
miis P., Youngstown. Smith, Wm. Sooy, Athens. Simpson, C. S., Cincinnati.

Terrell H. L., Cleveland. Thomas, Samuel, Columbus. Thomson, F. A., Cincinnati. Thyng,
Chas. H. 'Cleveland. Tidball, W. L., Mansfield. Tunison, Joseph S., Cincinnati. Taft, Henry
W., Cincinnati. Tuttle, Franklin, Portage Co. Tangeman, Geo. P., Hamilton. Taggart, W.
Rush, Salem.

Upson, Wm. Ford, Akron. .

Vaillant, Geo. H., Cleveland. Vance, Wilson, Findlay. Van Brimmer, Joshua, Delaware.

Waggoner, Ralph H., Toledo. Ward, J. Q. A., Urbana. Whitehead, John, Worthington.
Wing; Frank E., Gambier. Wright, M. B., Cincinnati. Work, Frank, Columbus. Wright, H.
A., Cleveland. Wheeler, F. H., Cleveland.
Zachos, J. C, Cincinnati. Zinn, Chas. H., Sidney.

LIST OF NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS TO JULY, 1888, WITH THE ADDRESS OF EACH.

Allison, Wm. B., U. S. Senate. Arms, C. D., Youngstown, O. Anderson, W. P., Cincinnati, O.
Alger, Russell A., Detroit, Mich. Alms, William, 54 Worth street, N. Y.

Barber, A. L., Washington, D. C. Bonnell, H. O., Youngstown, O. Bonnell, W. S., Youngs-
town, O. Beardslee, John B., 328 Broadway, N. Y. Byrne, John, Mills Building, N. Y.

Card, Henry P., Cleveland, O. Cooper, John S., Chicago. Cooper, Wm. C, Mt. Vernon, O.
Conger, A. L., Akron, O. Corning, Warren H., Cleveland, O. m

Dale, T. D. f Marietta, O. Dawes, E. C, Cincinnati, O. Dayton, L. M., Cincinnati. Donald-
son, Thomas, Philadelphia, Pa. Drake, F. B., Toledo, O.

Eaton, John, Marietta, O. . TTr

Fairbanks, Chas. W., Indianapolis, Ind. Foster, Charles, Fostona, O. Fordyce, S. W., bt.
Louis, Mo.

Griffith, G. F., Dayton, O. Goodrich, B. F., Akron, O. #

Hibben, J. H., 335 Broadway, N. Y. Hayes, R. B., Fremont, O. Hinkle, A. H., Cincinnati, O.
Hale, Harvey W., 326 Broadway, N. Y.

Jewett, W. K., Bridgeport, Conn. Jones, J. P., U. S. Senate.

Kohler, J. A., Akron, O. Kimball, W. C., 35 Warren street, N. Y.

Loup- J. A., Akron, O. Loud, Enos B., Paris, France. Lynch, Wm. A., Cleveland, O.

McFadden, F. T., Cincinnati, O. Matthews, Stanley, Washington, D. C. McBride, John H.,

THE OHIO SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 183

Cleveland, O. Means, Wm., Cincinnati, O. McGettigan, John E., Indianapolis, Ind. Mattox,
A. H., Cincinnati, O. Morrison, Walter, Columbus, O. McGillin, E.M., Cleveland, O. Marble,
G. L., Toledo, O.

Neil, John G., Detroit, Mich.

Post, Chas. A., Cleveland, O. Payne, Henrv B., U. S. Senate. Plumb, P. B., U. S. Senate.
Perdue, E. H., Cleveland, O. Parsons, S. H., Ashtabula, O. Powell, J. H., 657 Broadway, N. Y.

Reinmund, H. J., Lancaster, O. RobisoH, David, Jr., Toledo, O.

Shotwell, Wm. W., Minneapolis, Minn. Sherman, John, U. S. Senate. Smith, Orland, Cincin-
nati, O. Scott, Frank J., Toledo, O. Stettinius, John L., Cincinnati. Shayne, John T.,
Chicago, 111.

Townsend, Amos, Cleveland, O. Tod, George, Youngstown, O. Tod, John, Cleveland, O.

Upson, Wm. H., Akron, O.

W T ick, Caleb B., Youngstown, O. Wick, Henry K., Youngstown, O. Wolf, Simon, Washing-
ton, D. C. Woodward, J. H., San Francisco, Cal.

IN MEMORIAM.

Died in 1886. — Mr. William Hunter, Mr. J. Monroe Brown.

Died in 1887. — General W. B. Hazen, Mr. Henry De Buss, Mr. George Emerson, Mr. J. M. Edwards,
Hon. Algernon S. Sullivan, Gen. Thomas Kilby Smith.
Died in 1888.— Col. Charles W. Moulton, Chief-Justice Morrison R. Waite, Col. Chas. T. Wing.

JAMES Q. HOWARD.

A GLANCE AT OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN.

BY JAM^S Q. HOWARD.

James Quay Howard is a native of Newark,
Licking county, Ohio. His mother was the daughter
of Judge Quigley, of Pennsylvania. His father,
Beacon George W. Howard, was a soldier in the war
of 1812 and his grandfather an officer in the war of
the Revolution. James Q. Howard was fitted for
college at Granville and was* graduated at Marietta
College with honors. In 1859 he delivered the Mas-
ter's Oration and received the second degree. He
was admitted to the bar at Columbus, having studied
law with Hon. Samuel Galloway.

In 1860, at the request of Follett, Foster & Co., the
publishers of the "Lincoln and Douglas Debates," he
wrote a brief " Life of Abraham Lincoln," which was
translated into German. On September 6, 1861, he
was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Consul
at St. John, New Brunswick. The Chesapeake piracy
'Case, the Calais bank raid, bringing about the cap-
ture of blockade- runners and enforcing Stanton's
passport orders, conspired to render the duties of con-
sul at this great shipbuilding port on the Bay of
Fundy as responsible as those of any like officer in
the service. The authorities at Calais, Maine, gave
Consul Howard credit for having saved the town
from destruction by fire. A dozen blockade-runners
were captured through information which he fur-
nished. He received the frequent thanks of Secretary Seward for "zeal and activity" and his com*
mendation for "fidelity and ability."

On returning home in 1867 Mr. Howard purchased an interest in the Ohio State Journal, and, while
an editorial writer on that paper, his articles on finance were commended widely and copied by the
New York press. While writing for the reviews and magazines, his address before the Alumni of
Marietta College, in 1871, was characterized by Charles Sumner as "admirable, practical, useful."

In 1876 he was Selected by the immediate friends of Governor Hayes to write the authorized life of
the Republican candidate for the Presidency, published by Robert Clark & Co., of Cincinnati. He
was soon after placed on the editorial force of the New York Times, where he wrote all the articles on
the important subject of counting the electoral vote.

In 1877 he was appointed to a position in the New York Custom House, and in the following year
was nominated and confirmed as an assistant appraiser of merchandise. In 1880 he was deemed most
worthy of promotion to the responsible office of Chief Appraiser, one of the two national offices of
largest discretionary power, outside of the Cabinet. It is through the work of the appraiser's depart-
ment at New York that the government is supplied with the bulk of its revenue. Mr. Howard has
held important office under five presidents of the United States, and passed the United States Senate
three times by a unanimous vote. His present home is on the border of Central Park, New York city.
The paper which follows was originally delivered before the Ohio Society of .New York.

I purpose to present the briefest possible outline of that Ohio field of biogra-
phy and history which it would be both pleasant and profitable, for all Ohioans
especially, to explore. That Territorial and State history relates to historical
events and historical men. Some of these far-reaching events worthiest of out
particular study are: the first permanent settlement at Marietta in the spring of
1788; the second settlement at Columbia near the site of Cincinnati, in the
autumn of the same year; the establishment of a Territorial government with
Gen. Arthur St. Clair as the first and only duly commissioned Territorial Gov-
ernor; the formation of the first four counties in the Territory, with the noble
Revolutionary names of Washington, Hamilton, Wayne and Adams; the disas-
trous defeat of Gen. Harmar by the Indians, in June, 1790; the more disastrous
defeat of Gov. St. Clair, November 4, 1791, in that western Ohio county since
appropriately called Darke; the inspiring victory of Gen. Anthony Wayne, in
August, 1794; the enactment and enforcement of much-needed laws by the Gov-
ernor and Territorial Judges'; the assembling of the first Territorial Legislature

OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN. 185

on September 24, 1799 ; the ceding by Connecticut of her claims to that territory
called the Western Reserve of Connecticut, on May 30, 1801 ; the formation of
the first State Constitution at Chillicothe, in November, 1802; the first general
election under that constitution, in January, 1803 ; the transition from a Terri-
torial to a State government, in February and March, 1803; the Burr conspiracy,
with the State's vigorous action in suppressing it, in 1806 ; the gallant defence of
Fort Stephenson and Perry's splendid victory on Lake Erie during the War of
1812; the establishment of the permanent seat of government at Columbus, in
1816 ; the beginning of the construction of the great canals of the State, at New-
ark, in the fitting presence of Governors Jeremiah Morrow, DeWitt Clinton and
Hon. Thomas Ewing, July 4, 1825 ; the building of the first and the other great
lines of that network of railroads which has done more than any single agency
to advance the material interests of the State ; the creation of those noble insti-
tutions of charity, benevolence and learning and of that system of public schools
which have so honored the State in all succeeding years ; Ohio's preparation for
and part in the War for the Union ; her action with respect to the latest and best
amendments to the national Constitution ; her courageous course in the prolonged
contests for a sound currency with coin resumption, and her firm maintenance,
untarnished, of the State's and the nation's credit and faith.

Turning from events, some of which can be treated in essays, others only in
volumes, to the meritorious men identified with Ohio's history — men whom we
all ought to know more about, much more than the libraries can teach us — we
cannot omit from the briefest historical list, General Rufus Putnam and Dr.
Manasseh Cutler, so worthy to be enrolled among the founders of States ; Gen.
Arthur St. Clair, who passed from the Presidency of the American Congress to
the Governorship of the Northwest Territory, remaining our Territory's executive
chief, through alternate successes and defeats, for fourteen years; Gen. Samuel
H. Parsons, Gen. James M. Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, the able and emi-
nent Territorial Judges; Dr. Edward Tiffin, president of the convention which
framed the first constitution of the State, and first governor of Ohio under that
constitution ; Return Jonathan Meigs, the first cabinet officer that Ohio furnished
the republic, whose grave is one of the objects of historic interest in old Marietta :
Judge Jacob Burnet, the Western Lycurgus, who helped to give our confused
mass of laws consistency and adaptation ; honest old Jeremiah Morrow, the last
and best of the governors of the pioneer race: faithful Peter Hitchcock, for
twenty years in the Legislature and in Congress, and for twenty-five Chief- Justice
of the State; William Henry Harrison, the pure patriot of highest virtue, whose
political triumph of 1840 was not greater than his earlier triumphs over our
Indian foes; Justice John McLean, who combined the manners and graces of
the old school of jurists with the learning of the new ; Samuel F. Vinton, the
able and dignified Whig leader, who preferred his dignity to his existence in
office; Charles Hammond, among the strongest of the members of the American
bar; the brilliant and eloquent Thomas L. Hamer, who sent Grant to West
Point; Judge Bellamy Storer, alike popular on the bench and on the stump;
Hocking Hunter, every inch and in everv fibre a lawyer, and Henry Stanbery,
that perfect type of courtly gentleman.

Especially should we of this generation learn more about the two most dis-
tinctively representative historical men of Ohio, Thomas Ewing and Thomas
Corwin, the one the embodiment of all the robust strength, physical and mental,
k of the great Northwest, declared to be at the period of his death the ablest law-
yer in the United States; the other, in the concurrent judgment of all who have
felt the spell of his matchless eloquence, the greatest natural orator and most
marvelous wit, mimic and master of the passions of men that the continent has
yet known.

Passing from these two extraordinary men, who taught the great men of the
later period how to become great, but not forgetting, in passing, the high-minded
and massive-minded Chase, the slavery-hating Joshua R. Giddings, bluff Ben
Wade, burly, brainy John Brough, and the strong but gentle David Tod, we
reach that race of native historic men whose lives touch ours, we might almost
say whose lives preserved ours: Grant, the peer of Marlborough, Von Moltke,
Wellington and Napoleon, the modern world's first soldiers ; Stanton, the creator

1 86 OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN.

of armies and mighty forger of the Thunderbolts of war; Sheridan, who turned
retreats and defeats into advances and victories, and rode with the swiftness of
the wind to fame; Sherman, the only soldier or statesman in our history who
refused the honor of the Presidency when it was thrice within his reach ; Hayes,
who called around him as able a cabinet as the nation has had and whose admin-
istration of the government was so acceptable to the people that they voted for
another politically like it; Garfield, the most learned and scholarly president,
not excepting John Quincy Adams, who has filled the executive chair, the pathos
of whose death touched ail hearts in all lands ; and the tenderly-loved McPher-
son, whose untimely death alone cut him off from equality with the greatest.

And in what more fitting connection can we refer to those two peerless living
Ohio statesmen, similar in name and fame, Sherman and Thurman, the one
greatest as a financier, the other as a lawyer, both of highest distinction in the
making and in the administration of law, and each gratefully honored for his
noble public services by the discriminating, everywhere?

Conspicuous for their eminent abilities as are Rufus P. Ranney, William S.
Groesbeck, Samuel Shellabarger, John A. Bingham, George H. Pendleton, Thomas
Ewing, H. J. Jewett, Aaron F. Perry, Jacob D. Cox, Joseph B. Foraker, Win. Mc-
Kinley, Chief-Justice Waite and Associate Justices Woods and Matthews, among
Ohioahs, we must not forget in our biographical studies other useful or brilliant
men still living or who have passed away, leaving honored names worthy of long
remembrance within and beyond the limits of their own State. It will not, I
trust, seem invidious to call to mind Elisha Whittlesey, Joseph R. Swan, Alfred
Kelly, George E. Pugh, William Allen, James G. Birney, Samuel Lewis, William
Dennison, Samuel Galloway, R. P. Spaulding, Valentine B. Horton, Doctors
Delamater, Kirtland and Mussey and General J. H. Devereux, or such public-
spirited benefactors as Dr. Daniel Drake, William Woodward, Reuben Springer,
Leonard Case, Lyne Starling, John Mills, Douglas Putnam, Jay Cooke, Nicholas
Longworth, J. R. Buchtel, David Sinton and William Probasco.

Such born jurists and gentlemen as Justice Noah H Swayne and Judges
Leavitt, Nash and Gholson are everywhere held in honor, as will also long be re-
vered the names of those eminent scholars and divines, Dr. Lyman Beecher,
Bishop Philander Chase, Bishops Mcllvaine, Simpson, Ames, Bishop Edward
Thomson, Dr. Henry Smith and Presidents Finney of Oberlin and Andrews of
Marietta.

There are other Ohio names that are too prominently connected with the his-
tory of the nation to be overlooked, among which are those of Generals McClel-
lan, Rosecrans, McDowell, Buell, Custer, Crook, Hazen, Quincy A. Gillmore,
Schenck, Steadman, Swayne, Walcutt and the McCooks ; the great inventor, Edi-
son ; the Arctic explorer, Dr. Hall; the Siberian traveller, George Kennan; the
astronomer, Prof. O. M. Mitchell ; the geologists, Newberry, Orton and Wright,
and the Director-General of our National Centennial Exhibition, Sir A. T.
Goshorn.

What are Ohio's most honored names in literature, intelligent readers of course
know all about; and while her sons may have accomplished less, perhaps, in
that field than in war, politics or art, one can safely say that Artemus Ward and
Petroleum V. Nasby compare favorably with the first humorists of the nation ;
William D. Howells and Albion W. Tourgee with the foremost novelists of their
day, while Charles Hammond, Samuel Medary, E. D. Mansfield, Washington
McLean, Henry Read, Fred Hassaurek, Joseph Medill, Richard Smith, Murat
Halstead, Donn Piatt, Samuel Read, Edwin Cowles, J. A. MacGahan, William
Henry Smith and the present editors of the New York Tribune, the New York World
and the Cincinnati Enquirer have yielded or are now yielding as large a measure
of influence as has fallen to the lot of any American journalists. Buchanan
Read, Francis W. Gage, William D. Gallagher, Alice and Phcebe Cary, William
H. Lytle, John James Piatt, Manning F. Force, Henry Howe, S. P. Hildreth and
John Hay have done nobly all that they have attempted to do at all, and John
James, and Mrs. S. M. B. Piatt, Edith Thomas and Mrs. Kate Sherwood are
making poetry and fame just as fast as the muses will permit.

And while it would take many essays to show what Ohioans have accomplished
in art, none can afford to be ignorant of the lives and works of the world-famous

OHIO HISTORY AND HISTORICAL MEN. 187

Thomas Cole and Hiram Powers, or of the achievements of America's first ani-
mal painters, James H. and William H. Beard, or of the noble works which adorn
so many of our parks and cities of this country's greatest sculptor, Quincy Ward,
whose u Indian Hunter," " Shakespeare," u Washington " and " Equestrian
Thomas " will live a thousand years after all that now has life shall have
perished.

I close this appeal for the study of our State's history by reminding all that
Ohio can lay full or partial claim to four Presidents of the United States, Harri-
son, Grant, Hayes and Garfield ; to one Vice-President, by birth, Hendricks ;
and one Speaker of the House, Keifer ; to two Chief-Justices, Chase and Waite,
and four Associate Justices, McLean, Swayne, Matthews and Woods ; to one Sec-
retary of State, through fourteen years' residence, Lewis Cass ; to five Secretaries
of the Treasury, Ewing, Corwin, Chase, Sherman and Windom ; three Secretaries
of War, McLean, Stanton and Taft ; to three Secretaries of the Interior, Ewing,
Cox and Delano ; to two Attorneys-General, Stanbery and Taft, and to three
Postmasters-General, Meigs, McLean and Dennison.

If all these men have not done enough to command your interest and studious
attention, set to work, gentlemen of the Ohio Society, and do something to honor
the Buckeye State yourselves !

THE WORK OF OHIO IN THE U. S. SANITARY
COMMISSION IN THE CIVIL WAR,

By M. C. READ,

Matthew Canfield Read was born in Wil-
liamsfield, Ashtabula county, Ohio, August 21,
1823, of New England parents, who were among
the early pioneers. In those days of few books a
circulating library of standard works gave him in
his early boyhood a taste for solid reading, and a
copy of Goldsmith's "Animated Nature," which
at the age of ten years he had read and re-read
till it was substantially memorized, exerted an
important influence upon his subsequent studies;
when twelve years of age his parents removed to
Mecca, Trumbull county, where he remained
working upon the farm and attending district
school until eighteen years of age, when he com-
menced preparations for college at Western Re-
serve Seminary, in Farmington, Trumbull county,
which was completed at Grand Kiver Institute,
in Austinburgh, Ashtabula county. He entered
the Freshman class of Western Reserve College,
Hudson, in 1844, and graduated in 1848, subse-
quently receiving the degree of A. H. from his
Alma Mater.

The early bias given by " Goldsmith's Animated
Nature" led him to devote much time during his
preparatory and college course to the study of the
natural sciences, and most of his leisure during
this time was occupied in acquiring a knowledge
of the fauna and flora, and the geology of the
neighborhood. His vacations were given almost
wholly to these studies, to which very little time
was given in the prescribed course of study. The
knowledge thus obtained in hours which ordi-
narily go to waste with the college student, was fully as valuable to him in after life as the regular
college course. After graduation he taught school in Columbus and in Gustavus, Ohio, and read law
with Chappee & Woodbury, of Jefferson, Ashtabula county.

He was married August, 1851, to Orissa E. Andrews, youngest daughter of William Andrews, Esq.,
of Homer, JJ. Y., and soon after was called to Hudson to edit The Family Visitor, published by Saw-
yer, Ingersoll & Co., and which was started by Profs. Kirtland and St. John, with the design of fur-
nishing a family, scientific, and literary paper of a high order, containing nothing of the obnoxious
matter found in many papers. During one year while editing this paper he had sole charge of the
preparatory department of the Western Reserve College. After he had edited the paper for a little
over two years its publication was suspended because of the financial failure of the publishers.

He then commenced the practice of his profession as attorney in Summit county, and had acquired a
lucrative practice when the war of the Rebellion commenced. Soon after the organization of the United
States Sanitary Commission he was appointed a general relief agent in that organization by Prof.
Newberry, who was in charge of the Western department, and continued in the service of the Com-
mission till the close of the war. A severe sunstroke after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing and sub-
sequent exposure so impaired his health that he was never able to return to full practice in his
profession. He served for a time as deputy-collector of internal revenue, and upon the organization
of the geological survey of Ohio was appointed assistant geologist, and contributed largely to the final
report. He has since done a large amount of work in the examination of mining property in the States
and Territories and the Dominion of Canada, and contributed many articles to the scientific journals
on ornithology, entomology, archaeology, geology, forestry, etc. He had charge of the archaeological
exhibits of Ohio at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, and the Centennial Exposition at New
Orleans. Quite a full report made by him of the latter has recently been published by the Historical
Society of Cleveland. For several years before the removal of the Western Reserve College to Cleve-
land he held the position in that institution of Lecturer on Zoology and Practical Geology.

He still maintains his position at the bar, doing as much work as his health will permit, dividing his
time between the practice of law and scientific studies and pursuits.

The history of Ohio's services in the war of the Rebellion would be incomplete,
without a sketch of its work in the United States Sanitary Commission.
(188)

MATTHEW C. READ.

OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 189

This was an organization proposed by some of the best medical men of the
country, and at their request authorized by the general government. Its primary
object was the systematic inspection of camps and hospitals, for the purpose of
aiding the medical department of the army in the adoption of such sanitary
measures as would best preserve the health of the army and promote the recovery
of the sick and wounded.

The part that Ohio took in this work assumed more prominence than that of
any other of the Western States. This is to be attributed largely to the fact that
the secretary selected to take charge of the Western department was a citizen of
the State, and to his, exceptional qualifications for the work.

Prof. John S. Newberry, now of the School of Mines of Columbia College, in
New York, and then in the government service at Washington, was appointed a
member of the Sanitary Commission, June 13, 1861. He immediately resigned
his position at Washington, returned to Ohio, and entered with characteristic
earnestness and zeal upon his new work of extending the organization of the
Commission over the valley of the Mississippi. He established branches of the
Commission at Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati, as well as others at Buffalo,
Detroit, Pittsburg, Chicago, Louisville, etc., and gave such unity and efficiency to
the Commission's work that he was appointed secretary of the Western depart-
ment, an office which he held with honor to himself and the Commission till the
end of the war. In the meantime, the patriotic revival that was carrying the best
young and middle-aged men into the army was sweeping into its current almost
all the women of the North, who were organizing " Soldiers' Aid Societies " in
all the cities, villages, and hamlets of the loyal States, for the purpose of prepar-
ing and collecting necessities, comforts, and luxuries for the soldiers in camp and
hospital. There was an urgent necessity of a general organization, which could
gather all these rivulets and streams into one channel, and provide for their sys-
tematic and economical disposition. This work naturally devolved upon the
Sanitary Commission — authorized by the government, national in its purposes,
regardless of State lines, and solicitous only for the comfort and health of the
entire army, and for its success in the struggle.

With the natural desire in each locality to collect and forward supplies to the
soldiers enlisted in that locality, and of the officers of each State to make special
provision for its own soldiers, it was a difficult task to educate the people into
the idea that the soldiers of each regiment and of each State could be best cared
for by systematic provision for the whole army. This result was substantially
accomplished through the skilful management of the secretary, aided by the
unselfish patriotism of the managers of the local societies, so that the transporta-
tion and distribution of these stores was mainly, and especially in Ohio, intrusted
to thig Commission. Very rapidly an organization was perfected, some of the
best and most experienced physicians selected, who were commissioned and dis-
patched to their work. Among the first of these were Dr. A. N. Read, Dr. W. M.
Prentice, and Dr. C. D. Griswold, all of Ohio, who immediately entered upon their
duties — followed the army into the field, inspecting camps and hospitals, looking
after the distribution of stores, and when battles occurred assisting in the care of
the wounded.

Other inspectors from Ohio were Drs. Henry Parker, of Lorain county, M. M.
Seymour, of Paiuesville, T. G. Cleveland, at first surgeon of the Forty-first O. V.
I., and R. C. Hopkins, of Cleveland. These all labored with a zeal and intelligent
devotion to their duties which commanded the highest encomiums of the medical
and general officers of the army. Their work was of a delicate nature, requiring
much tact and skill, and was of the greatest importance. The medical and gen-
eral officers had a very inadequate estimate of the importance of sanitary precau-
tions for the preservation of the health of the men, and at the beginning the
deaths from preventable diseases were many times in excess of those resulting
from casualties in battle.

These medical inspectors, representing the best medical skill of the State, with
their associates from other States, supplied with suggestive circulars prepared by
the best medical men of the nation, furnished very material aid to the officers of
the army in securing the adoption of sanitary precautions for the prevention of
sickness, that resulted in saving the lives of many thousands of soldiers. No

igo OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION.

statistics can be compiled which will measure the value of this w r ork, but those
who watched its progress can to some extent appreciate it, and long before the
close of the war it secured the adoption of the best sanitary measures that were
ever adopted in any army.

While the Commission was ' primarily organized for this sanitary work other
important duty was rapidly crowded upon it. The women of the entire North
were working for the soldiers, and societies were established in every city, with
local societies auxiliary to them in every village and township. This w r as par-
ticularly true in Ohio. Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus organized branches
of the United States Sanitary Commission, and secured the greater part of the
contributions of the local societies, assorting, re-packing, and marking them, and
entrusting their distribution to the Commission.

The Branch at Cincinnati organized with the following members :

Cincinnati — R. W. Burnett, Charles F. Wilstach, James M. Johnson, Joshua
H. Bates, C. C. Comegys, M. D., Edward Mead, M. D., Samuel L'Hommedieu,
M. D., Rev. E. T. Collins, A. Aub, O. M. Mitchell, E. G. Bobbins, J. B. Stallo, Larz
Anderson, Micajah Bailey, E. S. Brooks, Charles E. Cist, David Judkins, M. D.,
W. H. Mussey, M. D., Rev. W. A. Sniveley, Henry Pearce, Thomas G. Odiorne,
Mark E. Reeves, B. P. Baker, Robert Hosea, George Hoadly, S. J. Broad well, A.
G. Burt, Charles R. Fosdick, John Davis, M. D., George Mendenhall, M. D., Rev.
M. L. P. Thompson, George K. Shoenberger, Bellamy Storer, W. W. Scarborough,
Thomas C. Shipley, F. C. Briggs. Dayton— B. W. Steel, J. D. Phillips, James
McDaniel. President, R. W. Burnett ; Vice-President, George Hoadly ; Recording
Secretary, B. P. Baker ; Corresponding Secretary, Charles R. Fosdick ; Treasurer,
Henry Pearce.

This branch sent out inspectors and relief agents into all parts of the Missis-
sippi valley occupied by the Union army, who kept its officers thoroughly in-
formed as to the wants of the soldiers, and the manner in which its contributions
were distributed. In addition to the large amount of stores contributed the
society raised in money $330,769.53, of which $235,406.62 were the net avails of
"The Great Western Sanitary Fair" held at Cincinnati in the month of Decem-
ber, 1863. The most of this large fund was used in the purchase of supplies of
the best quality, which were sent to all parts of the army as the wants of the sick
and wounded required. The United States Sanitary Commission contributed to
this branch $15,000.

The success of the fair of 1863 was at the time unprecedented. At the head
of the roll of managers was the name of General Rosecrans, and nearly all the
prominent ladies, business men and merchant princes of the city combined their
efforts to make it a success.

This branch established and maintained at Cincinnati a "Soldiers' Home" at
an expense of $64,131.86, in which it furnished lodgings to 45,400 and meals to
the number of 656,704.

The Cleveland Branch of the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio was organized on
the 20th day of April, 1861, five days after the first call by President Lincoln for
volunteers to put down the rebellion. It was organized by the appointment of
the following officers : President, Mrs. B. Rouse ; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. John
Shelley and Mrs. Win. Melhinch ; Secretary, Miss Mary Clark Brayton ; Treasurer,
Miss Ellen F. Terry.

Two hundred and seventy-nine of the Cleveland ladies enrolled themselves as
members of the society, and without constitution or by-laws, with only the verbal
pledge of the payment of a monthly fee, and to work while the war should last,
they furnished an illustrious example of the patriotism, as well as the efficiency
of Ohio women. The officers of the society gave their whole time to the work
until the close of the war, asking and receiving no salaries and drawing nothing
from the treasury for travelling or other expenses, even when absent on the neces-
sary business of the society. They secured the active and cordial support of 525
auxiliary societies, the members of most of them meeting weekly to work for the
soldier. And the influence of that work is not to be measured by the articles
prepared or the gifts contributed. \

Every such local society was a school of patriotism : it made patriotism the
fashion ; everywhere the wives and daughters of the most bitter opponents of the

OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION 191

war were drawn into these societies, caught the dominant spirit, and carried its
influence into their homes. These societies gave a moral support to the soldier
in the field, and were worth more than thousands of bayonets in preserving peace
at home. The names of the women engaged in the work of this central society
and its 500 auxiliaries who deserve prominent mention would fill many pages
of this volume, and it would be unjust to the others to record the names of a part
of them; but all will concur in giving the first place to good Mrs. Rouse, the
president of the society, who in feeble health and with a devotion that only a
mother can exhibit gave her whole time to the work; a model exam pie" of
womanly Christian patriotism. Her recent death at a ripe old age has emphasized
her worth.

In June a number of the most patriotic and influential citizens of Cleveland
were appointed associate members of the United States Sanitary Commission, and
in October of the same year they united to organize a branch commission for the
accomplishment of the same objects that engaged the attention of the branches
elsewhere, and to lend to the already flourishing Soldiers' Aid Society whatever
aid might be necessary in the execution of its work. The gentlemen who joined
in this movement are as follows :

T. P. Handy, Joseph Perkins, William Bingham, M. C. Younglove, Still-
man Witt, Benjamin Rouse, Dr. E. Cushing, A. Stone, Jr., E. S. Flint, Dr. A.
Maynard.

The first duty which suggested itself to them was to provide a military hospital
for Northern Ohio, which should receive the sick of the regiments quartered at
Cleveland for whom no other asylum had been opened. By application to the
Secretary of the Treasury a part of the marine hospital at Cleveland was placed
at their command. This was fitted up by the co-operation of the ladies of the
Aid Society, and continued to meet the wants of the class it was intended to accom-
modate until the building of the Cleveland Soldiers' Home removed the necessity
for its continuance (see Dr. Newberry's report on the Sanitary Commission in the
valley of the Mississippi). These gentlemen co-operated heartily with the ladies
in their work and contributed largely to its success. In addition to those whose
names are given above Dr. Newberry makes special mention of Mr. L. M. Hubby,
president of the C. C. & C. R. R. Co., and Mr. H. M. Chapin, who were especially
active and efficient.

The general work of this society is admirably and concisely stated in the fol-
lowing extract from the final report of its officers :

The foregoing pages are a brief sketch of the work that loyalty prompted one
small district to do for the soldiers. They are submitted in the hope it may not
be uninteresting to trace the history of a society which was the first permanently
organized, one of the first to enter the field, and the last to leave it ; which began
with a capital of two gold dollars and closed with a cash statement of more than
$170,000 ; which grew from a neighborhood sewing circle to become the repre-
sentative of 525 branch organizations in disbursing hospital stores valued at
nearly $1,000,000; which built and supported a Soldiers' Home and conducted a
special relief system and an employment agency from which 60,000 Union soldiers
and their families received aid and comfort, and a claim agency which gratuitously
collected war claims aggregating $300,000 at a saving to the claimants of over
$17,000.

The ladies close their report with the following words :

All who had a part in the beneficent work in which it was woman's peculiar
privilege to serve her country must feel abundantly rewarded in having been
able to do something for those who gave health, manly strength, worldly
prospects, ties of home, and even life itself in the more perilous service in the
field.

As already sweet flowers and tender plants creep over and half conceal the
battle foot-prints, but lately left on many a field and hillside of our land, so sweet
charities and tender memories come to envelop the gaunt figures, and veil the
grim visages of war, that must forever stand a central object upon the canvas
that protrays the history of these memorable years.

A single instance may be added illustrating the efficiency and devotion of
these noble workers in the Soldiers' Home established at the railroad station in

192 OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION.

Cleveland. On the 29th of July, 1864, telegrams announced that a full brigade
of hungry soldiers would reach the Home that night ; special preparations were
immediately made for their comfort, and when after long hours of weary waiting
the train steamed into the depot bringing the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth
Wisconsin and the Twenty-seventh Michigan, 1,350 men, a sumptuous repast
was awaiting them, which would have been a credit to any of the hotels of the
city. In the memory of these men and of the many thousands of others who
were thus provided for, the good works of these Cleveland women are permanently
enshrined.

The Columbus Branch was organized in October, 1861, with the following
members:

Governor Wm. Dennison, F. C. Sessions, J. B. Thompson, M. D., S. M. Smith,
M. D., P. Ambos, Robert Neil, Rev. Dr. Fitzgerald, W. M. Awl, M. D., T. J.
Wormley, M. D., S. Lovering, M. D., J. H. Riley, Rev. Joseph M. Trimble, D. D.,
Hon. John W. Andrews, Joseph Sullivant, Francis Carter, M. D., Francis Collins.
Officers : President, W. M. Awl, M. D. ; Vice-President, J. B. Thompson, M. D. ;
Secretary, F. C. Sessions ; Treasurer, T. J. Wormley, M. D.

Five thousand dollars was appropriated to this branch by the United States
Sanitary Commission, and several thousand dollars was subsequently contributed
to aid in the equipment and maintenance of the Soldiers' Home. In co-operation
with this branch a Ladies' Aid Society was organized embracing most of the
patriotic women of the city, with Mrs. W. E. Ide as the first president and Mrs.
George W. Heyl the first secretary. The records of the amount of contributions
of this branch are not accessible, but they found their way to nearly every battle-
field and hospital in the Mississippi valley. Mr. Sessions was early in the field
as a volunteer in the care of the sick and wounded, and continued his labors to
the close of the war.

Dr. Smith was subsequently surgeon-general of the State, and from the begin-
ning to the close of the war was an indefatigable and judicious worker. The
location of this branch gave it an unusual amount of local work, which was
always efficiently and faithfully done. Here as well as elsewhere in the State
the names of those deserving special mention cannot be given without the appro-
priation of more space than can be given to this sketch.

By the work of local societies, the aid of sanitary fairs, and the labor of solicit-
ing agents, a corps of whom were organized and put in the field by Dr. Newberry,
the supplies came in in continuous streams and the Commission received in the
aggregate $807,335.03 in money and stores for distribution of the estimated value
of $5,123,376. At first there was a natural tendency in each locality to provide
for regiments organized in the locality, and then to attempt in each State to pro-
vide for the soldiers of that State; some continuing this attempt to this close of
the war. But it was soon seen by those in the field that the readiest way to pro-
vide for any particular regiment was by a united attempt to provide for all. Ohio
was quick to learn this fact, and the broad patriotism of its people was shown by
an almost universal disregard of localities and State lines, and by devoting all
their energies to the relief of the Union soldier wherever found. Its contributions
to this end largely exceeded those of any other State in the Mississippi valley, a
fact in which every citizen may take laudable pride.

After the field work was w 7 ell organized Dr. Newberry established his head-
quarters at Louisville, as the most favorable point for superintending the opera-
tions of the Sanitary Commission in the Mississippi valley. He selected Charles
S. Sill of Cuyahoga Falls as treasurer and H. S. Holbrook of the same place to
organize and manage a hospital directory, which grew into a bureau of information
for all having friends in the army. The local agents of the Commission after every
battle obtained promptly lists of the killed and wounded, and daily reports from
all the hospitals, showing admissions, discharges, deaths and transfers to other
hospitals, which were all copied into the local registers of the Commission. Then
the originals were forwarded to Mr. Holbrook, who embodied the facts into his
records in such a manner that he could promptly give the location and hospital
history of every patient and the date and place of every death in the western
army so far as was known. Frequently and especially after every battle parties
who failed to hear from their friends in the army, becoming anxious about their

OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 193

safety, would send to this bureau for information, and sometimes, these inquiries
by letter and telegram would number hundreds in a day. If in the hospital or
on the list of killed a reference to the records would furnish full information ; if
not the inquiry was forwarded to the agent of the post where the regiment was
stationed. The records there were searched and if they afforded no information
the regiment was immediately visited, the companions of the missing man found
and questioned, and in a large majority of cases the desired information obtained.
Under Mr. Holbrook's excellent management this work was so perfected that
these records were largely used by the officers of the army in locating or deter-
mining the fate of missing men. The number of names on Mr. Holbrookes
records was 799,317; the number of deaths recorded 81,621, and the number of
inquiries received and answered 24,005. Mr. Holbrook with the persevering
industry of a man and the overflowing sympathy of a woman^ was admirably
adapted to this work, but it wore him out faster than service in the field, and
though able to keep his post till the close of the war, its close found him so pros-
trated and exhausted that his health was never perfectly restored.
The personnel of the central office at Louisville was as follows :
Secretary Western Department Sanitary Commission, Dr. J. S. Newberry;
assistant secretary, Robert T. Thome; chief clerk, Dr. N. E. Soule; cashier, C. S.
Sill; superintendent hospital directory, H. S. Holbrook; superintendent ware-
houses, W. S. Hanford; editor Sanitary Reporter, Dr. G. L. Andrew; hospital
visitor, Rev. F. H. Bushnell ; superintendent hospital trains, Dr. J. P. Barnum ;
superintendent hospital and supply steamer, H. W. Fogle ; claim agent, H. H.
Burkholder. Of these officers Drs. Newberry and Soule and Messrs. Sill, Hol-
brook, Hanford, Fogle and Burkholder were from Ohio.

Free transportation over freight and express lines was generously given for the
stores of the Commission, and the free use of private and military telegraph lines
to all its agents who had depots of stores at every important post, and whose
agents with supplies were present on nearly every battle-field. It established
feeding stations and Soldiers' Homes so as to supply all the wants of the soldiers
discharged at the most southern point reached by the army until he reached his
home, in which also the friends of the soldier found ample accommodations. As
an illustration of fhe extent and the benefits of these Homes one instance may
be given : A woman from Central New York made her way to Chattanooga,
Tenn., to visit her sick husband, but reached the place too late to see him alive.
Her money was exhausted, for she expected to obtain from her husband means
for her return. A childless widow who had given her all to the country she
could not bear to leave the remains of her husband on her return home. An
appeal was made by the agent of the Commission to the military undertaker who
had a lucrative business at that post, who readily consented to embalm the body
and furnish a burial case without charge, and the express company forwarded it
to its destination without charge. The agent furnished her with free transporta-
tion over the military roads to Louisville, and open letters to the superintendents
of the Homes and to the railroad conductors stating the facts of her case and
soliciting their interest in her behalf. At the Homes in Nashville, Louisville,
Cincinnati, Cleveland and Buffalo she obtained meals, and lunches to take into
the cars; the conductors passed her free over their roads, and she reached Syra-
cuse, N. Y., with the body of her husband and without any expense.

An important work new in military history was inaugurated, and made a
marked success by the Ohio men in the Commission. When the Army of the
Cumberland had raised the siege of Chattanooga, and in the winter of 1864 was
preparing for a vigorous, aggressive campaign, it was evident the army was likely
to suffer severely during the coming summer for the want of vegetable food. It
could not be brought to so distant a point from the Northern States, and no
dependence could be placed upon the adjacent country for a supply. Scurvy
had prevailed to an alarming degree in this army during the previous summer
when stationed at Murfreesboro, much nearer the base of supplies. An experi-
ment had there been made in gardening, under the management of Mr. Harriman,
a gardener detailed from the One-hundred-and-first O. V. I. in 1863, which was
so far successful as to warrant, in the opinion of the agent at Chattanooga, a more
extensive effort in 1864, and commensurate with the increased necessities of the

194 OHIO'S WORK IN (7. S. SANITARY COMMISSION.

army. He immediately conferred with the medical director of the army, Dr.
Perrin, and proposed with his co-operation and the approval of the commanding
general, to establish a sanitary garden of sufficient extent to provide for all the
probable wants of the sick and wounded.

The proposition was heartily welcomed as a probable solution of what had
been regarded as an insolvable problem. He immediately approved a proposi-
tion prepared by the agent for submission to Gen. Thomas, proposing that if the
general would authorize the Commission to take possession of abandoned lands
suitable for cultivation, would provide for the protection of the garden, and
furnish horses and necessary details of men, the Commission would provide a
good market-garden, tools, seeds, and appliances for the work, and would under-
take to supply all the hospitals at Chattanooga and the neighboring posts with
all the vegetables needed, distributing the surplus to convalescent camps and
regiments.

The general at once issued the necessary orders for carrying on the work; a
body of land between Citico creek and the Tennessee river was selected, a detail
put to work building a fence, so as to include within it and the two streams
something over 150 acres, and a requisition forwarded to Dr. Newberry for seeds
and tools. When these arrived application was made for horses, and it was '
learned that there were none at the post that could be spared for the work. An
advertisement was inserted in the Chattanooga papers for the purchase of horses
and mules, but none were offered. Then authority was obtained to impress from
the country. The agent scoured the neighboring territory for some twenty miles
on all sides of Chattanooga without finding anything to impress.

Returning somewhat discouraged from his last trip, he stumbled upon a corral
of sick and disabled horses, and the difficulty was at once overcome. An order
was secured directing the quartermaster to turn over fifty of these horses selected
by the Commission and as many harnesses. There was no difficulty in finding
horses unfit for military duty which would do fairly good work before the plow
or harrow. They were put promptly at work. But during these delays the
season had so far advanced that more tools were needed than were sent from
Louisville. To meet this want some were impressed from the country and others
made to order by the. quartermaster; and soon the fifty horses and nearly a hun-
dred men were actively employed under the supervision of Mr. Thomas Wills,
of Summit county, who was sent by Dr. Newberry as head gardener. The work
was pushed with energy during the whole season, much of the ground being
made to yield two and three crops, all the articles raised in an ordinary market-
garden being cultivated. It happened that wagons were employed distributing
the products to the hospitals on the day that the first of the wounded from the
Atlanta campaign arrived, and from that time till the close of the season the
supply was much in excess of all the wants of the hospitals, the large surplus
being distributed to convalescent camps and regiments. As the season advanced
the details of men fit for duty in the field were revoked, and details made from
the convalescent camps. These men, placed in good quarters, abundantly sup-
plied with vegetables, and moderately worked, were restored to health much
faster than those left in the camps. The men were so well pleased with their
position and their work that the prospect of a revoking of their detail for any
insubordination secured strict discipline. At the close of the season voluntary
testimonials were furnished by all the surgeons in charge of the hospitals of the
great value of the work, and that it had been the means of saving the lives of
thousands. The details for a guard and for work constituted as efficient part
of the garrison of the post as if left within the camps, and there was with them
an almost entire exemption from sickness. The horses from the sick corrals, well
fed and cared for, rapidly recovered, and the whole practical cost was the price
of seeds and tools, and the salary of the gardener. The fact was demonstrated
that, at a military post, when a garrison is to be maintained through the summer,
an abundance of vegetable food can be raised by the garrison without any impair-
ment of its efficiency and at a very trifling cost.

At the urgent request of all the surgeons of the post the general ordered a con-
tinuance of the work during the following year.

The whole work of the Commission was a novelty in military operations. Its

OHIO'S WORK-IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. *95

agents were everywhere — in hospitals, in camps, and on the battle-fields — co-
operating with the medical officers in the care of the sick and wounded, and in
precautions for preserving the health of the men ; and the voluntary testimonials
of the officers, surgeons, and privates to the value of their work would fill a
volume. What is reproachfully called " red tape " in the army is system, method,
a careful scrutiny of expenditures, without which the richest nation would be
bankrupted by a short war ; its hardships in individual cases are mitigated and
almost entirely removed by such a voluntary association as the Sanitary Com-
mission, with its agents in all parts of the army, harmoniously working with the
medical officers, and provided with supplies of all kinds for the relief of the
soldiers, which can be promptly distributed without formal requisitions, simply
on the request of the surgeon and attendants, or wherever a needy soldier is found
by the agents. They supplement the government supplies, and are a provision
fo~ every emergency when the government stores are not available or cannot be
obtained in time.

This is a brief and imperfect sketch of the work of the United States Sanitary
Commission in the Mississippi valley, in which the citizens of Ohio took so hon-
orable and important a part.

First in the list of workers stands the name of Prof. John S. Newberry, who had
general charge of the Western department. The entire work of organization and
general superintendence was his, the selection of all agents, and the determination
of all their duties and salaries.

Before the war he had a national, reputation as a geologist and palaeontologist,
and at its close returned to his favorite* studies.. He was appointed chief geolo-
gist for Ohio, and, with the aid of his assistants, prepared a report upon the
geology of the State, alike creditable to him and to his assistants and to the
State.

He was, while engaged in this work, elected as Professor of Geology and Palae-
ontology in the School of Mines of Columbia College, New York, a position which
he now occupies. His scientific labors have given him not only an American but
also an European reputation as one of the most prominent scientists of the age.
The following extract from a recent number of an influential English periodical
shows the estimation in which he is held in that country : •

"A large circle of admirers, both English and American, will see with pleasure
that the Murchirson medal of the Geological Society is to be conferred this year
on Dr. J. S. Newberry, of New York, the well-known professor of Columbia Col-
lege. Dr. Newberry, however, has been in his time active, and indeed distin-
guished in other matters besides geology. ' I remember,' writes a correspondent,
4 meeting him by chance in Nashville in November, 1863, when he was at the head
of the Western department of the Sanitary Commission, an immense organization,
whose business it was to dispense for the benefit of the soldiers of the Republic
great quantities of stores, consisting mainly of medicines, clothing, and comforts
of all sorts subscribed by enthusiastic citizens of the Northern States. Dr. New-
berry took me down with him from Nashville to the then seat of war on the
boundary of Georgia, and I can bear witness to the workmanlike manner in which
he administered his department, and the devotion with which he was regarded
by all of his assistants.' "

Dr. Newberry's office assistants were Charles Sill, of Cuyahoga Palls, treasurer ;
H. S. Holbrook, of Cuyahoga Falls, in charge of the hospital directory ; H. M.
Fogle, clerk, and W. S. Hansford, in charge of transportation, both also of Cuya-
hoga Falls ; others were employed from time to time as clerks, but these remained
in his office till the close of the war. Mr. Sill and Mr. Fogle are now deceased.
Mr. Holbrook retired from his work greatly debilitated, and never recovered his
health.

Of the medical inspectors, Dr. A. N. Read, of Norwalk, leaving a lucrative
practice, entered the service in Kentucky when our army first crossed into "that
State, was almost the sole representative of the Commission at the battle of
Perrysville, followed the army to Nashville and Pittsburg Landing, and after-
wards returned to Nashville, and made that his headquarters as chief inspector
and general manager of the work of the Commission in the Army of the Cumber-
land. He followed the army to Chattanooga, worked assiduously in care of the

196 OHIO'S WORK-IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION.

wounded in the battle of Chickamauga until, prostrated with sickness, he was
compelled to return home with his son, who was severely wounded in that battle,
to recruit his health by rest. He soon returned to his headquarters at Nashville,
and gave his general superintendence to the work, proceeding to the front at the
commencement of the Atlanta campaign, and accompanying the army to Atlanta,
His work during all that campaign was severe and exhausting, and returning to
Nashville, he continued his labors to the close of the war, when he returned home
so prostrated by exposure and fatigue that his health has never since been fully
restored. He received many voluntary testimonials from the officers of the army
for the fidelity, skill, and tact with which he discharged the duties of his
position.

■ Dr. M. M. Prentice, an eminent physician of Cleveland, commenced his work
as medical inspector early in the war, and followed it with such a self-sacrificing
fidelity that his health and strength failed him, and he died at his post while the
issue of the war was uncertain.

Henry Parker^ of Lorain county, and M. M. Seymour, of Painesville, eminent
physicians, abandoned their practice and assumed the duties of medical in-
spectors, which they discharged with eminent success till the close of the war.

Dr. T. G. Cleveland, previously surgeon of the Forty-first Ohio regiment,
•entered the service of the Commission as medical inspector in 1861, and continued
his work with marked ability till the close of the war.

Dr. R. C. Hopkins, of Cleveland, entered the service as medical officer of the
relief steamer "Lancaster," chartered by Dr. Newberry for the transport of stores
and the sick and wounded, and afterwards took charge of the work of the Com-
mission at Memphis. His wife accompanied him until he was prostrated by
overwork and on his way home died at Evansville, Ind., January 26, 1863. Mrs,
Hopkins sought relief from her affliction by a return to the work and continued
it at Nashville until her services were no longer needed.

Prof. H. N. Hosford of Hudson, Rev. N. P. Bailey of Painesville, Rev. J. E.
Wilson of Ravenna and Mr. George G. Carter of Cleveland, who was then a stu-
dent of theology, labored efficiently and faithfully as hospital visitors. Their
duties were to visit daily the hospitals of the posts at which they were stationed,
promote the general comfort of the patients, write their letters, furnish them
reading, administer religious consolation to the dying and transmit their last
messages to their friends. Many in their dying hours blessed them for their
•timely Christian labors and many who recovered will remember with gratitude
their faithful and unselfish work.

, F. R. Crary, of Northern Ohio, early entered the service as storekeeper and gen-
eral relief agent; followed the Army of the Cumberland to Chattanooga and was
,one of the field relief corps during the Atlanta campaign. Energy, faithfulness
and enthusiastic devotion characterized his work.

William Cowdery, then of Hudson, now of Mecca, Trumbull county, rendered
faithful and valuable work at Chattanooga for about a year.

Alfred H. Sill was sent to Chattanooga by Dr. Newberry after the battle of
Chickamauga. The rebels occupied the left bank of the Tennessee river and
their sharpshooters made it impracticable to use the short road from Bridgeport
to Chattanooga for the transportation of supplies, and a mountain road, difficult
and some sixty miles long, was the best practicable route. Sanitary stores in
wagons attached to the army trains were sometimes pillaged by teamsters and
train hands. Mr. Sill came at the request of the general agent at Chattanooga
for an energetic man, courageous and faithful, who would act as special guard of
.the Sanitary train, could sleep in the woods with a blanket for his bed, keep the
;train under his direct observation till it reached Chattanooga, and shoot down if
necessary any man who attempted to plunder it. This work he continued with-
out complaint, riding backward and forward over this long, dreary and dangerous
route, until the opening of transportation by rail and river after the battle of
Chattanooga.

M. C. Read, an attorney of Hudson, Ohio, left a lucrative practice in February,
1862, and joined his brother, Dr. A. N. Read, in the work at Nashville; worked
there for a short time and accompanied his brother to Pittsburg Landing, when
he waa assigned to, duty. at Hamburgh Landing, a few miles further up the river.

OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION 197

Here, while superintending the removal of stores, from the landing to the rooms
of the Commission, he was prostrated by a sunstroke and compelled to return
• home. A few weeks in the Lake Superior region so far restored his health that
he was able to return to Nashville, and was put in charge of the work at Mur-
freesboro; thence he followed General Rosecrans' army to Bridgeport and
finally reached Chattanooga in company with General Rosecrans and his staff.
Here he remained in charge of the work at this post until after Lee's surrender.
He then returned home and rode over Ohio and West Virginia, selecting in all
the principal cities Sanitary Commission Claim Agents, who were commissioned
to collect claims and secure pensions for all soldiers applying to them, without
charge to the soldier. This closed his work, except a short return to Chattanooga,
to close out some unfinished business there. The effects of the sunstroke and
subsequent labor and exposure have ever since seriously interfered with his pro-
fessional work.

Jeremiah R. Brown, of Hudson, a brother of the famous John Brown, entered
the service early in the war, and very appropriately was put in charge of the
work in Kansas, where he labored with distinguished zeal and ability, assisted
by his daughter Fanny Brown, until the work of the Commission was closed.

Thomas Wills, then of Cuyahoga Falls, was sent to Chattanooga in the spring
of 1864 as superintendent of the Sanitary garden. This position he held until
the end of the summer of 1865, and the remarkable success of the garden was
largely *due to his skill and fidelity.

Dr. George L. Starr, of Hudson, after completion of his medical studies, entered
the service of the Commission at Knoxville, Tenn., and did good work for about
four months investigating the wants of posts accessible from that point and sup-
plying them from the storehouse in that city. He afterwards practised his pro-
fession in Youngstown and is now in successful practice in Hudson.

Rev. T. Y. Gardiner, of Cleveland, was also engaged for some time in the work
at Knoxville as general agent, doing excellent service and accompanying General
Stoneman on his raid to care for the sick and wounded. He has since been a
successful preacher in the Congregational Church.

Charles Seymour, son of Prof. N. P. Seymour of Western Reserve College, was
engaged in the work at Knoxville; was in all things efficient and faithful. He
became so much attached to the place that he remained in Knoxville after the
close of the war as a real estate agent, has secured a wide influence in the neighbor-
ing country, and has made his business profitable to himself and his employers.

Captain Isaac Brayton, of Ravenna, early entered the service of the Commis-
sion, followed the Army of the Cumberland to Murfreesboro, was for a time in
charge of that post, until transferred to Nashville as superintendent of the Soldiers'
Home established there. This position he filled with great ability until the Home
was no longer needed.

Colonel Charles Whittlesey, of Cleveland, well known in scientific circles, did
efficient service as special relief agent in all parts of the West, employed espe-
cially in the emergencies following important oattles.

Dr. R. Brundret, of Dayton, remained in the service during most of the war
and mainly in the Army of the Cumberland. He was one of the most valuable
workers, doing everything well and at the right time.

Rev. O. Kennedy, Chaplain of the One-hundred-and-first O. V. I., came by acci-
dent into the employ of the Commission. After the battle of Chickamauga, while
the fate of the army in Chattanooga was uncertain and all trains moving toward
that place were ordered back, he fell in with a train of sanitary stores destined for
Chattanooga, but turned back with the Government trains. He took charge of it,
conducted it to a place of safety, distributed a part of the stores to the needy and
carried the rest safely to Chattanooga. Tins experience gave him a love for the
work and commended him to the agents of the Commission. He obtained leave
of absence from his regiment and entered with energy upon the Commission
work. The military authorities were transferring the sick and wounded as fast
as possible to the rear, where supplies for their comfort could be more easily
obtained; but it was over sixty miles of difficult mountain road, on which no
supplies could be obtained. The Commission immediately sent tents, cooking
utensils and supplies for a feeding-station in the mountains and arranged with

.198 OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION.

the medical director for notice to be sent by the Courier line of the time of start-
ing of each train and the number of sick and wounded in it, so that a warm
meal could be in readiness for them on their arrival. Mr. Kennedy, with a few
assistants, took charge of this solitary station in the mountains, liable constantly
to be raided by bushwhackers, and from that time until after the siege of Chat-
tanooga was raised, provided all the sick and wound " who crossed the moun-
tains with an ample meal, no matter at what hoar of the day or night they
reached the station. Also, many a belated or hungry officer and soldier returning
to the army has had reason to bless this lodge in the wilderness. After the open-
ing of the river and railroad he established feeding-stations at Kelley's Ferry and
Bridgeport, and for the most of the time was in charge of one of them. If a
benediction is bestowed for the giving of a cup of cold water to the thirsty, cer-
tainly he shall not lose his reward.

John H. Millikan, of Kirtland, and a brother-in-law of Mr. Howe, so long the
efficient superintendent of the Reform Farm, and for some time one of the elder
brothers in that institution, served the Commission long and faithfully, until he
died at his post in Knoxville in 1864. Nor should Mr. Place, whose first name
is not now recalled, a private of the One-hundred-and-fifth O. V. L, be forgotten.
When his regiment reached Murfreesboro he was detailed for work with the
Commission at that point, and was so faithful and efficient that his detail was
continued and only revoked at Chattanooga that he might join his regiment to
muster out of the service.

Dr. H. A. Warriner was a professor in Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio,
when he entered the service of the Commission, discharging varied duties with
the highest degree of ability and industry. After the capture of Vicksburg he
was for a time General Superintendent of the work at that post and until he be-
came the editor of the Sanitary Reporter, published at Louisville, Ky., which was
the official paper of the Western Department of the Commission, and executed
a potent influence in promoting its efficiency. After the close of the war he
undertook the task of collating the records of all the posts of the Western Depart-
ment and the preparation of an official history of its work. With characteristic
devotion he applied himself to this task until" physical and mental prostration
compelled him to abandon it, and, exhausted and worn out by the work for the
Commission, he died in the prime of manhood.

Dr. N. E. Soule was a teacher in Cincinnati when the war commenced, and
soon after its commencement entered the service of the Commission. He was
made chief clerk in the central office of the Commission at Louisville, where
during the entire war he rendered most efficient assistance to the secretary and
the heads of the different departments of the Commission's work, and by his
ripe scholarship and genial manners won the respect and affection of all his
associates.

Rev. G. C. Carter of Cleveland, in addition to his duties as hospital visitor,
already mentioned, rendered important service as general relief agent.

In the spring of 1863 a Free Claim Agency was opened by the Sanitary Com-
mission at Louisville and soon began to demonstrate its usefulness by becoming
the medium of communication with the government for white and colored
soldiers who were both poor and ignorant and who, with the widows and orphans
of deceased soldiers, constituted as worthy objects of charity as the Sanitary
Commission at any time took under its care. This agency was placed in charge
of Mr. H. H. Burkholder, previously a resident of Yellow Springs, Ohio, and it
continued with increased usefulness till the autumn of 1865, when the organiza-
tion of the Western Department of the Sanitary Commission was broken up and
the care of the office was assumed by the Kentucky branch. Mr. Burkholder's
good work was prolonged beyond the close of the war, and in his report made
July 1, 1867, he had received 1575 claims, of which 660 had been allowed and
$99,765.89 paid over to the claimants. Soon after a terrible tragedy ended at once
the life and good work of Mr. Burkholder. Returning from Cincinnati with his
young wife their steamer was burned and both were lost.

The various aid societies and branches of the Commission sent many delegates
to work with the agents of the Commission, whose services were of great value,
but a list of their nan^s cannot be here given, as it has been found impossible in

OHIO'S WORK IN U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. 199

all cases to distinguish between the workers from Ohio and other Western States.
The papers and records of the Western department are practically inaccessible,
being stored in New York. If they were collected and published the evidence
of the magnitude and importance of the work would surprise even those who
took the most prominent part in it, who, like the soldiers of a single regiment in
a great battle, could see but little except that in which they were engaged.

It will be seen by this sketch that Ohio furnished much more than her share
of workers in the Commission. Of these many gave up their lives in the work,
and of the residue quite as large a number returned to their homes with health
permanently broken, or greatly impaired, as from the rank and file of the army.
Many of them if in the regular service would secure pensions from the govern-
ment, but no provision has been made for this and not one has asked any
pecuniary compensation for the loss of health resulting from his exposure and
labors.

If, as is probable, the names of regular employees of the Commission who were
citizens of Ohio are omitted from this sketch, prepared by one of their co-workers,
it is hoped that the omission will be pardoned, as reliance has to be placed
mainly upon memory, and the dominant spirit of all the workers was to ignore
State iines, so that in many cases the memory recalls the work that each did and
not the State from which he came.

Those who may be interested in investigating further the part taken by Ohio
in the great work of the Sanitary Commission will find much more than we have
space for in this brief sketch in the final report of Dr. Newberry, which forms a
handsome volume of 543 pages, 8vo., entitled "The United States Sanitary Com-
mission in the Valley of the Mississippi," published by Fairbanks & Benedict,
Cleveland, in 1871, and which has been of invaluable use in the preparation of
this sketch.

Prof. J. S. Newbery requests the publishers to give at the end of this article
the following testimonial of his sense of the eminent services of its author in the
work of the Sanitary Commission. This we are pleased to do, from the convic-
tion that it is fully deserved.

"Among the thousands of devoted men and women who gave their time, their
strength and their hearts to the work of the Sanitary Commission, and who by
their contributions and ministrations to the army in the field, and by inspiring
and maintaining the patriotism of the people at home, hastened and perhaps se-
cured the final triumph, none rendered to the cause of humanity and liberty
more faithful and efficient service than my friend and co-laborer, Mr. M. C.
Read.

" On the roll of honor left by them to the gratitude of posterity in the list of
those who by achievement and sacrifice ' deserved well of their country/ his name
should have a prominent place. "J. S. NeWbery."

WHY IS OHIO CALLED THE BUCKEYE STATE?

By WILLIAM M. FARRAR.

William M. Faerar was born September 3,
1824, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, of
Welsh-English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. After
completing the usual course of education he read
law and was admitted to practice at Washington in
1848, and soon after removed to Ohio, settling at
Cambridge, in Guernsey county, where he has
since resided, and was elected the first clerk of the
courts under the constitution of 1850, and re-elected
in 1854. Upon the breaking out of the war in
1861 he, in connection with Major Samuel C.
Brown (who was killed at Chickamauga), recruited
what afterwards became Company H of the Sixty-
fifth Regiment, O. V. I., and also a part of the well-
known Sherman Brigade, a military organization
that rendered distinguished services during the
war, of which General C. G. Harker, who fell in the
assault on Kennesaw, was the first commander.

Captain Farrar also served as aide-de-camp to
General Garfield, and was present with that officer
at the conference held at General Rosecrans' head-
quarters at the widow Glenn house on the night of
September 19, 1863, when the plan of battle for
next day was determined, and was employed until
long past midnight in preparing written orders for
the several corps and division commanders, and on
the next day (Sunday forenoon) was an eyewitness
of the fatal mishap that broke the Union line and
swept the right wing of the army from the field.
He has since resided at Cambridge, where he has
filled various public offices, and from 1884 to
3887 represented Guernsey county in the General
Assembly.

WILLIAM M. FARRAR.

The name Buckeye as applied to the State of Ohio is an accepted sobriquet,
so well recognized and so generally understood throughout the United States,
that its use requires no explanation, although the origin of the term and its
significance are not without question, and therefore become proper subjects of
consideration during this centennial year.

The usual and most commonly accepted solution is, that it originates from the
buckeye tree which is indigenous to the State of Ohio and is not found elsewhere.
This, however, is not altogether correct, as it is also found both in Kentucky and
Indiana, and in some few localities in Western Virginia, and perhaps elsewhere.
But while such is the fact, its natural locality appears to be in the State of Ohio,
and its native soil in the rich valleys of the Muskingum, Hocking, Scioto, Miamis
and Ohio, where in the early settlement of the State it was found growing in great
abundance, and because of the luxuriance of its foliage, the richly colored dyes
of its fruit, and its ready adaptation to the wants and convenience of the pioneers
it was highly prized by them for many useful purposes.

It was also well known to and much prized by the Indians from whose rude
language comes its name " Hetuck," meaning the eye of the buck, because of the
striking resemblance in color and shape between the brown nut and the eye of
that animal, the peculiar spot upon the one corresponding to the iris in the other.
In its application, however, we have reversed the term and call the person or
thing to which it is applied a buckeye.

In a very interesting after dinner speech made by Dr. Daniel Drake, the eminent
botanist and historian of the Ohio valley, at a banquet given at the city of Cin-
cinnati on the occasion of the forty-fourth anniversary of the State, the buckeye
was very ably discussed, its botanical classification given, its peculiar charac-
teristics and distinctive properties referred to, and the opinion expressed that the
(200)

The Ohio Buckeye.

(20I)

202 OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE.

name was at first applied as a nickname or term of derision, but has since been
raised into a title of honor.

This conclusion does not seem to be altogether warranted, for the name is not
only of Indian origin as stated, but the first application of it ever made to a white
man was made by the Indians themselves, and intended by them as an expres-
sion of their highest sense of admiration.

S. P. Hildreth, the pioneer historian of Marietta, to whom we are indebted for
so many interesting events relating to the settlement at the mouth of the Musk-
ingum, tells us that upon the opening of the first court in the Northwest Terri-
tory, to wit on the 2d day of September, 1788, a procession was formed at the
point where most of the settlers resided, and marched up a path that had been
cut and cleared through the forest to Campus Martius Hall, in the following
order :

1st. The high sheriff with drawn sword.

2d. The citizens.

3d. Officers of the garrison at Fort Harmar.

4th. Members of the bar.

5th. Supreme judges.

6th. The governor and clergymen.

7th. The newly appointed judges of the Court of Common Pleas, General Rufus
Putnam and Benjamin Tupper.

There the whole countermarched, and the judges, Putnam and Tupper, took
their seats; the clergyman, Rev. Dr. Cutler, invoked the divine blessing, and the
sheriff, Col. Ebenezer Sproat, proclaimed with his solemn O yes ! that a court is
opened for the administration of even-handed justice, to the poor as well as to the
rich, to the guilty and the innocent, without respect of persons, none to be pun-
ished without a trial by their peers, and then in pursuance of law ; and that
although this scene was exhibited thus early in the settlement of the State few
ever equalled it in the dignity and exalted character of the actors; and that
among the spectators who witnessed the ceremony and were deeply impressed by
its solemnity and seeming significance was a large body of Indians collected from
some of the most powerful tribes of the northwest, for the purpose of making a
treaty with the whites. Always fond of ceremony among themselves they wit-
nessed the parade of which they little suspected the import with the greatest in-
terest, and were especially impressed with the high sheriff who led the procession
with drawn sword ; we are told that he was over six feet in height, well propor-
tioned and of commanding presence, and that his fine physical proportions and
dignified bearing excited their highest admiration, which they expressed by the
word "Hetuck," or in their language "big buckeye." It was not spoken in
derision, but was the expression of their greatest admiration, and was afterwards
often jocularly applied to Colonel Sproat, and became a sort of nickname by
which he was familiarly known among his associates. That was certainly its first
known application to an individual in the sense now used, but there is no evi-
dence that the name continued to be so used and applied from that time forward,
or that it became a fixed and accepted sobriquet of the State and people until
more than half a century afterwards ; during all of which time thcbuckeye con-
tinued to be an object of more or less interest, and as immigration made its way
across the State, and the settlements extended into the rich valleys where it was
found by travellers and explorers, and was by them carried back to the east and
shown as a rare curiosity from what was then known as the u far west," possess-
ing certain medicinal properties for which it was highly prized. But the name
never became fully crystallized until 1840, when in the crucible of what is known
as the " bitterest, longest and most extraordinary political contest ever waged in
the United States," the name Buckeye became a fixed sobriquet of the State of
Ohio and its people, known and understood wherever either is spoken of, and
likely to continue as long as either shall be remembered or the English language
endures.

The manner in which this was brought about is one of the singular events of
that political epoch.

General William Henry Harrison having become the candidate of his party for
President, an opposition newspaper said 4< that he was better fitted to sit in a log-

OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 203

cabin and drink hard cider, than rule in the White House." The remark was at
once taken up by his friends and became a party slogan of that ever memorable
canvass. Harrison became the log-cabin candidate, and was pictured as sitting
by the door of a rude log- cabin through which could be seen a barrel of hard
cider, while the walls were hung with coon-skins and decorated with strings of
buckeyes.

Political excitement spread with wonderful rapidity ; there was music in the
air, and on the 22d of February, 1840, a State convention was held at the city of
Columbus to nominate a candidate for governor. That was before the day of
railroads, yet from most of the counties of the State large delegations in wagons
and on horseback made their way to the capital to participate in the convention.
Among the many curious devices resorted to to give expression to the ideas
embodied in the canvass there appeared in the procession a veritable log-cabin,
from Clarke county, built of buckeye logs, upon a wagon and drawn in the pro-
cession by horses, while from the roof and inside of the cabin was sung this song :

14 Oh where, tell me where

Was your buckeye cabin made ?

'Twas built among the merry boys

Who wield the plough and spade,
Where the log-cabins stand,

In the bonnie buckeye shade.' \

44 Oh what, tell me what, is to be your cabin's fate ?

We'll wheel it to the capital and place it there elate,
For a token and a sign of the bonnie Buckeye State. ' '

From that time forward the buckeye became an important factor in the can-
vass ; cabins were multiplied and drawn in processions at all the leading meetings.
The name was applied to General Harrison as

44 Hurrah for the father of the Great West,
For the Buckeye who follows the plough. "

The name was also applied to Mr. Corwin, the candidate for governor, as —

44 Tom Corwin is a Buckeye boy,
Who stands not for the pay."

And generally as

44 Come all ye jolly Buckeye boys,
And listen to my song.

See what a host of lumber,

And buckeye poles are here —
And Buckeye boys without number,

Aloft the logs to rear. ' '

But the buckeye was not only thus woven into song and sung and shouted
from every log-cabin, but it became a popular emblem of the party and an article
of commerce more especially along the Old National Road over which the public
travel of the country was carried at that day in stage coaches, and men are } r et
living who, in 1840, resided at Zanesville and can remember seeing crowds of
men and boys going to the woods in the morning and returning later in the day
carrying great bundles of buckeye sticks to be converted into canes and sold to
travellers, or sent to adjoining States to be used for campaign purposes.

At a mass meeting held in Western Pennsylvania in 1840 delegations were
organized by townships, and at a preliminary meeting held to appoint officers to
marshal the procession and make other necessary arrangements, it was resolved
that each officer so appointed should provide himself with a buckeye cane as a

204 OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE.

badge of authority, and thereupon committees were sent to Ohio to procure a
supply of canes for the occasion, with what success can be judged from the fact
that while a procession extending over two miles in length and numbering more
than 1,500 people, halted on one of the Chartiers creek hills until the one in front
moved out of its way, an inventory taken showed the number of buckeye canes
carried in the delegation to be 1,432, and in addition over 100 strings of buckeye
beads were worn by a crew of young ladies dressed in white, who rode in an
immense canoe, and carried banners representing the several States of the
Union.

These may seem to be rather trivial affairs to be referred to on such an occasion
as the present, but they serve to show the extent of the sentiment that prevailed
at the time, and the molding process going on, so that when the long and heated
canvass finally closed with a sweeping victory the crystallization was complete,
and the name " Buckeye " was irrevocably fixed upon the State and people of
Ohio, and continues to the present day one of the most popular and familiar
sobriquets in use.

So early as 1841, the president of an Eastern college established for the educa-
tion of young women, snowing a friend over the establishment said : " There is a
young lady from New York, that one is from Virginia, and this," pointing to
another, " is one of our new Buckeye girls." A few years later, the Hon. S. S.
Cox, a native Buckeye, and then a resident of Ohio, made a tour of Europe, and
wrote home a series of bright and interesting letters over the nom deplume of " A
Buckeye Abroad," which were extensively read, and helped still further to fix
the name and give it character. The Buckeye State has now a population of
more than 3,000,000 live Buckeyes, Buckeye coal and mining companies, Buckeye
manufactories of every kind and description, Buckeye reapers and mowers,
Buckeye stock, farms, houses, hotels, furnaces, rolling-mills, gas- and oil-wells,
fairs, conventions, etc., and on to-morrow we propose to celebrate a Buckeye
centennial.

To the foregoing valuable article of Mr. Farrar we here append entire tne
speech of Dr. Drake to which he alludes :

" But why are the natives of. our valley called Buckeyes, and to whom are they
indebted for the epithet? Mr. President, the memory that can travel a few years
into the last century, and it only, can supply the answer. As the buckeye has a
soft wood, and is peculiar to the valley of the Ohio, later emigrants to both banks
of the river thought it a fib emblem for the native children, whom they found
untaught and awkward, amusing themselves in the shade of its luxuriant foliage,
or admiring the beautiful dyes of its ripening nuts, and Buckeye was, therefore,
at first, a nickname — a term of derision. Those very children ha've, however,
raised it into a title of honor ! They can have no higher eulogy.

The tree which you have toasted, Mr. President, has the distinction of being
one of a family of plants, but a few species of which exist on the earth. They
constitute the genus iEsculus of the botanist, which belongs to the class Heptan-
dria. Now the latter, a Greek phrase, signifies seven men; and there happens to
be exactly seven species of the genus — thus they constitute the seven wise men
of the woods; in proof of which, I may mention that there is not another family
on the whole earth that possesses these talismanic attributes of wisdom. But
this is not all. Of the seven species our emblem-tree was discovered last — it is
the youngest of the family, the seventh son! and who does not know the manifold
virtues of a seventh son !

Neither Europe nor Africa has a single native species of iEsculus and Asia but
one. This is the JEsculus Hippocastimum, or horse-chestnut. Nearly 300 years
since, a minister from one of the courts of Western Europe to that of Russia
found this tree growing in Moscow, whither it had been brought from Siberia.
He was struck with its beauty, and naturalized it in his own country. It spread
with astonishing rapidity over that part of the continent, and crossing the
channel, became one of the favorite shade-trees of our English ancestors.

Such is the power of the buckeye wand ; and its influence has not been limited
to the West. We may fearlessly assert that it has been felt over the whole of our
common country. Till the time when the buckeye tree was discovered, slow,

OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 205

indeed, had been the progress of society in the new world. With the exception
of the Revolution, but little had been achieved and but little was in prospect.
Since that era society has been progressive, higher destinies have been unfolded,
and a reactive Buckeye influence, perceptible to all acute observers, must assist
in elevating our beloved country among the nations of the earth.

From the very beginning of emigration it has been a friend to the ' new-comers.'
Delighting in the richest soils, they soon learned to take counsel from it in the
selection of their lands ; and it never yet proved faithless to any one who confided
in it.

When the first i log-cabin ' was to be hastily put up, the softness and lightness
of its wood made it precious : for in those times laborers were few and axes once
broken in hard timber could not be repaired. It was, moreover, of all the trees
of the forest, that which best arrested the rifle-bullets of the Indian.

When the infant Buckeyes came forth, to render these solitary cabins vocal,
and make them instinct with life, cradles were necessary, and they could not be
so easily dug out of any other tree. Thousands of men and women, who are
now active and respectable performers on the great theatre of Western society,
were once rocked in Buckeye troughs.

Every native of the valley .of the Ohio should feel proud of the appellation,
which, from the infancy of our settlements, has been conferred upon him; for
the Buckeye has many qualities which may be regarded as typical of a noble
character.

It is not merely a native of the West, but peculiar to it; has received from
the botanists the specific name of Ohioensis, from its abundance in our beau-
tiful valley; and is the only tree of our whole forest that does not grow else-
where. What other tree could be so fit an emblem of our native population?

In those early days, when a boundless and lofty wilderness overshadowed
every habitation, to destroy the trees and make way for the growth of corn
was the great object— hie labor^ hie opus erat. Now, the lands where the buckeye
abounded were, from the special softness of its wood, the easiest of all others to
1 clear,' and in this way it afforded valuable though negative assistance to the
* first settlers.'

Foreign sugar was then unknown in these regions, and our reliance for this
arti.de, as for many others,, was on the abounding woods. In reference to this
sweet and indispensable acquisition, the buckeye lent us positive aid; for it
was not only the best wood of the forest for troughs, but everywhere grew
side by side with the graceful and delicious sugar maple.

In the period of trying deprivation, to what quarter did the l first settlers ' turn
their inquiring and anxious eyes ? The buckeye— yes, gentlemen, to the buckeye
tree, and it rtroved a friend indeed, because, in the simple and expressive language
of those early times, it was 'a friend in need.' Hats were manufactured of its
fibres— the tray for the delicious ' pone ' and ' Johnny-cake,' the venison trencher,
the noggin, the spoon, and the huge white family bowl for mush and milk, were
carved from its willing trunk ; and the finest * bough ten ' vessels could not have
imparted a more delicious flavor or left an impression so enduring. He who has
ever been concerned in the petty brawls, the frolic and fun of a family of young
Buckeyes around the great wooden bowl, overflowing with the ' milk of human
kindness,' will carry the sweet remembrance to the grave.

In all our woods there is not a tree so hard to kill as the buckeye. The deepest
' girdling ' does not * deaden it,' and even after it is cut down and worked up into
the side of a cabin it will send out young branches, denoting to all the world
that Buckeyes are not easily conquered, and could with difficulty be destroyed.

The buckeye has generally been condemned as unfit for fuel, but its very
incombustibility has been found an advantage, for no tree of the forest is equally
valuable for ' backlogs,' which are the sine qua non of every good cabin fire. Thus
treated, it may be finally, though slowly, burnt; when another of its virtues
immediately appears, as no other tree of our woods affords so great a quantity of
alkali ; thus there is piquancy in its very ashes !

The bark of our emblem-plant has some striking properties. Under a proper
method of preparation and use, it is said to be very efficacious in the cure of
ague and fever, but unskillfully employed, it proves a violent emetic; which

206 OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE.

may indicate that he who tampers witk a Buckeye will not do it with impunity.
The fruit of the buckeye offers much to interest us. The capsule or covering
of the nut is beset with sharp prickles, which, incautiously grasped, will soon
compel the aggressor to let go his hold. The nut is undeniably the most beautiful
of all which our^ teeming woods bring forth ; and in many parts of the country
is made subservient to the military education of our sons who, assembling in
the 'muster-field' (where their fathers and elder brothers are learning to be
militiamen), divide themselves into armies, and pelt each other with buckeye
balls ; a military exercise at least as instructive as that which their seniors perform
with buckeye sticks. The inner covering of the nut is highly astringent. Its
substance, when grated down, is soapy, and has been used to cleanse fine fabrics
in the absence of good soap. When' the powder is washed a large quantity of
starch is obtained, which might, if times of scarcity could arise in a land so fertile
as the native soil of this tree, be used for food. The water employed for this
purpose holds in solution an active medicinal agent, which, unwarily swallowed,
proves a poison; thus again admonishing those who would attempt to 'use up'
a Buckeye, that they may repent of their rashness.

Who has not looked with admiration on the foliage of the buckeye in early
spring, while the more sluggish tenants of the forest remain torpid in their winter
quarters? and what tree in all our wild woods bears a flower which can be
compared with that of our favorite? We may fearlessly challenge for it the
closest comparison. Its early putting forth, and the beauty of its leaves and
blossoms, are appropriate types of our native population, whose rapid and beautiful
development will not be denied by those whom I now address, nor disproved by
a reference to their character ; while the remarkable fact that almost every attempt
to transplant it into our streets has been a failure, shows that it will die in
captivity, a guaranty that those who bear its name can never be enslaved.

Finally, the buckeye derives its name from the resemblance of its nut to the
eye of the buck, the finest organ of our noblest wild animal; while the name
itself is compounded of a Welsh and a Saxon word, belonging therefore to the
oldest portions of our vernacular tongue, and connecting us with the piimitive
stocks, of which our fathers were but scions planted in the new world."

Ohio Buckeye, or American Horsb Chestnut.

[From " The North American Sylva ; " by F. Andrew Michaux. Paris : printed by C. D'Hautel, 1819,]

Pavia Ohioensis. P. Foliis quinatis, insequaliter dentatis ; floribus subflavis ; fruct-

ibus muricatis.

" This species of horse chestnut, which is mentioned by no author that has
hitherto treated of the trees and plants of North America, is unknown in the
Atlantic parts of the United States. I have found it only beyond the mountains,
and particularly on the banks of the Ohio for an interval of about 100 miles,
between Pittsburg and Marietta, where it is extremely common. It is called
' buckeye ' by the inhabitants, but as this name has been given to the pavia lutea,
I have denominated it * Ohio buckeye ' because it is most abundant on the banks
of this river, and have prefixed the synonym of 'American horse chestnut'
because it proved to be a proper horse chestnut by its fruit, which is prickly like
that of the Asiatic species instead of that of the pavise.

The ordinary stature of the American horse chestnut is ten or twelve feet, but
it sometimes equals thirty or thirty-five feet in height and twelve or fifteen inches
in diameter. The leaves are palmated and consist of five leaflets parting from a
common centre, unequal in size, oval-acuminate and irregularly toothed. The
entire length of the leaf is nine or ten inches and its breadth six or eight inches.

The bloom of this tree is brilliant. Its flowers appear early in the spring and
are collected in numerous white bunches. The fruit is of the same color with
that of the common horse chestnut and of the large buckeye, and of about half
the size. It is contained in fleshy, prickly capsules, and is ripe in the beginning
of autumn.

On the trunk of the largest trees the bark is blackish and the cellular integ-
ument is impregnated with a venomous and disagreeable odor. The wood is
white, soft and wholly useless.

OHIO, THE BUCKEYE STATE. 207

The value of the Ohio buckeye, or American horse chestnut, consists chiefly
in the beauty of its flowers, which, with its rapid vegetation and hardy endurance
of cold, will bring it into request both in Europe and America as an ornamental
tree."

Michaux says he found the large buckeye, or pavia lutea, in its greatest pro-
fusion and expansion in the mountains of the Carolinas and Georgia. He first
met with it on the Allegheny mountains in Virginia, near latitude 39°. It there
towers tc the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of three or four
feet, and is considered as a certain proof of the richness of the. land. " The
wood," he says, " from its softness and want of durability, can subserve no useful
purpose. Even in beauty this species is inferior to the common horse chestnut,
and can never supplant that magnificent tree." The engraving in this article is
copied from that in the superb work of Michaux.

INSPECTION OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES

OF OHIO:

Prepared by Frank Henry Hoive from the Reports of
HENRY DORN, CHIEF INSPECTOR FOR THE STATE,

ILLUSTRATING HIS PECULIAR AND EFFECTIVE SYSTEM.

Henry Dorn was born in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, Feb. 16, 1843, where he attended the
public school from the age of six to fourteen years.
He learned the trade of machinist, serving as an ap-
prentice from 1857 to 1862. During his apprenticeship
he attended the night college in his native city and
soon became, from natural aptitude and close applica-
tion to his studies, an accomplished draughtsman.

After the completion of his apprenticeship Mr. Dorn
went to Paris, France, where he obtained employment
in the shops of the Northern Railroad Company. He
also worked in other shops on stationary engines, tools,
telegraphic instruments, and in other branches of
mechanism, as well as in the drawing-rooms of differ-
ent firms and companies by whom he was employed,
lie attended college in that city, thereby more readily
acquiring a knowledge of the French language. Mr.
Dorn now speaks with fluency and accuracy German,
French and English.

In 1869 Mr. Dorn left Paris and came to America,
landing in Philadelphia, where he soon procured em-
ployment as a mechanical engineer. Here, on the 12th
of September, 1871, he was married to Miss Emily
Dorn (though of the same name, no relation), by whom
he has had four children. Shortly after his marriage
he removed to Cleveland, where he continued to reside
until 1884. While in that city he was employed by
the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Com-
pany for over six years. He left the employ of this
company to accept the position of superintendent of the
iron work of the Cleveland viaduct, one of the finest
structures of the kind in the world. He was subse-
quently employed by the civil engineer of Cleveland

to superintend the laying of the block pavement on •

some of the streets of that city.

In 1880 Mr. Dorn was employed in the erection of the building and in putting up the machinery
of the H. P. Wire Kail Company, the largest factory of the kind hi the United States. Just as the
structure was about completed, in 1881, through the carelessness or ignorance of the general manager
of the company, Mr. Dorn met with an accident resulting in an injury to his spine, from which he has
never fully recovered, his right side remaining in a partially paralyzed condition for nearly three
years.

On the ltth of April, 1884, Gov. Hoadly tendered Mr. Dorn the position of inspector of workshops
and factories, under the law which had just passed the Legislature creating that office. He accepted
the position and immediately entered upon the discharge of its duties. In this position he has shown
exceptional qualifications and been of incalculable benefit to those for whose protection in health and
limb the office was created. His first annual report to the governor showed the importance of the
office, and the legislature very wisely provided him with three assistants. His ability as a mechanical
engineer and his careful and systematic management of the office have placed it in the front rank of
offices of that character in the United States.

Taking a deep interest in the subject of factory inspection generally, Mr. Dorn made an appeal to
all officers of that kind in the United States, and by untiring efforts succeeded in getting together the
first national convention of factory inspectors everheld in this country. It was held in Philadelphia,
Pa., on June 8 and 9, 1887, and Mr. Dorn had the honor of being the first presiding officer of the con-
vention, and before the close of the session was unanimously elected permanent secretary and
treasurer.

The second convention was held in the city of Boston, Mass., on August 8, 9 and 10, 1888, and Mr.
Dorn was unauimously re-elected for a second time.

(20$)

HENRY DORN.

WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 209

On April 4, 1884, an act was passed by the Legislature of Ohio for the inspec-
tion of workshops and factories. This was the third legislative act on the part
of any State in the Union for such a purpose. Section 2,873a of that act reads
as follows:

" The governor of the State shall appoint a suitable person, to be known as the
inspector of the sanitary condition, comfort and safety of shops and factories,
who shall be a competent and practical mechanic in practice, whose duty it shall
be to visit all factories or shops where ten or more persons are employed, and to
carefully inspect the sanitary condition of the same, to examine the system of
sewerage in connection with said shops and factories, the situation and condition
of water-closets or urinals in and about such shops and factories, and also the
system of heating, lighting and ventilating all rooms in such factories and shops
where persons are employed at daily labor, and also as to the means of exit from
such places in case of fire and other disaster, and also all belting, shafting, gear-
ing, elevators, drums and machinery of every kind and description in and about
such factories and shops, and see that the same are not located so as to be dan-
gerous to employees when engaged in their ordinary duties, and that the same, ^o
far as practicable, are securely guarded, and that every vat, pan, or structure
filled with molten metal or hot liquid shall be surrounded with proper safeguards
for preventing accident or injury to those employed at or near them."

In pursuance of the provisions of this act, on April 11, 1884, Mr. Henry Dora,
of Cleveland, Ohio, was appointed inspector, at a salary of $1,500 per year and
$600 allowance for travelling expenses. Three days later he took the oath of
office and entered upon the discharge of its .duties at his office in Cleveland.
Owing to the inadequate appropriation of funds, but a comparatively small part
of the 20,000 or more workshops and factories throughout the State could be
visited. The zeal of Mr. Dora caused him to be as energetic and economical as
possible in order to accomplish the most good with the means at his command.

The success of the entire system of the department is no doubt largely due to
his energy and perseverance. His being a practical engineer, draughtsman and
machinist and possessing the knowledge necessary for imparting information in
relation to improvements on machinery, its preservation, protection, etc., espe-
cially adapts him to the highly responsible duties of his office. In his first re-
port, covering only the last six months of the year 1884, he says :

" I began my inspection in the city of Cleveland, Cuyahoga county, but finding
it impossible to make a proper inspection of all the shops and factories in the
city of Cleveland first, without entirely neglecting other parts of the State, I
confined my inspection to the leading establishments, and to such less prominent
places as my attention was called to by persons employed therein.

Out of nearly 300 establishments in the city of Cleveland I inspected 173 from
April 16th to June 16th, out of which I found only twenty -seven complying
with the requirements of the law creating the office of State Inspector of Shops
and Factories. I ordered important changes in forty-one establishments and
minor changes were ordered in most of the others.

On the 17th of June I started on an inspection tour and stopped first in Crest-
line, Crawford county, where I inspected two establishments, ordering minor
changes in one.

From Crestline I went to Galion, Crawford county, where I inspected five
establishments, ordering minor changes in one and very important changes in
another. •

From Galion I went to Delaware, Delaware county, where I inspected six
establishments, two of which were complying with the requirements of the law
creating this office, and minor changes were ordered in three establishments.

From Delaware I went direct to Columbus, Franklin county, where my first
duty was to notify all establishments in that city of my coming. I found that
there were nearly 200 establishments to be visited, and out of this number I
visited seventy -five from June 23d to July 15th, out of which I found only ten
that were being operated in accordance with the law creating this office. I
ordered important changes in thirteen establishments and minor changes in
most of the others.

During the same time I visited also Logan, Hocking county, where I inspected

2io WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES.

seven establishments, out of which I found only one not amenable to the law.
Minor changes were ordered in four and very important changes in two establish-
ments.

On July 16th I left Columbus and went to Cincinnati, Hamilton county, where
I found a great field of labor. An investigation disclosed the fact that Cincin-
nati had over 1,000 manufacturing establishments to be visited, which would,
if properly inspected, take the inspector over a year, as most of the buildings
are from five to seven and even more stories high. The most careful work was
required here, as sanitary conditions, safety and comfort and every provision
of the law, were found to present a strong claim to attention.

I visited, in the city of Cincinnati, one hundred and seventy -five (175) of the
leading establishments, and such others as my attention was called to, from time
to time, by persons employed in such shops and factories.

I started out in the same manner, as I did in other cities, by notifying all
manufacturers and owners of shops and factories, nearly 1,300 in number, of my
coming. Out of the 175 establishments visited, from July 17 to October 11, I
found only eleven being operated in accordance with the law creating this office.
I ordered important changes in sixty establishments, and minor changes were
ordered in most of the others.

During the time I stayed in Cincinnati I made occasional trips to the other
cities and revisited shops and factories where I ordered changes with satisfactory
results. I found many shops in Cleveland which complied with my requests in
regard to important changes, also a number in Columbus and Logan.

Receiving a letter from Akron, Summit county, calling my attention to the
shops and factories of that city, I started on October 21 from Cleveland to Akron,
where I found nearly fifty (50) establishments to be visited, and, after notifying
all owners of shops and factories, I inspected forty-five of them from October
21 to 31.

It is a pleasure to state that, generally speaking, I found the establishments in
Akron in better condition and nearer the requirements of the law than any that
I have visited.

Out of the forty-five establishments I inspected I found twenty-five working in
accordance to law creating the office of Inspector of Shops and Factories.

Minor changes were ordered in nine establishments and very important
changes in eleven. Nearly all of the latter changes were in sewer pipe factories
and potteries.

In these establishments the greatest danger I found was in the mills where the
clay is ground. These mills are started or stopped by means of a cone or fric-
tion pulley, and I found the most of these pulleys were not given lift enough or
clearance enough to make them safe, as it will sometimes happen that these mills
will start up of themselves, either through dirt falling between the two fric-
tion pulleys, or through the starting lever slipping from the bolt, which I found
in many instances very poorly secured. Most of the levers were only provided
with a common iron rod, with an eye in the end, which eye was carelessly
hooked on to a common bolt or spike, which was driven in the wall, whereas
those eyes should, by all means, be properly provided with hooks securely fast-
ened in the wall, so that the jarring of the mill cannot unhook the iron rods and
thereby start the mill up suddenly, endangering the lives of persons engaged in
•shoveling clay out of the mills. Several accidents of that kind happened in
Akron, one man being killed and others had their legs broken and were badly
maimed.

Emery Polishing Wheels.

I found in polishing establishments, stove foundries and other shops and fac-
tories where emery wheels are used continually that those wheels, in a good
many instances, were too high-speeded, which" is very dangerous and often re-
sults in their bursting and consequently in the killing or serious injury of some-
body. I herewith present a table for speeding solid emery wheels of different
diameters :

WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES.

Diameter of Wheels in Inches.

211

"■: 4 o

8 9
1

10*

Number of Revolutions per Minute,

4,500

3,700

3,200 J

2,700

2,400

2,100

1,S00

1,600

1,350 ( 1,200

1,050

£>50

900

850

750

Wheels which are speeded higher than is shown in the above table are dan-
gerous to the operator. uau
Another danger which arises from emery wheels of all descriptions is thai
most ot them are not provided with exhaustions, and the persoiTwoSg a them
are compelled to inhale the po.sonous dust, which will settle on the lunV and
■ in most cases consumption will be the result. Providing emerv wheels with ex
gvhaust fans is not only beneficial to the person operating such wheels but a so to
: the owners of establishments where such wheels are used

An exhaust fan will absorb every bit of emery dust which escapes from the

wheel and therefore all other machinery in such establishments, espeda Hialt

mg, will be freed from emery dust, and consequently Inst three t mc^l on"

The saving o shafting and boxes alone will pay the cost of the use of an ^

•• fee facts many pr ° pnetors of s « ch establishments are totally Jlmd to

Buzz-Saws.

Another important matter is the use of buzz-saws in planing-mills and other
establishments. They are, in fact, the most dangerous tool in 4e ami al hou4
Jfirrt tlie,n fc'ow.their danger, in the course of tine ley become
careless. Therefore a protection is absolutely necessary, and this also can be
done at a small expense, and to the advantage of both operator and ow, W
putting a guard or hood over the buzz-saw, which will nof i u t\ e I l s ° i, ^g
with the work of the sawyer, but, on the contrary, will enable him to ton
more work m less time, while protecting his life and limbs ° Ut

Ft.y-Wiieels.
Another prolific source of danger is the non-protection of flv vrl^l-. ™ <,+„

J be eccentric of an engine is generally located between the bed-nlitn of thr

U i ifnf '■? n<3eaV -° n "? t0 !lSCertain the timc of dft y f ™>» * clock ha L in* on

win lt'on ] : SUCl f a T d r tSCanlH : P re , vented by a small outlay of money which
I V all , e ™>te, be less expensive than contesting suits for 'damages in co ir
JW and sliall m the future enforce the kw . n regard tQ ^»^" «,u, t.

Elevators.
Another danger I have discovered-
Very unsafe condition of elevators.
*4

-and it is one that I meet everywhere— the

212 WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES.

In many places elevator wells, or shafts, are not properly and in many cases
not at all protected. On all floors doors open either directly into the shafts or
have no protection or safeguards, and the lives of persons working at their
ordinary avocations are endangered.

All these places should be protected by automatic doors or safeguards, so set
that they will raise and lower when the elevator is at the floor. I have not yet
gone further than to suggest that all elevators be provided with automatic doors,
but wherever the necessity for protection exists have insisted upon an adequate
safeguard being provided.

Fire-Escapes.

Nothing in the course of my inspection has more strongly impressed me than
the necessity of requiring all shops and lactones of a greater elevation than two
stories to be provided with a safe and efficient system of fire-escapes. The duty
of supplying safeguards against casualties always likely to occur in the event of
conflagrations in crowded shops and factories is so obvious and imperative that
there can be no difference of opinion respecting it. It is of that class of self-as-
sertive obligations which admit of no controversy, the only question being as to
the best method of adequately meeting it Nevertheless it is a fact, amply
demonstrated in the observation I have had, that very many owners and pro-
prietors of shops and factories are wholly indifferent to this important duty, and
I have found some so utterly destitute of all concern for the safety of employees
as to refuse to provide proper escapes when their attention was called to the ne-
cessity for such provision. It is somewhat difficult to speak with calmness of
men whose overweening selfishness has excluded from their natures every spark
of consideration for their fellow-beings, who, while liberally insuring their prop-
erty against fire, so that in case of such a visitation — a danger always imminent
—their pockets shall not suffer, will not expend a dollar for the security of the
lives of 'those by whose labor they profit, and it is but simple justice that this
class be compelled, by the mandate of inflexible law, to perform a duty which
men of ordinary humane instincts accede to without a question. The frequent
occurrence of fires which have their most serious result in the loss of human
lives furnishes fearful warnings that should not be heedlessly dismissed from at-
tention, and I submit that the business of legislation can have few worthier ob-
jects than that of diminishing, so far as may be, the possibility of such
calamities.

In Cincinnati many of the buildings used for shops and factories are from five
to nine stones high, and generally the first three or four floors of the building
are used as storerooms, the employes occupying the upper floors, escape from
which would in most cases be extremely difficult in the event of a rapidly spread-
ing fire, and loss of life or serious bodily injury almost inevitable. Most of the
buildings are improperly constructed with reference to means of egress, the
ingenuity of the architects having apparently been exerted to secure the greatest
possible economy of space in the matter of stairways. Some of these buildings
are provided with but a single stairway, and where there are two or more they
are generally located so near together that a fire which would render any of them
useless as an avenue of escape would be very likely to do so with all. In many
cases, also, these stairways are located near elevators, which are most potent aids
to the rapid progress of fire. While it is not the province of the State to require
that these faults and detects in the construction of buildings shall be remedied,
it is unquestionably within the rightful powers of the State to demand that the
security which the builders have felled to provide shall be supplied in some other
way, and a thorough system of fire-escapes is the only other practicable method.
The use of straight ladders, as a substitute for some improved fire-escape, on
buildings over two stories high, should not be allowed, since they are worse than
useless as a means of escape. Not one in twenty who should attempt to reach
the ground in this way would get there in safety. They might escape the fire
only to find death or permanent injuries from being precipitated to the earth
below.

The great pertinency of these remarks was brought forcibly to the notice of the
people of the State by two horrible casualties which occurred in Cincinnati during

WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 213

the spring of 1885 : one the burning of Dreman & Co.'s rag-factory, by which
nine lives were lost, the other the burning of the building on West Sixth street,
occupied by the Parisian Dyeing and Scouring Company and the Sullivan steam-
printing establishment, by which sixteen lives were sacrificed, and several persons
seriously wounded, if not maimed for life. In both these holocausts most if not
all of the lives lost could have been saved had the buildings been provided with
properly constructed fire-escapes.

In my judgment the most secure and effective plan is that of a balcony on each
story, with incline ladders extending from one another between the windows.
Persons descending on ladders thus placed avoid the flames that issue from the
windows, are in no danger of falling, and by the exercise of the simplest care in
their movements may make their escape unscathed. I found Cincinnati to be a
great field of labor, and during the necessarily short time that I was there I
ordered the erection of about fifty fire-escapes on shops and factories. In most
cases these orders were complied with, but in several instances the agents for
buildings refused to pay any attention to the demand of the Inspector that fire-
escapes should be supplied.

The law relating to this matter would seem to be sufficiently explicit in its
requirements, and the penalties for violation ample to insure a universal compli-
ance with it, but such is very far from being the fact.

In 1887 Chief-Inspector Dorn invented a fire-escape which has been pronounced
by all experts to be the simplest and most practicable invention of the kind
extant. It consists of a rectangular enclosure of brick, built from the foundations
to the roof, and within the exterior walls of the building. This enclosure or well
contains the stairways, access to which is had from balconies constructed on the
outside of the building at the level of each floor. The balconies communicate by
a door with each floor of the main building and by another door with the
enclosure containing the stairwa}^s. By means of this arrangement the occupants
of each floor can immediately pass out of the building on the same floor, and
along the balcony to the stairway which, being entirely cut off from the interior
of the entire building, would be perfectly free from flame or smoke, even if the
whole building should be on fire.

This escape evidently obviates a serious objection to all others, viz., the fear
people have of descending them, especially from very high buildings. This
invention, the result of Mr. Dorn's ingenuity, has not been patented, owing to the
humane desire of its inventor to make its adoption as universal and free from
expense as possible."

On the subject of " child labor " Mr. Dorn says :

" The subject of child labor has engaged the earnest attention of publicists and
philanthropists for generations, and in the general progress of ameliorating influ-
ences and agencies this matter has received a share of consideration. That it has
not obtained that full measure of regard which its great importance merits will
not be seriously questioned by any one whose experience or observation give him
authority to speak.

Legislation has bravely sought to baffle the cupidity and selfishness of those
who would profit by the labor of children, but its success has been only partial
and irregular, and throughout this enlightened nation thousands of children of
tender years are now laboring ten and twelve hours a day in shops and factories,
the great majority of whom should be acquainted with no severer tasks than those
of the school and the home.

Ohio, I regret to say, has her full share of guilt in this matter, the statute
relating to the employment of children under sixteen years of age being freely and
persistently violated, for the obvious reason that no adequate means are provided
for its enforcement.

In visiting the different shops and factories in the regular course of my duties
I made it a part of my inquiries to ascertain the extent to which children were
employed, and in many places I found children of nine or ten years of age per-
forming labor that should give employment to adults, or at least to minors who
have passed the period of childhood, and might properly be expected to earn
their own livelihood. In the cigar -factories of Cincinnati I found a great num-
ber of children employed, the demand for this class of workers being at that time

214 WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES.

probably exceptionally large, owing to the strike of the cigar-makers. I also
found many young children in chair-factories in different parts of the State, where
they worked at polishing and painting , chair-frames and making cane-seats.
They were also found in printing-offices, nickel-plating works, paper-box-fac-
tories, match -factories, etc.

While it is true that much of the work required of children thus employed is
not of a severely exacting nature, yet it must be maintained that the practice of
subjecting young children to a daily round of labor for which they receive a
mere pittance in the form of wages is a wrong alike to the children and to the
State, and wholly antagonistic to the enlightened and liberal sentiment of this
age.

The tens of thousands of children throughout the country who are in this way
deprived of the opportunity to obtain as much of an education as would enable
them, when grown to adult age, to understand the obligations of citizenship, is a
dark blot upon our character as a people, for which our advanced civilization and
wonderful material progress do not atone. It is true that ample provision is
made for securing to every child in the State at least an elementary education,
but the State is still derelict if it fails to compel those in whose behalf such pro-
vision is made to take full advantage of it. Now it is sufficient to declare, in the
form of a statute, that this must be done. Laws do not enforce themselves.
There must be an active, energetic, and vigilant executive force behind them,
fully armed with the power to put them into effect.

There is hardly any limit to what may be said upon this subject, but the
object in referring to it here is simply to bring it to the thought and attention of
the legislative power, and not to give to it elaborate discussion. Such discussion,
indeed, it cannot need with intelligent men, who intuitively understand that the
intellectual and moral training of the youth of the commonwealth is of far greater
importance to its future welfare than can be any consideration relating to its
merely material affairs. But the policy of controlling and restricting child labor
finds approval as well upon economic as upon moral grounds. There is no gain
to the general welfare from this class of ill-remunerated toil. Its products are
not materially, if at all, cheapened to the consumer. The profit is reaped by
the employers, and it is the heartless cupidity of this class, incidentally aided
by the improvidence of parents, that is responsible for the extensive prevalence
of child labor. To successfully combat this sordid instinct there is required
something more aggressive than a simple statutory declaration of hostility. As
previously observed, there must be a zealous and vigilant executive force, amply
supported behind the declaration."

During the first six months after the enactment of the law for the inspection
of workshops and factories Mr. Dorn visited 487 establishments, with a working
capacity of 45,511 males and 4,808 females. Letters from many of the leading
manufacturers and business men of the State were received, congratulating him
on the success of his efforts, and expressing their approbation of his recommenda-
tions, and asking for a vigorous prosecution of the good work and the rigid
enforcement of the law.

The work performed by Mr. Dorn was remarkable in its extent and efficiency,
and it was only by his perfect system of conducting the affairs of his office that so
much was accomplished. The appropriation was so small in consideration of the
work necessary for the enforcement of the law as to almost defeat its own object,
and in closing his first report Mr. Dorn called the attention of the Legislature to
the necessity of an increased appropriation, as follows :

"To carry on the office so as to do justice to all interests there should be at
least three deputy-inspectors appointed. One inspector cannot do the work as
thoroughly and satisfactorily as it should be done.

An appropriation should also be made by the General Assembly to create a
contingent fund outside of the travelling expenses.

So far the Inspector has had to use a portion of his own salary for defraying
necessary expenses, such as postage, telegrams, express charges, and many other
items too numerous to mention.

The Inspector would also recommend the striking out of the word " ten " in
section 2873a, where it says, "whose duty it shall be to visit all factories and

WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 2*5

shops where ten or more persons are employed," and insert the word "five." I
have found many shops where fewer than ten persons were employed which
needed many changes, but the Inspector had no power to require them to be
made.

The allowance of $600 a year for travelling expenses is insufficient. The In-
spector has, while exercising the greatest economy in expenditures, used from
April 16 to November 15 $469.23, leaving but $130.77 of the allowance in hand,
a sum hardly sufficient to pay travelling expenses to the close of the year ending
December 31, 1884.

The Inspector also. deems this the proper place in which to state that, owing to
no appropriation having been made for office purposes, he has been compelled to
establish an office in his own home, where the business has been necessarily carried
on atsome disadvantage. The Inspector should have an office located with refer-
ence to the class of persons with whom he has official relations, so that he can be
at all times easily accessible."

In pursuance of the recommendations in Inspector Dorn's first report an
amendment to the act creating the office was passed April 25, 1885. The amend-
ment made provision for the inspection of all workshops and factories, the act of
1884 providing only for the inspection of those employing ten or more persons.
It also gave the chief-inspector power to appoint three assistant inspectors, each
at a salary of $1,000 per year and $500 for travelling expenses; continuing the
salary of the chief-inspector at $1,500 annually, with $600 additional as a con-
tingent fund for office and other incidental expenses. Provision was also made
for a room in the State-house for the transaction of the business of the office.
With these increased facilities the work of inspection was very much extended
and the efficiency of the office greatly increased.

In 1886 the efficiency of the office was still farther increased by a small
appropriation for clerical hire ; previous to this all the clerical work of the office
had been performed by the chief-inspector.

During the year 1877 the number of shops and factories visited was 3,581,
being an increase of 474 over the previous year.

Again, from a later report, we quote Mr. Dorn's language:

" When the great number of establishments in the State engaged in the various
branches of industry — over 20,000 in 1880, according to the federal census of that
year — using every conceivable kind of machinery, employing hundreds of
thousands of people, of all ages and conditions, from the delicate child of eight
or nine years to the gray -haired man and woman, some little idea may be formed
of the interests involved and the importance to the State of a complete and satis-
factory inspection of these numerous generators of disease and death as well as
of wealth. The magnitude of the duties devolving upon the chief-inspector and
his assistants can readily be seen, and to enable them to accomplish the purposes
for which they were appointed they require, and should receive, the hearty sup-
port of every intelligent citizen of the State.

Tha importance, if not the necessity, of a thorough inspection of all places
where people are employed at labor, no matter what the character of the work,
must be apparent to every person who has given the subject the least considera-
tion. On the thoroughness of such inspection depends, in a great measure, the
safety of tens of thousands of our population, men, women, and children. And
w r ho will claim that there is anything more deserving the careful attention of the
General Assembly than the lives and health of the people on whom the State
depends for its wealth and prosperity ? This subject transcends in importance
all other matters coming before the Legislature, with the possible exception of
that of education.

Not only Ohio, but most of the other States, as well as the general government
have provided, by the creation of commissions and the expenditure of large sums
of money for the protection of domestic animals from contagious and other dis-
eases, and from brutal treatment by their owners and others having them in
charge. No one objects to this; but, on the contrary, it is continually urged
that the State does not do as much in this behalf as it should. Figures of por-
tentous magnitude are given, showing the immense value of our live-stock, and,
therefore, the obligation of the State to make every effort to protect this interest.

216 WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES.

This protection is asked mainly in the interest of owners, a purely dollar-and-
cent view of the question. The urgency for legislative action in any particular
case seems to be proportioned to the monetary value of the interest involved.
And no one questions the propriety of such legislation. The fruits of their toil
should be secured to the toilers as far as they can be by the State without inter-
fering with individual freedom of action, or attempting to lessen individual re-
sponsibility. In some cases, as in the one under consideration, individual,
isolated action is of no. avail to stay the ravages of disease, especially if of a
contagious character, and the State is called upon to interpose its power, not for
the especial benefit of a single individual or of a class, but in the interest of all.
It was for such purposes the State government was established, that society itself
was organized.

If legislation for such a purpose is entitled to the indorsement of our people,
who will question the propriety of all legislation necessary to protect human
beings — to protect the lives, the limbs, the health of those who wield the indus-
trial power of the State, and from whose ranks, in a few years, will come those
who will administer the political affairs of the State, and, to a great extent, give
tone to our moral and social fabric? Intelligence and moral worth are not
developed and propagated in poorly ventilated workshops, nor are the better
instincts of man assisted by maimed and mutilated limbs.

Owing to circumstances which it would be out of place to discuss here, many
children of tender years, instead of attending school and acquiring the knowledge
necessary to fit them for future usefulness, are forced into workshops and fac-
tories to assist their parents in supporting the family. They are incapable of
forming correct opinions as to the sanitary conditions of the places in which they
are employed, of the safety of the buildings, or of the dangerous character of the
machinery by which they are surrounded. If a bullock or a horse is considered
worthy of the protecting care of the law-making power of the State, certainly the
tender child, endowed with reason, immature and undeveloped as yet, can lay
claim to a part of the attention of those whom the people have entrusted with the
management of the government. These children will, in a few years, constitute
a large portion of the political power of the State, and their future characters and
worth to society depend largely upon their happiness or unhappiness, upon their
sound bodies and sound minds, their healthy or diseased constitutions, in their
youth. The more they are'poisoned by the impure atmosphere that too often
fills workshops from cellar to garret, or are mangled by insecure machinery, the
less likely they will be to possess either the ability or the inclination to perform
the more important duties devolving upon them as men and women in such
manner as will secure their own welfare as well as that of their fellow-beings.
These undeniable truths should be well pondered by every one who has the
welfare of his fellow-creatures at heart. To make the superstructure durable the
foundation must be sound and free from defects of any kind."

ORDINANCE OF 1787.

[The Confederate Congress, July 13, 1787.]

An Ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the

river Ohio.

Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the
said territory, for the purpose of temporary government, be one district, subject,
however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the
opinion of Congress, make it expedient.

Sec. 2. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates both of
resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall
descend to, and be distributed among, their children and the descendants of it
deceased child in equal parts, the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild
to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them ; and
where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next
cf km in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother
or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased
parent's share; and there shall, in no case, be a distinction between kindred of
the whole and half blood; saving in all cases to the widow of the intestate, her
third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate;
and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until
altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges
shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be
devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her in
whom the estate may be, (being of full age), and attested by three witnesses • and
real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed
sealed and delivered by the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may
be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such
conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be re-
corded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers, shall be
appointed for that purpose; and personal property may be transferred by de-
livery, saving, however to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other
settlers of the Kaskaskies, Saint Vincents, and the neighboring villages, who have
heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now
m force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance of property.

Sec.3. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed-,
from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in
force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress ; he shall
reside m the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of
land, while in the exercise of his office.-

Sec. 4. There shall be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a secre-
tary whose commission shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner
revoked ; rmshall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in five
hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty
to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public
records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive de-
partment, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six
.months to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be appointed a court, to
consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a

218 ORDINANCE OF 1787.

common-law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a free-
hold estate, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of their offices ;
and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.

Sec. 5. The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and
publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may
be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report
them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district
until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by
Congress ; but afterwards the legislature shall have authority to alter them as
they shall think fit.

Sec. 6. The governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the
militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of general
officers ; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by. Congress.

Sec. 7. Previous to the organization of the general assembly the governor
^shall appoint such magistrates, and other civil officers, in each county or town-
ship, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order
in the same. After the general assembly shall be organized the powers and
•duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by
the said assembly ; but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein other-
wise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be
appointed by the governor.

Sec 8. For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted
or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and, for the execution of pro-
cess, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and
he shall proceed, from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the
parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into
counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter
be made by the legislature.

Sec 9. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of
full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall re-
ceive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from their counties
or townships, to represent them in the general assembly: Provided, That for
every five hundred free male inhabitants there shall be one representative, and
so on, progressively, with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the right of
representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to
twenty-five ; after which the number and proportion of representatives shall be
regulated by the. legislature : Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified
to act as a representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United
States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have re-
sided in the district three years; and, in either case, shall likewise hold in his
own right, in fee-simple, two hundred acres of land within the same: Provided
also, That a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen
of one of the States, and being resident in the district, or the like freehold and
two years' residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an
elector of a representative.

Sec 10. The representatives thus elected shall serve for the term of two
years ; and in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the
governor shall issue a writ ta the county or township, for which he was a
member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term.

Sec. 11. The general assembly, or legislature, shall consist of the governor,
legislative council, and a house of representatives. The legislative council shall
consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed
by Congress; any three of whom to be a quorum; and the members of the
council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As
soorj as representatives shall be elected the governor shall appoint a time and
place for them to meet together, and when met they shall nominate ten persons,
resident in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of
land, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint
and commission to serve as aforesaid ; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in
the council, by dettth or removal from office, the boj|se of representatives shall
nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for eacH' vacancy, and return their

ORDINANCE OF 1787. 2Ig

names to Congress, one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the
residue of the term ; and every five years, four months at least before the expira-
tion of the tune of service of the members of the council, the said house shall
nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to Congress,
live of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the
council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council
and house ot representatives shall have authority to make laws in all cases for
the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles
in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills, having passed by a
majority in the house, and by a majority in the council, shall be referred to the
governor for his absent; but no bill, or legislative act whatever, shall be of any
force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue
and dissolve the general assembly when, in his opinion, it shall be expedient

bKc. 12. the governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other
officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation
ot fidelity, and of office; the governor before the President of Congress, and all
other officers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in
the^district the council and house assembled, in one room, shall have authoritv,
by joint ballot to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Confess
with a right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary government.
Sec. 13. And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious
liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitu-
tions are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws
constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the
said- territory- to provide, also, for the establishment of States, and permanent
government therein, and for their admission to a share in the Federal councils on
an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent
with the general interest :

Sec. 14. It is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority aforesaid, that
the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact, between the
or.ginal States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever remain
unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit-

No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever
be molested on account of his mode of worship, or religious sentiments, in the

ARTICLE I.

demeaning himself
>n account of his n
said territory.

ARTICLE II.
The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of
S ta T of fooeos corpus and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate repre-
sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings according
to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable! unless fb?
capita offences, where the proof shall be evident, or the presumption great. All
fines shall be moderate ; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted.
No man shal be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his
peers or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies makelt necessary
Z.H™i Conim ? n P«»erYatjon, to take any person's property, or to demand his
particular services full compensation shall be made for the same. And in the
Ew P"*,fr vatlo ° u f n « h ? and : Property, it is understood and declared/that no
law ought ever to be made or have force in the said territory, that shall in any

friZ wl ?f, tev f> lnt f fer « yi* or affect private contracts, or engagements, boZ
fide, and without fraud previously formed. '

ARTICLE III.

b^n!iSl n '^° rali i 3: ' 5" d k . no " led ge being neces sary to good governments the

Jn£C^ m , ank,nd > schools and the means of education shall forever be

S n ra S e J .The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the

Sn w *n e i r - la J , K 8 - imd Pr ° Pert ? S J la11 " eVer be taken from the™ without the r
consent; and in th ei r property, rights, and liberty they never shall be invaded
or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress bUws

220 ORDINANCE OF 1787.

founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be mad e. for prevent-
ing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with

th ° em - ARTICLE IV.

The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever
remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of. America s ubjec t to the
Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitu-
tionally made ; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress
assembled conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory
Elbe subject to pay a part of the Federal debts, contracted, or to be contracted
and a proportional part of the expenses of government to be apportion^ I on
them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which
apZtionments thereof shall be made on the other States ; and the taxes for
jEthrir proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority. and direction
Khe legislatures of the districts, or districts, or new States as in the original
States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled
The legislatures of those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the
Prim^disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with
anv regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to
thUona-fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property ot the
United States : and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than
res dents The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and Saint Lawrence,
and the carrvin- places between the same, shall be common highways, and for-
ever fee! as wefl to the inhabitants of the said territory as to .^e citizens of the
United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the con-
federacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor.

ARTICLE V.

There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three nor more than
five States ; and the boundaries of the States, as soonas Virginia shall alter her
act of cession and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as
follows to wit : The western State, in the said territory, sha be bounded by he
Miss ss'ipni the Ohio, and the Wabash Rivers ; a direct line drawn from the
WabaKnd Post Vincents, dne north, to the.territorial me between he United
States and Canada ; and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods
and Mfssissip" . The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, t e
Wabash fronfpost Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio by a direct line drawn due
^oX from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line and by the
saTd territorial hne The eastern State shall be bounded by the ast-mentioned
dhttTne the Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: Provided,
howter And it fe further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these
three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if ^f^^^S
find it exDedient they shall have authority to form one or .two States in that,
part of the said 1 territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through
the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the

!dd Ss sLall have sixty thousand free ^f^^^^^^
be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal
footing with' the original States, in all respects whatever; f^ l J™*^g.
to form a permanent constitution and State government: Proved, The 'conrtitu
tion and government, so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to
ft?prin^K,ntaiied in these articles, and, so far as it can be cons, sten t w ,th
the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be a l^edjt^n
earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in tiie
State than sixty thousand.

ARTICLE VI.

There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory,
otherwTsJ than in Se punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been
dulv convicted i Pro7ded always, That any person escaping into the same, from

ORDINANCE OF 1787. 221

whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such
fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or
her labor or service as aforesaid.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 23d of
April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby
repealed, and declared null and void. '

Done by the United States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1787, and of their sovereignty and independence the twelfth.

COUNTIES.

ADAMS.

Adams COUNTY lies on the Ohio River fifty miles east of Cincinnati and
one hundred south of Columbus. It derives its name from John Adams,
second President of the United States. It was formed July 10, 1797* by
proclamation of Governor St. Clair being then one of the four counties into
which the North-west Territory was divided. The three others previously
formed were Washington, July 27, 1788 ; Hamilton, Jan. 2, 1790; and
Wayne, 1796. The land is generally hilly and broken. Many of its first
settlers were from Virginia, Kentucky, and North Ireland. It has 415
square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 85,873 ; woodland, 84,598;
lying waste, 11,123. Productions: corn, bushels 94,223 ; oats, 105,645;
wheat, 88,533, and tobacco 1,600,976, being the eighth county in amount in
the State. School census 1886, 8750; teachers, 176. It has 28 miles of
railroad.

Townships and Census,

1840

1880

1840

1880

Bratton

1053

Monroe

828

1400

Franklin

1358

1 541

Oliver

1064

Green

108 1

1886

Scott

916

1 192

Jefferson

938

• 3444

Sprigg

1984

2652

Liberty

1096

1355

Tiffin

1533

2212

Manchester

1493

Wayne

858

1125

Meigs

107 1

2124

Winchester

1112

1464

The population in 1820 was 10,406 ; in 1840, 13,271 ; in i860, 20,309 and
in 1880, 24,005 of whom 212 were employed in manufactures, and 20,516
were Ohio born.

The first settlement within the Virginia military tract, and the only one
between the Scioto and Little Miami until after the treaty of Greenville,
in 1795, was made in this county, at Manchester, by the then Col., later,
Gen. Nathaniel Massie. McDonald, in his unpretending, but excellent
little volume, says :

Manchester Settled. — Massie, in the win-
ter of the year 1790, determined to make a
settlement in it, that he might be in the
midst of his surveying operations and secure
his party from danger and exposure. In or-
der to effect this he gave general notice in
Kentucky of his intention, and offered each
of the first twenty-five families, as a dona-
tion, one in-lot, one out-lot, and one hundred

acres of land, provided they would settle in a
town he intended to lay off at his settlement.
His proffered terms were soon closed in with,
and upwards of thirty families joined him.
After various consultations with his friends, '
the bottom on the Ohio River, opposite the
lower of the Three Islands, was selected as
the most eligible spot. Here he fixed his
station, and laid off into lots a town, now

(223)

224

ADAMS COUNTY.

called Manchester; at this time a small
place, about twelve miles above Maysville
(formerly Limestone), Kentucky. This lit-
tle confederacy, with Massie at the helm
(who was the soul of it), went to work with
spirit. Cabins were raised and by the mid-
dle of March, 1791, the whole town was en-
closed with strong pickets firmly fixed in
the ground with block houses at each angle
for defence.

Thus was the first settlement in the Vir-
ginia military district and the fourth settle-
ment in the bounds of the State of Ohio ef-
fected. Although this settlement was com-
menced in the hottest Indian war it suf-
fered less from depredation, and even inter-
ruptions from the Indians, than any settle-
ment previously made on the Ohio River.
This was no doubt owing to the "watch-
ful band of brave spirits who guarded
the place — men who were reared in the
midst of danger and inured to perils, and as
watchful as hawks. Here were the Beasleys,
the Stouts, the Washburns, the Ledoms, the

Edgingtons, the Denings, the Ellisons, the
Utts, the McKenzies, the Wades, and others,
who were equal to the Indians in all the arts
and stratagems of border war.

As soon as Massie had completely pre-
pared his station for defence, the whole pop-
ulation went to work and cleared the lower
of the Three Islands, and planted it in corn.
The island was very rich, and produced
heavy crops. The woods with a little indus-
try, supplied a choice variety of game. Deer,
elk, buffalo, bears, and turkeys, were abun-
dant, while the river furnished a variety of
excellent fish. The wants of the inhabitants,
under these circumstances, were few and
easily gratified.

When this station was made, the nearest
neighbors north-west of the Ohio were the
inhabitants at Columbia, a settlement below
the mouth of the Little Miami, five miles
above Cincinnati ; and at Gallipoiis, a French
settlement near the mouth of the Great Ken-
hawa.

The station being established, Massie continued to make locations and
surveys. Great precautions were necessary to avoid the Indians, and even
these did not always avail, as is shown by the following incidents, the first
of which we copy from the American Pioneer.

ISRAEL DONALSON'S NARRATIVE OF HIS CAPTIVITY.

I am not sure whether it was the last
of March or first of April I came to the ter-
ritory to reside; but on the night of the 21st
of April, 1 79 1, Mr Massie and myself were
sleeping together on our blankets (for beds
we had none), on the loft of our cabin, to get
out of the way of the fleas and gnats. Soon
after lying down I began dreaming of Indi-
ans, and continued to do so through the
night. Some time in the night, however,
whether Mr. Massie waked of himself, or
whether I wakened him, I cannot now say,
but I observed to him I did not know what
was to be the consequence, for I had
dreamed more about Indians that night than
in all the time I had been in the western
country before. As is common, he made
light of it, and we dropped again to sleep.
He asked me next morning if I would go
with him up the river, about four or five
miles to make a survey, and that William
Lytle, who was then at the fort, was going
along. We were both young surveyors, and
were glad of the opportunity to practice.

Taken Captive. — Accordingly we three,
and a James Tittle, from Kentucky, who was
about buying the land, got on board of a
canoe, and were a long time going up, the
river being very high at the time. We com-
menced at the mouth of a creek, which from
' that day has been called Donalson creek.
We .meandered up the river ; Mr. Massie
had the compass, Mr. Lytle and myself car-
ried the chain. We had progressed perhaps
one hundred and forty, or one hundred and
fifty poles, when^our chain broke or parted,

but with the aid of the tomahawk we soon
repaired it. We were then close to a large
mound, and were standing in a triangle, and
Lytle and myself were amusing ourselves
pointing out to Tittle the great convenience
he would have by building his house on that
mound, when the one standing with his face
up the river, spoke and said, " Boys, there are
Indians. " " No," repiled the other, " they
are Frenchmen." By this time I had caught
a glimpse of them ; I said they were Indians,
I begged them to fire. I had no gun, and
from the advantage we had, did not think of
running until they started. The Indians
were in two small bark canoes, and were
close into shore and discovered us just at
the instant we saw them ; and before I
started to run I saw one jump on shore.
We took out through the bottom, and before
getting to the hill, came to a spring branch.
I was in the rear, and as I went to jump,
something caught my foot, and I fell on the
opposite side. They were then so close, I
saw there was no chance of escape, and did
not offer to rise. Three warriors first came
up, presented their guns all ready to fire, but
as I made no resistance they took them
down, and one of them gave me his hand to
help me up. At this time Mr. Lytle was
about a chain's length before me, and threw r
away his hat ; one of the Indians went for-
ward and picked it up. They then took me
back to the bank of the river, and set me
down while they put up their stuff, and pre-
pared for a march. While sitting on the
bank of the river, I could see the men walk-

ADAMS COUNTY^

22$

ing about the block-house on the Kentucky-
shore, but they heard nothing of it.

Evening Camp.— 'They went on rapidly that
evening and camped I think on the waters of
Eagle creek ; started next morning early, it
raining hard, and one of them seeing my
hat was somewhat convenient to keep off the
rain came up and took it of| my head and
put it on his own. By this time I had dis-
covered some friendship in a very lusty In-
dian, I think the one that first came up to
me ; I made signs to him that one had taken
my hat ; he went and took it off the other In-
dian's head and placed it again on mine, but
had not gone far before they took it again.
I complained as before, but my friend shook
his head, took down and opened his budget,
and took out a sort of blanket cap, and put it
on my head. We went on; it still rained
hard and the waters were very much swollen,
and when my friend discovered that I was
timorous, he would lock his arm in mine
and lead me through, and frequently in open
woods when 1 would get tired I would do
the same thing with him and walk for miles.
They did not make me carry anything until
Sunday or Monday. They got into a thicket
of game and killed, I think, two bears and
some deer ; they then halted and jerked their
meat, eat a large portion, peeled some bark,
made a kind of box, filled it, and put it on
me to carry. I soon got tired of it and threw
it down : they raised a great laugh, examined
my back, applied some bear's oil to it and
then put on the box again. I went on some
distance and threw it down again ; my friend
then took it up, threw it over his head and
carried it. It weighed, I thought, at least
fifty pounds.

While resting one day, one of the Indians
broke up little sticks and laid them up in the
form of a fence, then took out a grain of
corn, as carefully wrapped up as people
used to wrap up guineas in -olden times ;
this they planted and called out squaw, sig-
nifying to me that that would be my em-
ployment with the squaws. But, notwith-
standing my situation at the time, I thought
they would not eat much corn of my raising.
On Tuesday, as we were traveling along,
there came to us a white man and an Indian
on horseback ; they had a long talk, and
when they rode off, the Indians I was with
seemed considerably alarmed ; they immedi-
ately formed in Indian file, placed me in the
center and shook a war club over my head,
^and showed me by these gestures that if- 1
attempted to run away they would kill me.

The Shawanee Camp. — We soon after ar-
rived at the Shawanee camp, where we con-
tinued until late in the afternoon of the next
day. During our stay there they trained my
hair to their own fashion, put a jewel of tin
in my nose, etc., etc. The Indians met with
great formality when we came to the camp
which was very spacious. One side was
entirely cleared out for our use, and the
party I was with passed the camp to my great
mortification, I thinking they were going

on ; but on getting to the further end they
wheeled short round, came into the camp,
sat down— not a whisper. In a few minutes
two of the oldest got up, went round, shook
hands, came and sat down again ; then the
Shawanees rising simultaneously came and
shook hands with them. A few of the first
took me by the hand, but one refused, and
I did notofferthem my hand again not con-
sidering it any great honor. Soon after a
kettle of bears' oil, and some craclins were
set before us, and we began eating, they first
chewing the meat, then dipping it into the
bears' oil, which I tried to be excused from,
but they compelled me to it, which tried my
stomach, although by this time hunger had
compelled me to eat many a dirty morsel.
Early in the afternoon an Indian came to
the camp and was met by his party just
outside, when they formed a circle and he
spoke, I thought, near an hour, and so pro-
found w T as the silence that had they been on
a board floor I thought the fall of a pin
might have been heard. I rightly judged of
the disaster, for the day before I was taken
I was at Limestone, and was solicited to
join a party that was going down to the
mouth of Snag creek where some Indian
canoes where discovered hid in the willows.
The party went and divided, some came over
to the Indian shore and some remained in
Kentucky, and they succeeded in killing
nearly the whole party.

Two White Men. — There was at this
camp two white men ; one of them could
swear in English, but very imperfectly, hav-
ing I suppose been taken young ; the other,
who could speak good English, told me he
was from South Carolina. He then told me
different names which I have forgotten, ex-
cept that of Ward; asked if I knew the
Wards that lived near Washington, Kentucky.
I told him I did, and wanted him to leave
the Indians and go to his brother's, and take
me with him. He told me he preferred stay-
ing with the Indians, that he might nab the
whites. He and I had a great deal of chat,
and disagreed in almost everything. He
told me they had taken a prisoner by the
name of Towns, that had lived near Wash-
ington, Kentucky, and that he had attempted
to run away, and they killed him. But the
truth was, they had taken Timothy Downing
the day before I was taken, in the neighbor-
hood of Blue Licks, and had got within four
or five miles of that camp, and night coming
on, and it being very rainy, they concluded to
camp.

There were but two Indians, an old chief
and his son ; Downing watched his op-
portunity, got hold of a squaw-axe and
gave the fatal blow. His object was to
bring the young Indian in a prisoner; he
said he had been so kind to him he could
not think of killing him. But the instant he
struck his father, the young man sprung up-
on his back and confined him so that it was
with difficulty he extricated himself from his
grasp. Downing made then for his horse,

226

ADAMS COUNTY.

and the Indian for the camp. The horse he
caught and mounted ; but not being a woods-
man, struck the Ohio a little below Scioto,
just as a boat was passing. They would
not land for him until he rode several miles
and convinced them that he was no decoy,
and so close was the pursuit, that the boat
had only gained the stream when the enemy
appeared on the shore. He had severely
wounded the young Indian in the scuffle, but
did not know it until I told him. But to re-
turn to my own narrative : two of the party,
viz., my friend and another Indian, turned
back from this camp to do other mischief,
and never before had I parted with a friend
with the same regret. We left the Shawanee
camp about the middle of the afternoon, they
under great excitement. What detained
them I know not, for they had a number of
their horses up and their packs on from
early in the morning. I think they had at
least one hundred of the best horses that at
that time Kentucky could afford. They cal-
culated on being pursued and they were
right, for the next day, viz., the 28th of
April, Major Kenton with about ninety men
was at the camp before the fires were ex-
tinguished ; and I have always viewed it as
a providential circumstance that the enemy
had departed, as a defeat on the part of the
Kentuckians would have been inevitable. I
never could get the Indians in a position to
ascertain their precise number, but concluded
there were sixty or upward, as sprightly
looking men as I ever saw together, and
well equipped as they could wish for. The
Major himself agreed with me that it was a
happy circumstance that they were gone.

Escapes. — We traveled that evening I
thought seven miles and encamped in the
edge of a prairie, the water a short distance
off. Our supper that night consisted of a
raccoon roasted undressed. After this meal
I became thirsty, and an old warrior to
whom my friend had given me in charge,
directed another to go with me to the water,
which made him angry ; he struck me, and
my nose bled. 1 had a great mind to return
the stroke, but did not. I then determined,
be the result what it might, that I would go
no farther with them. They tied me and
laid me down as usual, one of them lying
on the rope on each side of me ; they went
to sleep, and I to work gnawing and picking
the rope (made of bark) to pieces, but did
not get loose until day was breaking. I
crawled off on my hands and feet until I got
into the edge of the prairie, and sat down
on a tussock to put on my moccasins, and
had put on one and was preparing to put on
the other, when they raised the yell and
topk the back track, and I believe they made
as much noise as twenty white men could
do. Had they been still they might have
heard me, as I was not more than two
chains' length from them at the time. But
I started and ran, carrying one moccasin in
my hand ; and in order to evade them, chose
the poorest ridges I could find ; and when

coming to tree-logs lying crosswise, would
run along one and then along the other. I
continued on that way until about ten
o'clock, then ascending a very poor ridge,
crept in between two logs, and being very
weary soon dropped to sleep and did not
waken until the sun was almost down ; I
traveled on a, short distance further and
took lodging for the night in a hollow tree.
I think it was on Saturday that I got to the
Miami. I collected some logs, made a raft
by peeling bark and tying them together;
but I soon found that too tedious and aban-
doned it. I found a turkey's nest with two
eggs in it, each one having a double yolk ;
they made two delicious meals for different
days.

Arrives at Fort Washington. — I followed
down the Miami, until I struck Harmar's
trace, made the previous fall, and continued
on it until I came to Fort Washington, now
Cincinnati. I think it was on the Sabbath, the
first day of May; • I caught a horse, tied a
piece of bark around his under jaw on
w T hich there w r as a large tumor like a wart.
The bark rubbed that, and he became rest-
less and threw me, not hurting me much
however ; I caught him again, and he again
threw me, hurting me badly. How long I
lay insensible I don't know; but when I
revived he w r as a considerable distance from
me. I then traveled on very slow, my feet
entirely bare and full of thorns and briers.
On Wednesday, the day that I got in, I was
so far gone that I thought it entirely useless
to make any further exertion, not knowing
what distance I was from the river ; and I
took my station at the root of a tree, but
soon got into a state of sleeping, and either
dreamt, or thought, that I should not be loi-
tering away my time, that I should get in that
day ; of which, on reflection, I had not the
most distant idea. However, the impression
was so strong that I got up and walked on
some distance. I then took my station again
as before, and the same thoughts occupied
my mind. I got up and walked on. I had
not traveled far before I thought I could see
an opening for the river ; and getting a little
further on, I heard the sound of a bell. I
then started and ran, (at a slow speed un-
doubtedly) ; a little further on I began to
perceive that I was coming to the river hill ;
and having got about half way down, I
heard the sound of an axe, which was the
sweetest music I had heard for many a day.
It was in the extreme out-lot ; when I got
to the lot I crawled over the fence with diffi-
culty, it being very high.

William Woodward. — I approached the
person very cautiously till within about a
chain's length undiscovered ; I then stopped
and spoke ; the person I spoke to was Mr.
William Woodward, the founder of the
Woodward High School. Mr. Woodward
looked up, hastily cast his eyes round, and
saw that I had no deadly weapon ; he then
spoke. " In the name of God," said he,
" who are vou ? " I told him I had been a

John Cone Kimball, Photo., Peabody Museum,

Serpent Mound Park.

[The skeleton was found three feet below the surface of the mound. The bones below the femora
were removed before the rest of the skeleton was uncovered.]

John Cone Kimball, Photo., Peabody Museum

Serpent Mound Park.
bowing three full folds of the Serpent from the neck to the central portion of the body.]

ADAMS COUNTY.

227

prisoner and had made my escape from the
Indians. After a few more questions he
told me to come to him. I did so. Seeing
my situation, his fears soon subsided ; he
told me to sit down on a log and he would
go and catch a horse he had in the lot and
take me in. He caught his horse, set me
oipon him, but kept the bridle in his own hand.
When we got into the road, people began to
inquire of Mr. Woodward, " Who is he — an
Indian ? " I was not surprised nor offended
at the inquiries, for I was still in Indian uni-
form, bare headed, my hair cut off close, ex-

cept the scalp and foretop, which they had
put up in a piece of tin, with a bunch of
turkey feathers, which I could not undo.
They had also stripped off the feathers of
about two turkeys and hung them to the
hair of the scalp ; these I had taken off the
day I left them. Mr. Woodward took me
to his house, where every kindness was
shown me. They soon gave me other cloth-
ing ; coming from different persons, they
did not fit me very neatly ; but there could
not be a pair of shoes got in the place that I
could get on, my feet were so much swollen.

McDonald gives in his Sketches the following incidents of Indian history
at Manchester:

Ellison's Captivity. — In the spring of the
year 1793, the settlers at Manchester com-
menced clearing the out-lots of the town ;
and while so engaged, an incident of much
interest and excitement occurred. Mr. An-
drew Ellison, one of the settlers, cleared a
lot immediately adjoining the fort. He had
completed the cutting of the timber, rolled
the logs together and set them on fire. The
mext morning, a short time before daybreak,
Mr. Ellison opened one of the gates of the
fort and went out to throw his logs to-
gether. By the time he had finished this
job, a number of the heaps blazed up
brightly, and as he was passing from one to
the other, he observed, by the light of the
fires, three men walking briskly towards
him. This did not alarm him in the least,
although, he said, they were dark skinned
fellows ; yet he concluded they were the
Wades, whose complexions were very dark,
going early to hunt. He continued to right
his log-heaps, until one of the fellows seized
him by the arms, and called out in broken
English, " How do ? how do ?" He instantly
looked in their faces, and to his surprise and
ihorror, found himself in the clutches of three
Indians. To resist was useless. He there
fore submitted to his fate, without any resist-
ance or an attempt to escape.

The Indians quickly moved off with him in
the direction of Paint creek. When break-
fast was ready, Mrs. Ellison sent one of her
children to ask their father home ; but he
could not be found at the log-heaps. His
absence created no immediate alarm, as it
was thought he might have started to hunt
after the completion of his work. Dinner-
time arrived, and Ellison not returning, the
family became uneasy, and began to sus-
pect some accident had happened to him.
His gun-rack was examined, and there hung
his rifle and his pouch in their usual place.
Massie raised a party and made a circuit
around the place and found, after some
search, the trails of four men one of whom
had on shoes ; and as Ellison had shoes on,
the truth that the Indians had made him a
prisoner was unfolded. As it was almost
night at the time the trail was discovered,
the party returned to their station. Next
morning early, preparations were made by
15

Massie and his party to pursue the Indians.
In doing this they found great difficulty, as
it was so early in the spring that the vegeta-
tion was not of sufficient growth to show
plainly the trail of the Indians, who took the
precaution to keep on hard and high land,
where their feet could make little or no im-
pression. Massie and his party, however,
were as unerring as a pack of well-trained
hounds, and followed the trail to Paint
creek, when they found the Indians gained
so fast on them that pursuit was vain.
They therefore abandoned it and returned
to the station.

The Indians took their prisoner to Upper
Sandusky and compelled him to run the
gauntlet. As Ellison was a large man and
not very active, he received a severe flogging
as he passed along the line. From this
place he was taken to Lower Sandusky and
was again compelled to run the gauntlet,
and was then taken to Detroit, where he was
generously ransomed by a British officer for
one hundred dollars. He was shortly after-
wards sent by his friend the officer to Mon-
treal, from whence he returned home before
the close of the summer of the same year.

Attack upon the Edgingtons. — Another
incident connected with jhe station at Man-
chester occurred shortly after this time.
John Edgington, Asahel Edgington, and
another man, started out on a hunting
expedition towards Brush creek. They
camped out six miles in a north-east -direc-
tion from where West Union now stands,
and near where Treber's tavern is now situ-
ated, on the road from Chillicothe to Mays-
ville. The Edgingtons had good success in
hunting having killed a number of deer and
bears. Of the deer killed, they saved the
skins and hams alone. The bears, they
fleeced ; that is, they cut off all the meat
which adhered to the hide without skinning,
and left the bones as a skeleton. They hung
up the proceeds of their hunt on a scaffold,
out of the reach of the wolves and other wild
animals, and returned home for pack horses.
No one returned to the camp with the two
Edgingtons. As it was late in December,
no one apprehended danger, as the winter
season was usually a time of repose from
Indian incursions. When the Edgingtons

228 ADAMS COUNTY.

arrived at their old hunting camp, they could rise. The uplifted tomahawk was
alighted from their horses and "were prepar- frequently so near his head that he thought
ing to strike a fire, when a platoon of In- he felt its edge. Every effort was made to
dians fired upon them at the distance of not save his life, and every exertion of the In-
more than twenty paces. Asahel Edgington dians was made to arrest him in his flight,
fell to rise no more. John was more fortu- Edgington, who had the greatest stake in
nate. The sharp crack of the rifles, and the the race, at length began to gain on his pur-
horrid yells of the Indians, as they leaped suers, and after a long race he distanced
from their place of ambush, frightened the them, made his escape, and safely reached
horses, who took the track towards home at home. This truly was a most fearful and
full speed. John Edgington was very ac- well contested race. The big Shawanee
tive on foot, and now an occasion offered chief, Captain John, who headed the Indians
which required his utmost speed. The mo- on this occasion, after peace was made and
ment the Indians leaped from their hiding- Chillicothe settled, frequently told the writer
place they threw down their guns and took of this sketch of the race. Captain John
after him. They pursued him screaming said that "the white man who ran away
and yelling in the most horrid manner. was a smart fellow ; " that the " white man
Edgington did not run a booty race. For run and I run ; he run and run, at last the
about "a mile the Indians stepped in his white man run clear off from me."
tracks almost before the bending grass

The first court in this county was held in Manchester. Winthrop Sar-
gent, the secretary of the territory, acting in the absence of the governor,
appointed commissioners, who located the county seat at an out-of-the-
way place, a few miles above the mouth of Brush creek, which they called
Adamsville. The locality was soon named, in derision, Scant. At the
next session of the court its members became divided, and part sat in
Manchester and part at Adamsville. The governor, on his return to the
territory, finding the people in great confusion, and much bickering
between them, removed the seat of justice to the mouth of Brush creek,
where the first court was held in 1798. Here a town was laid out by
Noble Grimes, under the name of Washington. A large log court-house
was built, with a jail in the lower story, and the governor appointed two
more of the Scant party judges, which gave them a majority. In 1800,
Charles Willing Byrd, secretary of the territory, in the absence of the gov-
ernor, appointed two more of the Manchester party judges, which balanced
the parties, and the contest was maintained until West Union became the
county seat. Joseph Darlinton and Israel Donalson, were among the
first judges of the Common Pleas. In 1847 on the publication of the first
edition of this work both of these gentlemen were living in the county,
Gen. Darlinton being at the time clerk of the court, an office he had
held since 1803. They were also members of the convention for forming
the first Constitution of Ohio, only three others of that body being then
living.

WEST UNION IN 1846. — The annexed view shows on the left the jail
and market and in the center the Court House and county offices. These
last stand in a pleasant area shaded by locusts. The Court House is a
substantial stone building and bears good testimony to the skill of the
builder, ex-Gov. Metcalfe of Kentucky, who commencing life a mason,
acquired the sobriquet of " Stone Hammer.'* The first court house was
of logs. West Union contains four churches, one Associated Reformed,
one Presbyterian, one Methodist, one Baptist ; two newspapers, a clas-
sical school, and nine mercantile stores. It had in 1820 a population of
406; in 1840, 462. (Old edition.)

West Union is on a high ridge on the old Maysville and Zanesville
turnpike, about ten miles from the Ohio at Manchester and one hundred
and six from Columbus. It is nine hundred and ten feet above sea level,
four hundred and ten above Lake Erie and four hundred and seventy-eight
above the Ohio at Cincinnati. It is the only county seat in Ohio not on
the line of a railroad. County officers in 1887: Probate Judge, Isaac N.

ADAMS COUNTY.

229

Toile ; Clerk of Court, William R. Mahaffey ; Sheriff, W. P. Newman ;
Prosecuting Attorney, Philip Handrehan ; Auditor, J. W. Jones ; Treas-
urer, W. B. Brown; Recorder, Leonard Young; Surveyor, A. V. Hutson ;
Coroner, George W. Osborn ; Commissioners, J. R. Zile, Thomas J. Shelton r
James H. Crissman.

The name of West Union was given to it by Hon. Thos. Kirker, one of
the commissioners who laid it out in 1804, and one of its earliest settlers.
In 1880 its population was 626; in 1886 school census, 317. It has one
bank, that of Grimes & Co. ; and three newspapers, viz., New Era, Repub-
lican, Mrs. Hannah L. Irwin, editor; People s Defender, Democratic, Joseph
W. Eylar, editor, and Scion, Republican, Samuel Burwell, editor. It has
also a Children's Home with forty-one children. The buildings are large
and the appointments excellent.

Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846.
THE COUNTY BUILDINGS, WEST UNION.

In reply to an inquiry, Hon. J. L. Coryell of West Union has sent us a
communication giving brief mention of valued characters identified with the
history of Adams County. Such an one upon every county in the State
would be a benefit serving to bind the people of the commonwealth in
closer fraternal bonds through the greater mutual knowledge thus obtained,
and minister to a laudable pride in the possession of the laws and institu-
tion that could give the highest wealth of character. He was prompted
to thus aid us through his memory of the old edition, a copy of which he
earned when a youth by chopping wood at twenty-five cents a day. Thus
writes the Judge.

" Adams is an old and pretty good county and has an excellent history.
She has had many good men, denizens, citizens and residents, native and to
the manor born. Among the former were Gov. Thomas Kirker, John
Patterson/ marshal of Ohio about 1840, John W. Campbell, congressman,,
and U. S. Judge. Col. J. R. Cockerill who died in 1875 succeeded Gen.
J. Darlinton as clerk of court. Darlinton was a good and useful man.
Cockerill was one time member of Congress, Colonel of 70th O. V. I., a
highly valued citizen. He was the father of Col. John A. Cockerill who*
was born near the Serpent Mound: at about fifteen years of age was a
drummer boy at Shiloh, He afterwards edited papers in Adams and Butler
counties and was managing editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer ; later traveler
and correspondent in the far East, Turkey, etc.; then edited the Post Dis-
patch of St. Louis; now is the managing editor of the New York World,
a brilliant young man. Joseph McCormick, a native of this county, 'was

2JO

ADAMS COUNTY.

Attorney-General of Ohio about 1 850. General A. T. Wikoff of Columbus, Presi-
dent Cleveland & Marietta R. R., is a native of this county; John P. Leedam,
formerly clerk of our courts, then member of Congress and now Sergeant-
at-arms of House of Representatives, is a citizen of this town. J. H. Roth-
neck, a native of this county, is now a Supreme Judge in Iowa. David
Siaton of Cincinnati, so noted for his benefactions, was reared in this town
where his parents died. Dr. Thomas Williamson, forty years a missionary
to the Dakota Indians, was reared and educated in this county."

MANCHESTER, one of'the oldest settlements in the State, is on the Ohio,
sixty miles east south-east of Cincinnati, twelve miles above Maysville, Ky.
and at the foot of the Three Islands. It was widely known early in this
century to the traveling public, being a point of transshipment on the great
stage route east from Lexington to Maysville and from here through
Chiliicothe, Zanesville, Wheeling, etc. Up to 1846 it was an insignificant
place having at that time not exceeding fifty dwellings. It is now the
largest town in the county. It has churches, two Methodist and one
Presbyterian. Newspaper, Signal^ Independent, J. A. Perry, editor.
Banks, Farmer's, W. L. Vance, president, L. Pierce, cashier ; Manchester,
R. H. Ellison, president, C. C. W. Nayior, cashier.

Edivard R. Gregory \ Phoio.^ Manchester, 1887.
THE LOWER OF THE THREE ISLANDS AND LANDING, MANCHESTER.

Industries and Employees. — Manchester Planing Mill Co., twenty-eight
hands; L. W\ Trenary, Lumber, twelve hands; S. P. Lucker & Co.,
Carriages, eight hands ; Manchester Rolling Mills, six hands ; Weaver &
Bradford, fruit jugs, etc., five hands. State Report 1887. Population in
1880, 1455 ; school census in 1886, 643.

Manchester was the fourth point permanently settled in the State which
has developed into a town, the other three being Marietta, Gallipolis and
Cincinnati, the last named originally called Losantiville.

Those who have seen only the rivers of the East, as the Hudson, Dela-
ware, Connecticut, etc, can have no adequate idea of the topograph-
ical features of the Ohio. Those streams come up within a few feet of the
meadow lands or hills wherever .they bound them. Not so the Ohio.
This stream occupies an excavated trough, where in places the bounding
hills rise above the water 500 and 600 feet.

ADAMS COUNTY.

231

The river is highly picturesque from its graceful windings, softly wooded
hills and forest clad islands. In but few places is it more pleasant than at
Manchester.

The islands in the river are ail very low. They were originally formed on
sand-bars where floating trees lodged in seasons of freshets and made a. nucleus
for the gathering of the soil which is of the richest. In the June freshet they
are overflown, when with their wealth of foliage they seem as huge masses of
greenery reposing on the bosom of the water.

Those born upon the Ohio never lose their interest in the beautiful stream ;
and few things are more pleasant for the people who dwell along its shores
than in the quiet of a summer's evening when their day's work is done, to sit
before their doors and look down upon the ever-flowing waters. .Everything is
calm and restful : varied often by the slow measured puff of an approaching
steamer, heard, maybe, for miles away, long before she is seen, or if after dark,
before her light suddenly bursts in view as she rounds a bend.

Up to within a few years the barren hills in this and some other river coun-
ties remained in places the property of the general Government. They afforded,
however, a fine range for the cattle and hogs of the scattered inhabitants and
no small quantity of lumber, such as staves, hoop poles and tan bark, which
were taken from the public lands. Dr. John Locke, one of Ohio's earliest
geologists, from whose report made about the year 1840 these facts are derived,
thus describes the peculiar people who dwelt in the wilderness.

The Bark Cutters.— There is a vagrant
class who are supported jby this kind of busi-
ness. They erect a cabin towards the head
of some ravine^ collect the chestnut-oak
bark from the neighboring hill-tops, drag it
on sleds to points accessible by wagons,

where they sell it for perhaps $2^ per cord
to the wagoner. The^ last sells it at the
river to the flat boat shipper, at $6 per cord,
and he again to the consumer at Cincinnati,
for $11. Besides this common trespass,
the squatter helps himself out by hunting

COL. JOHN A. COCKERILL,
Managing Editor "New York World."

232

ADAMS COUNTY.

deer and coons, and, it is said, occasionally
by taking a sheep or a hog, the loss of which
may very reasonably be charged to the
wolves. The poor families of the bark cut-
ters often exhibit the very picture of improvi-
dence. There begins to be a fear among
the inhabitants that speculators may be
tempted to purchase up these waste lands

and deprive them of their present "range"
and lumber. The speculator must still be
a non-resident, and could hardly protect
his purchase. The inhabitants have a hard,
rough region to deal with and need all of
the advantages which their mountain tract
can afford.

Mr. Coryell, from whom we have elsewhere quoted, has given us these
facts illustrating the changed condition of this once wilderness.

"In 1871 Congress gave all vacant land in Virginia military district to
Ohio, and her legislature at once gave them to the Ohio State University.
Her trustees had them hunted up, surveyed and sold out, and they are all

E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, Surveyors.
PLAN OF THE SERPENT MOUND.

now on the tax duplicate, and one half our tobacco, for which this county
has become somewhat noted, is produced east of Brush creek. Tan bark,
hoop poles and boat gunnels are no longer a business. Portable saw mills
have peregrinated every valley and ravine, and very much of the timber
(and there was none finer) has been converted into lumber for home con-
sumption and shipment to Cincinnati via river and railroad. Ten years
ago Jefferson township, east of Brush creek, polled 500 votes, to-day 1000,
brought about by sale of cheap lands and immigration from the tobacco
counties of Brown and Clermont and also Kentucky."

ADAMS COUNTY. 233

THE SERPENT MOUND.

Probably the most important earthwork in the West is The Serpent Mound.
It is on Brush creek in Franklin township, about six miles north of Peebles
Station on the C. & E. Railroad, twenty-one miles from West Union, the county
seat, thirty-one miles from the Ohio at Manchester, and five miles south of
Sinking Springs, in Highland County. The engraving annexed is from the
work of Squier and Davis on the "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Val-
ley," who thus made this work known to the world by their survey in 1849.
Their plan annexed is in general correct, but the oval is drawn too large in
proportion to the head ; and the edge of the cliff is some distance from the oval.
The appendages on each side of the head do not exist. They have been shown
by Prof. Putnam to be accidentally connected with the serpent. The mound
was erected doubtless for worship, and appended to their description of it they
make this statement :

" The serpent, separate, or in combination with the circle, egg, or globe, has
been a predominant symbol among many primitive nations. It prevailed in
Egypt, Greece and Assyria, and entered widely into the superstitions of the
Celts, the Hindoos and the Chinese. It even penetrated into America, and was
conspicuous in the mythology of the ancient Mexicans, among whom its sig-
nificance does not seem to have differed materially from that which it possessed
in the Old World. The fact that the ancient Celts, and perhaps other nations
of the old continent, erected sacred structures in the form of the serpent, is one
of high interest. Of this description was the great temple of Abury, in Eng-
land — in many respects the most imposing ancient monument of the British
islands. It is impossible in this connection to trace the analogies which the
Ohio structure exhibits to the serpent temples of England, or to point out the
extent to which the symbol was applied in America — an investigation fraught
with the greatest interest both in respect to the light which it reflects upon the
primitive superstitions of remotely-separated people, and especially upon the
origin of the American race."

Public attention has recently been attracted to this work through the exer-
tions of Professor F. W. Putnam, of the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, Mass.,
who by the aid of some Boston ladies in the spring of 1887 secured by sub-
scription about $6,000 for its purchase and protection, as it was fast going to
destruction. The purchase includes about seventy acres of land with the
mound, the title vesting in the museum attached to Harvard University. This
he has laid out in a beautiful park to be free to the public, and with the name
" The Serpent Mound Park." It is in a wild and picturesque country and must
eventually be a favorite place of public resort. The Professor, who is an accom-
plished archaeologist, regards this as one of the most remarkable structures of
its kind in the world. His description of the work is as follows :

" The head of the serpent rests on a rocky platform which presents a pre-
cipitous face to the west, towards the creek, of about 100 feet in height. The
jaws of the serpent's mouth are widely extended in the act of trying to swallow
an egg, represented by an oval enclosure about 121 feet long and 60 feet wide.
This enclosure consists of a ridge of earth about five feet high, and from
•eighteen to twenty feet broad. The body of the serpent winds gracefully back
toward higher land, making four large folds before reaching the tail. The tail
tapers gracefully and is twisted up in three complete and close coils. The
height of the body of the serpent is four to five feet, and its greatest width is
thirty feet across the neck. The whole length of the mound from the end of
the egg on the precipice to the last coil of the tail is upwards of 1,300 feet.

The Serpent Mound is not in a conspicuous place, but in a situation
which seems rather to have been chosen for the privacies of sacred rites.
The rising land towards the tail and back for a hundred rods afforded
ample space for large gatherings. The view across the creek from the preci-

234

ADAMS COUNTY.

pice near the head, and indeed from the whole area, is beautiful and impres-
sive, but not very extensive. To the south, however, peaks may be seen?
ten or fifteen miles away which overlook the Ohio River and. Kentucky hills,
while at a slightly less distance to the north, in Pike and Highland counties,
are visible several of the highest points in the State. Among these is Fort
Hill, eight miles north in Brush creek township on the extreme eastern
edge of Highland County. Fort Hill is one of the best preserved and most
interesting ancient enclosures in the State. It is estimated that in the
limits of Ohio alone are 10,000 ancient mounds and from 1500 to 2000
enclosures. The importance of the study of the subject, the present
method of procedure and the general progress are thus dwelt upon in a
lecture delivered by Prof. Putnam, Oct. 25, 1887, before the Western
Reserve Historical Society.

The proper study of history begins with the earliest monuments of
man's occupancy of the earth. From study of ancient implements, burial-
places, village sites, roads, enclosures and monuments we are able to get
as vivid and correct a conception — all but the names — of pre-historic times
as of what is called the historic period.

The study of archaeology is now assuming new importance from the
improved methods of procedure. Formerly it was considered sufficient to
arrange archaeological ornaments and implements according to size and
perfection of workmanship and call it a collection. But now extended

and minute comparison
Formerly mounds were
plored when trenches
in two directions and
countered, removed and
considered essential to
mound that it be sliced
and every shovelful of
every section photo-
are now also examined
first gently uncovered
as to harden them, when
moved without fracture,
cavation of the earth-
ments, ornaments and
more important than

/. C, Foulk, Photo. Hfflsboro.
HEAD of the SERPENT MOUND.

is the principal thing,
said to have been ex-
were dug through them
the contents thus en-
inspected. Now it is
the exploration of a
off with the greatest care
earth examined and
graphed. The skeletons
with great care, being
and then moistened so
usually the bones can be
The record of the ex-
works where imple-
skeletons are found is
the possession of the

objects themselves.

Although an immense field still remains to be explored, we have gone
far enough to show in a general way, that southern Ohio was the meeting-
place of two diverse races of people. Colonel Whittlesey's sagacious gen-
eralizations concerning the advance of a more civilized race from the
south as far as southern Ohio, and their final expulsion by more warlike
tribes from the lake region, are fully confirmed by recent investigations.
The Indians of Mexico and South America belong to what is called a
"short-headed" race, ue., the width of their skulls being more than three-
fourths of their length, whereas the northern Indians are all " long
headed/'

Now out of about 1400 skulls found in the vicinity of Madisonville near
Cincinnati, more than 1200 clearly belonged to a short-headed race, thus
connecting them with southern tribes. Going further back it seems proba-
ble that the southern tribes* reached America across the Pacific from
southern Asia, while the northern tribes came via Alaska from northern
Asia.

A description of Fort Hill alluded to above will be found under the head
of Highland County, and that of the Alligator Mound under that of Licking-
County. This last named has been classed with the Serpent Mound, it
having evidently been erected like that for purposes of worship.

ADAMS COUNTY.

235

TRAVELING NOTES.

As Adam was the first to lead in the line
of humanity, so it seems proper for Adams
to lead, at least alphabetically, in the line of
Ohio counties ; yet it was about the last
visited by me on this tour.

A few days before Christmas I was in
Kenton. Two or three points on the Ohio
were to be visited and then my travels would
be over. Would I live to finish? Ah!
that was a pressing question. As the end
drew near I confess I was a little anxious.
Some had predicted I would never get
through. " Too old" It is pleasant to be

is being petted by the hotel clerk ; it is good
to see everywhere young life asserting its
power, pulling on the heart strings ; in its
weakness lies its strength. Within it is
warm, without, intensely cold : the landscape
snow clad. Day is breaking beautifully and
the moon and stars in silence look down
upon our world in its white shroud. I go
out upon the porch and enjoy the calm loveli-
ness of the morning coming on in silence
and purity.

All of life does not consist in the getting
of money ; with my eyes I possess the stars,
while the cold, pure air seems as a perfect
elixir. Still there must always be some-

OHIO RIVER BEACON.

encouraged ; a higher pleasure often comes
from opposition ; it enhances victory.

Old age ! that is a folly. Live young, and
you will die young. Learn to laugh Time
out of his arithmetic ; amuse him with some
new game of marbles. Then on some fine
summer's day you will be taking a quiet
nap, and when you awake maybe find your-
self clothed in the pure white garments of
eternal youth.

Tuesday Morn, Dec. 21. — It is now six
o'clock. Am in the office of the St. Nicho-
las Hotel at Kenton. A dozen commercial
travelers sit around, mutually strangers.
They sit sleepy in chairs, having just come
off a train : its locomotive hard by is hissing
steam in the cold morning air. A hunting
dog lies by the stove and the landlord's five-
year-old daughter, wearing a checked apron,

thing to mar the acme of enjoyment and
this is mine, the wish that cannot be grati-
fied, that I for the time being was trans-
formed into some huge giant, so as to offer
a greater lung capacity for the penetration
of the exhilarating air and a greater body
surface for it to envelop and hold me in its
invigorating embrace ; a desire also for
greater penetration of vision, to take in the
stars beyond the stars I see. Thus must it
ever be — on, on and on, life beyond life, eter-
nity, God ! " Canst thou by searching find
out God ? " To find him, to learn him fully,
requires all knowledge ; with all knowledge
must come all power. This can never be,.
so the mystery of the ages must continue
the mystery of the eternities ; still on, on,
stars beyond stars !

It is at night when in solitude, far from

236

ADAMS COUNTY,

home and friends, that as one looks' up to
the starry dome the soul responds most
fully to the sublimity of creation. Then the
stars seem as brothers speaking, and say,
" We too, O human soul, are filled with the
all filling sublimity and the eternal vastness.
We each see stars beyond stars ; there is no
limit. We know not whence we came, but
we do know that we are created by the Eter-
nal Incomprehensible Spirit and cast into
illimitable space so that each of us rolls on
in an appointed orbit. We alike with thee
feel His presence and worship Him who
seems to say, 'Do your work, shine on,
shine on, let your light illumine the hearts of
men that they may be lifted in one eternal
song of gladness.' "

It was years ago when, far from home and
friends and alone with night and solitude I
endeavored in verse to describe the scene
around me, and to express the thoughts that
filled me with the all pervading sense of the
Divine.

ALONE WITH NIGHT AND THE STARS.

AN OLD MAN'S SOLILOQUY.

Musing under the leaf-clad porch
He sat in the soft evening air,

Where zephyrs fragrant fanned his brow,
And tossed the snow locks of his hair.

He thus discoursed unto himself within,
As though spirit and soul were two :

Of Nature, the great open book ;

Of Mystery, the old and yet ever new.

" Alone with night and the stars !
My soul is enraptured and free ;
Looks up to the deep above,
Where the hosts are beaming on me.

■" Alone with night and the stars ! —
Like specters stand trees on the hill,
While insects flash their evening lamps
And piteous cries the whip-poor-will.

■" Alone with night and the stars ! —
The lake its bosom lays bare
And softly it quivers and heaves
Little stars as if cradled there.

** Ye stars ! Oh beauteous thine eyes !
Ye stud the black dome of night,
Thine eloquence greater than words
The silvery speech of thy light.

■" Ye smiled o'er the cot of my youth,
My slumbers watched sweetly above ;
And now I am stricken, waxed old,
I am thrilled in the light of thy love.

•" Old I am, and yet I hope young,

Light and love have followed my days :
Eternal youth remains to the soul
Responsive to the good always.

" Alone with night and the stars !
It seems as if every hill, every tree
Was thinking, silently thinking,
We are thine, O God, belong to Thee.

"And striking the chords of my soul,
From the farm-house over the lea
I hear them singing, sweetly singing,
4 Nearer, my God, nearer to Thee.' "

When morn broke over the hills
Celestial where no storm ever mars

The mortal to youth had arisen,
Immortal with God and the stars.

Wednesday Morn, Dec. 22. — Am in the
Sheridan Hotel, Ironton, where that long
water ribbon called the Ohio finds for the
people of the State its southernmost bend,
and seems to say " Here shalt thou come
and no farther: beyond thy statutes are
of no avail."

Belief ontaine. — Ironton is 220 miles from
Kenton by my route: I left Kenton after
breakfast ; stopped two hours at Bellefon-
taine and one at Columbus. I entered Belle-
f ontaine by the train from the north as I did
forty years ago; but how different my en-
trance. # Then it was late in the fall or early
winter ; I had sketched the grave of Simon
Kenton a few miles north, when night over-
took me : it became intensely dark, I was on
the back of old Pomp, and in some anxiety as
I could see nothing except a faint glimmer
from the road moistened by the rain; a
sense of relief came when the straggling
lights of Be lief ontaine burst in view. In the
morning I awoke to find this place with a
beautiful name, little more than a collection
of log cabins grouped around the Court
House square. I was surprised yesterday to
find it such a handsome little city.

Old Soldiers. — There in his office in one
of the fine buildings that had supplanted the
crude structures of the old time, I called up-
on a young man of whose history I had heard
in my New Haven home ; for he was a
youth in Yale when Sumter fell. Then he
gave his books a toss into a corner and fol-
lowing the flag made a record. He is now
the Lieut.-Governor of the State, Robert Ken-
nedy. He is strongly made ; a picture of
physical health. He is of medium stature,
yet every man who from love of country has
breasted' the bullets of her foes will stand in
my eyes half a foot taller than other men.
In this tour I have met many such and no
matter how humble their position, I feel
everywhere like taking them by the hand ;
for they seem as men glorified. My memory
carries me back to the meeting in my youth
with soldiers of the American Revolution,
venerable men who had come down from
a former generation, and the people every-
where honored them ; they too were as men
glorified.

Women of the Scioto Valley. — It was near
evening when I arrived at Columbus ; where
I walked the streets for an hour finding them

ADAMS COUNTY.

237

thronged with people engaged in their Christ-
mas shopping. On resuming my seat in the
cars to continue south, I found them filled
with women living down the Scioto Valley,
some ten, some fifty miles away, returning
to their homes with packages of happiness.
Two or three of them were blondes, young
ladies of tasteful attire and refined beauty.
This famed valley is of wonderful tertility,
•equal in places probably to the delta of the
Ganges where a square mile feeds a thou-
sand. Almost armies perished here in this
valley by malaria before it was fairly sub-
dued, and could produce such exquisite
fancifully attired creatures as these. Their
grandmothers were obliged to dress in
homespun, dose with quinine, and listen to
the nightly howls of wolves around their
cabins ; but these graceful femininities
can pore over Harper's Bazaar, indulge
in ice-cream and go entranced over airs
from the operas.

By ten o'clock the Christmas shoppers had
been distributed through the valley and I
was almost alone when my attention
was attracted by a young man near me, of
twenty-two, so he told me. He said he had
been a farm laborer in Michigan, and was go-
ing into Virginia to begin life among stran-
gers ; going forth into the world to seek
his fortune. He evidently knew nothing of
that country and it seemed to me as though
he was under some Utopian hallucination.
His face was of singular beauty. A tall,
conical Canadian black cap set it off to ad-
vantage ; his complexion was dark, his teeth
like pearls, features delicate and eyes radi-
ant. Then his smile was so sweet and his
expression so innocent and guileless that he
quite won my heart in sympathy for his fu-
ture. There was some mystery there. I
could not reconcile his story of being a farm
laborer with such refinement.

Wed. Dec. 22. 5 P. M. — As I sat this
morning in a photograph gallery in Ironton,
the photographer exclaimed " There's the
Bostonia — that's her whistle." "Where is
she bound ? " " Down the river." In a
twinkling I decided to go in her and now
just at candle light I'm on the Ohio, sixty
miles below Ironton. In this sudden decis-
ion to leave I fear I greatly disappointed
Editor E. S. Wilson of the Register, who,
having read my books in boyhood, had
greeted my advent with warmth and ex-
pected to have a day with me.

The Scotch Irish. — At Ironton I had a
brief interview with a patriarch now verging
on his 80th year. Mr. John Campbell, long
identified with the development of the iron
industry of this locality. In my entire tour
I had scarcely met with another of such grand
patriarchial presence : of great stature and
singular benignancy of expression, he made
me think of George Washington ; this was
increased when he told me he was from Vir-
ginia. He is from that strong Scotch Irish
Presbyterian stock that gave to our country
such men as Andrew Jackson, John C. Cal-

houn, the Alexanders of Princeton, Felix
Houston of Texas, Horace Greeley, the
McDowells, etc. Stonewall Jackson was
one of them, and his famous brigade was
largely composed of Scotch Irish, whose
ancestors drifted down from Pennsylvania
about 1 50 years ago and settled in the beau-
tiful Shenandoah Valley about Augusta and
Staunton. They were never to any extent,
more than they could well help, a slave-
holding people ; indeed they have been noted
for their love of civil and religious liberty.
While in the American Revolution the
Episcopalians of eastern Virginia largely de-
serted their homes, as numerous ruins of
Episcopal churches there to-day attest, and
followed King George, these '* hard-headed
blue Presbyterians," as one of their own writ-
ers called them, from the loins of the old
Scotch Covenanters, were a strong reliance
of Washington ;

On the Ohio. — How cheap traveling is by
river. I go, say 100 miles by water, and pay
$2. 00 and they feed me as well as move me ;
a general custom on the Ohio and Missis-
sippi river boats. This is a large comfort-
able boat, and I'm given ice-cream for both
dinner and supper, and for drink any amount
of Ohio river water, now filled with broken
ice, a remarkably soft, palatable beverage.

Persons inexperienced in traveling on the
western rivers often see the expression,
" wharf boat " and it puzzles them. Owing
to the continual changes in the level of west-
ern rivers, in seasons of extreme flood ris-
ing fifty and more feet, permanent wharves
for the receipt of freight and passengers are
impossible. So flat bottomed scows floored
and roofed, called wharf boats are used.
The steamboats are moored alongside and
the passengers go on the wharf boat on a
plank, cross it and then on other planks reach
land. The river passes between the steam-
boat and wharf-boat with frightful velocity.
The instance is hardly known of a passen-
ger falling between the two, no matter how
good a swimmer he was, escaping death ; he
is drawn under the wharf Jx>at ; many have
thus been drowned. At night light is shed
over the scene by a huge lump of burning
coal taken from the furnace and suspended
from a wire basket : if this does not give
sufficient light a handful of powdered resin
is thrown on it.

The scene at a landing on a dark night
is picturesque. The passengers crowding
ashore, the confusing yells of the porters on
the wharf-boats, the hustling to and fro of the
deck hands, while the dancing flames from
the burning coal blowing in the wind throws a
lurid, changing light over the spot, rendering
the enveloping darkness beyond still more awe
inspiring. This with the thought that a fall
overboard is death makes an unpleasant im-
pression. Hence as it is excessively dark
and I cannot see well after night I dread the
landing ; for a single foot slip may be fatal.

When the Ohio some forty years ago was
the main artery for traffic and passengers.

238

ADAMS COUNTY.

these river towns were greatly prosperous ;
the river was the continuous subject of con-
versation. When neighbor met neighbor the
question would be " How's the river ? "
" Good stage of water, eh ? " Even their
very slang came from it. In expressing con-
tempt for another they would say, " Oh he's a
nobody — nothing but a little stern wheel
affair ; don't draw over six inches."

The Old Time Traveling upon the great
rivers of the West, the Ohio and Mississippi,
was unlike anything of our day. All classes
were brought in close social contact often
for days and sometimes for weeks together,
and it was an excellent school in which to
observe character. It was as a pilot on the
Mississippi that Mark Twain took some
early lessons in the gospel of humor which
he has since been preaching with such tell-
ing effect. And I think the people like it
for I have ever observed that when a good
text is selected from that gospel, and a good
preacher talks from it, saints and sinners
arm in arm, alike rush in great waves, fill the
pews, overflow the aisles, bubble up and
foam through the galleries, and none drop
asleep no matter how lengthy the discourse.
So Love and Humor with their companions,
Good Will and Cheerfulness, serene and
white robed, take us gently by the hand and
lead us over the rough places to the ever
smiling valleys and to the eternal fountains.

On the steamboats up the river, on their
way to Washington and Congress, went the
great political lights of the South and West —
Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, Tom Benton,
Gen. Harrison, Tom Corwin, Yell of Arkan-
sas, Poindexter of Mississippi, and Col.
Crockett of Tennessee, the hero of the
Alamo, whose great legacy was a single
sentence — " Be sure you are right and then
go ahead." Arrived at Wheeling the pas-
sengers were packed in stage coaches for
a ride of two or three days more on the
National road over the mountains : —
packed a dozen inside, eight facing each
other and knees more or less interlocking.
At that period fhe country east was cob-
webbed with stage roads. The traveling
public, men, women and children, were
crammed into stages and sent tentering in
all directions up and down the hillsides and
through the valleys, the stages stopping every
ten miles at wayside taverns to change
horses, when the passengers often largely
patronized the bar. Now and then an upset
from a hilarious driver made a sad business
of it. The fares in the northern States were
usually six cents, and in the southern States
ten cents a mile.

Steamboat Racing. — In that day on the
steamers scenes of dissipation were common.
Every boat had its bar, liquors were cheap
and gambling was largely carried on, knots
gathering around little tables and money
sometimes openly and unblushingly dis-
played, as I saw when I first knew the river,
now nearly half a century ago. Steamboat
racing was at one time largely indulged in

and strange as it may appear, when a race
was closely contested, the passengers would
often become so excited as to overcome
their beginning timidity and urge the cap-
tain to put on more steam ; then even the
women would sometimes scream and -clap
their hands as they passed a rival boat. An.
explosion was a quick elevating process.
The racing "brag boat," 4< Moselle," which
exploded at Cincinnati, April 26, 1838, hurled
over two hundred passengers into eternity.
For a few moments the air was filled with
human bodies and broken timber to fall in
a shower into the river and on the shore
near by.

The captain of one of those large passen-
ger boats was a personage of importance,
the lord of a traveling domain. His will
was law. And when he carried some nota-
ble characters such as Henry Clay or Andrew
Jackson, his pride in his position one can
well imagine. Thorough men of the world,
some of them were gentlemen in the best
sense, whose great ambition was to well
serve the floating populations under their
care. *

Experience of an Old Time River Man.—
A fine specimen of the old time river men is
Capt. John F. Devenny whom I met at
Steubenville on this tour. He has known
the river from early in this century. In con-
versation he gave me some of his experi-
ences.

He was born in 1810 in Westmoreland
Co., Pa., near the mouth of the Youghi-
ogheny, pronounced there by the people for
short, " Yough." In 1 8 1 5 his father removed
with his family to Steubenville which since
has been the captain's residence. Steuben-
ville was the first considerable manufacturing-
point in south-eastern Ohio, and his father
put up there the machinery for a large
woolen factory, a paper mill, and a grist
mill. In 1829, at the age of 19, Mr. Devenny
was an engineer on a river boat; in 1835,
commanded a boat which ran from Pittsburg
to St. Louis and New Orleans. In the war
he was captain of a transport engaged in
the Vicksburg campaign. "In the early
days of boating," said he, " drinking and
gambling were almost universal. I found
in my first experiences I was being drawn
into the vortex ; the fondness for drink and
the passion for gaming were getting a hold
upon me. I stopped short off and was
saved. A large part of the young men who
went on the river died drunkards. Of those
who went with me on the first boat, -the
' Ruhamah,' I am the sole survivor. On my
own boat I never allowed gambling. I have
outlived two generations of river men who
have perished mainly from intemperance*
I ascribe my long life to my refraining from
such habits and the longevity of my family."
His father lived to the age of 96,«and the
captain himself, a large, fine-looking gentle-
man, seems at seventy-six as one in his
prime.

An Amusing Incident occurred when he

ADAMS COUNTY.

239

was in command of the " North Carolina "
running from Pittsburg to New Orleans. He
started out from a port with another boat
which had wooden chimneys. She had lost
her chimneys by their striking against some
trees, and being in haste had constructed
these for temporary use ; boxes of plank they
were, fastened together. " I laughed at the
sight of them," said Devenny, " when the
captain replied I would find it no laughing
matter : he should beat me into New Or-
leans. We moved along in company when
after a few hours we discovered his chimneys
were on fire. There was great excitement
on his boat. He called up his crew and we
saw them tumble them overboard. We
were greatly amused at the sight, laughing
heartily. I thought it was all up with
them. But they had an extra set, had them
up in a twinkling and got into New Orleans
first.

Preventing Explosions. — Captain De-
venny has long held the position of govern-
ment inspector of steamboats. He ascribes
explosions as generally if not always occur-
ring from the water getting low in a boiler,
and then when fresh water is let in upon the
bare metal thus superheated its sudden
conversion into steam rends the boiler. This
is now guarded against by boring holes in
the parts of the boiler that would first be-
come exposed to the heat in case of a di-
minution of water ; which holes are plugged
with block tin. At the temperature of 442
the block tin melts the holes open, and the
steam escaping gives warning, whereupon
the engineer opens the furnace door and the
fire goes down. The plugs are externally
hollow brass screws, the center tin. They
are put in from the inside of the boiler into
which the workman crawls for their inser-
tion.

River Beacons. — In former times there
„were no beacons or lights on the western
rivers. " There were places then on the
Mississippi," said Devenny, " where we had
to lie by all night. Sometimes we had to
send a skiff across the river to build a bon-
fire as a guide to the channel. This was
constantly changing from year to year."

In going down the Ohio my attention was
arrested by the new feature introduced by
the Government, of beacons erected on the
. banks, which greatly lessens the dangers of
navigation. These are petroleum lamps
commonly set upon posts and shaded by
small roofs as is shown in the picture. A
small steamer, the " Lily/' plies on the Ohio
between Cairo and Pittsburg, supplies oil,
pays the keepers, puts up new lights where
wanted and changes the old ones, which is
often required from the changes of the
channel.

The lights are placed on the channel side
of the river, where the water is deep. Some-
times three or four beacons are put up on a
single farm. The steamers steer from light
to light.

The farmers on the river largely consign

the duty of attending to the lights to their
wives and daughters who thus earn " pin
money," some few dimes daily for each
lamp. And the reflection is certainly inter-
esting that along on these rivers, sweeping
the margins of many states in the aggre-
gate, are hundreds of worthy thrifty females
daily ascending ladders and attending to the
lamps ; and among them all I venture to
say no five foolish virgins could be found so
long as Uncle Sam with smiling visage
stands ready with his huge cans to pour
out the oil.

The Ascension of Ladders must be classed
as among the accomplishments of the softer
sex. In Vienna and other continental cities
females carry the hod, and with us that high
class, the library women, are continually go-
ing up ladders while Providence seems" to
have a watch over the delicate fragile crea-
tures in this peril. Alarmed at the sight of
an ascension in the Mercantile Library of
Cincinnati for a book she had wanted, a
lady in terror tones exclaimed, " Don't go
up there for me, I'm afraid you will fall."
" Humph," gruffly retorted a voice at her
side, that of her other half, " that is what
she is put here for, to go up ladders ! "

In this connection it is interesting to men-
tion that the statistics of a public library in
Manchester, England, showed that the
average life of a library book was eighty
readings, when the book would be useless
from torn and missing leaves and general
shackling condition. Where such a book
was on a top shelf its procurement and re-
turn would require 160 ladder ascensions ere
it could be classed as defunct literature.

Thursday Morn, Dec. 23. — Well, here I
am safe in Manchester. The boat porter
took a lantern and holding me by the hand
I gol; ashore with perfect ease ; a flood of
light being thrown on the plank. The por-
ter of the McDade Hotel, a colored lad,
took me in charge. He also had a lantern
and taking my hand we floundered through
the mud up the river bank, my rubber san-
dals getting boot jacked off by the way.

After leaving my " grip " at the hotel
which faced the river, the boy taking a lan-
tern went with me to make a call ; but the
party was not at home. It is bad to get
about in many of these places at night.
The walks are so ugly with so many sudden
" step up's " and " go downs," that it is
dangerous for a stranger to move about
without a lantern or a pilot.

I gave the boy a good sized coin for going
with me. He could hardly believe his eyes.
"What" said he, "all this?" "Yes." I
then sent him out for cigars. When he re-
turned I asked, " How old are you ? "
" Nineteen." "Be a good boy," I rejoined,
" and you will have plenty of friends."
" Yes, I try to be. I don't drink, nor use
tobacco, nor swear." Thinks I, " that boy
is almost a saint ! "

This is one of the oldest places in the
State. The tavern is evidently very old ;

240

ADAMS COUNTY.

the room I was in, a small dingy spot. In
ancient days of free liquor it had been a bar-
room, doubtless a loitering place for the scum
of the river and village.

I took out my note-book and made some
notes while the old clock ticked away faith-
fully, not skipping a single second. My only
companion, indeed the only person I had seen
about the premises, the boy, tipped his chair
against the wall and dropping asleep snored
in unison with the clock ticks, boon my
notes were finished. I gave him a gentle
touch, and then felt as though I had a saint
in black to light me to bed. All of life does
not consist in keeping awake. Then how
sweet is sleep when without a thought or care
of trouble one can sink into oblivion while the
grand procession of the stars passes over him.

Blest sleep which beguiles with visions of far

So calm and so peaceful heart can wish for

no more.
With cool, leafy shades, and green sunny

glades,
And low murmuring waters laving the

shore.

Somnns, King of Sleep, " gentlest of the
gods, tranquillizer of mind and soother of
careworn hearts :" his subjects all welcome
him, and nod at his coming.

11 We are all nodding, nid nod nodding,
We are all nodding at our house at home. "

Few of them have their pride touched as he
passes by, and so get mad and grumble, say-
ing, " He would not speak tome."

The Best Sleep in History. — As long as the
world has stood, Somnus has pursued his vo-
cation with an industry worthy of all praise.
But the greatest of his feats, for which we
are the most grateful, was in the first exercise
of his power. Way back in the ages it was,
when he put the first man asleep in a garden
and during that sleep a rib was taken from
him, and when he awoke there lay by his side
amid the fragrance of the flowers a beautiful
creature. The doves cooed from among the
roses and the fiat went forth that thereafter

man should not live alone. Thus was mar-
riage instituted with flowers and love songs,
while the bending leaves, its witnesses, whis-
pered of the great event, and moved by the
unseen spirits, the zephyrs, they danced in
joy : it was the original wedding dance, that
in Eden : the dance of the leaves.

But ah ! there was a sad omission to that
union : no preliminary courtship, none of
those blissful walks by moonlight in the
dreamy poetic hours, to throw a halo of ro-
mance over love's young dream, and which
gives to many a joyous couple in their serene
old age their most delicious sacred retrospect.
Still the moon must later have put in her ap-
pearance, smiling and happy as she played
bo-peep from behind the soft, fleecy clouds,
and blessed them, as she ever does us all.

The Blessing of the Moon. — We may all
worship and love the moon, so beautiful and
so chaste. Silent and solemn are her minis-
trations. Her soft light drops down from on
high — reflects from the bosom of many waters,
bathes the mountain sides, relieves the gloom
of the forest with ribbons of silver, lies over
the fields and habitations of man, touches
with the tips of her fingers the clustering
vines of the trellis, and entering the chamber
window spreads her angel light over the pure
white couch where youth and innocence are
sleeping. And the heart of man wells up in
calm seraphic joy. He feels it^ is the power
of God and he says: " Great is the gift of
human life that it is made receptive of such
hallowed, chaste beauty." It is the common
blessing, alike to the lofty and the lowly — the
blessing of the beauty of the moon.

But I return from my allegorical poetical
excursion to the McDade, the home of my
young friend the black boy, Son of Night.

At daylight I was awakened by music. It
was a monotone, especially grateful as I was
so nicely nestled. ^ The music was the sound
of a steady pouring down rain on the roof
over me ; but far above the first beams of the-
rising sun were striking upon the rolling
mists, lighting them up as an aerial ocean of
golden glory : a vast and awful solitude of
ethereal^ beauty. Great is Creation ! and the
wonder is that it can be, and our lives with so
little of real evil.

Winchester is on the line of the railroad in the northwest corner of the
county, thirteen miles from West Union. It has one newspaper, The Signal,
Rufus T. Baird, editor ; the Winchester Bank, George Baird, president, James
S. Cressman, vice-president, L. J. Fenton, cashier; and one Baptist, one Pres-
byterian, and one Methodist Episcopal church ; population in 1880, 550; school
census, 1 886, 196; do. at Rome (fifteen miles southeast of West Union), 160;
at Bentonville (five miles southwest of West Union), 142 ; Locust Grove 99,
and Sandy Springs 56.

ALLEN".

Allen County was formed April 1, 1820, from Indian Territory, and named
in honor of a Col. Allen, of the war of 1812 ; it was temporarily attached to
Mercer county for judicial purposes. The southern part has many Germans. A
large part of the original settlers were of Pennsylvania origin. The western half
of the county is flat, and presents the common features of the Black Swamp.
The eastern part is gently rolling, and in the southeastern part are gravelly ridges
and knolls. The "Dividing Ridge" is occupied by handsome, well-drained farms,
which is in marked contrast with much of the surrounding country, which is still
in the primeval forest condition. Its area is 324 square miles. In 1885 the
acres cultivated were 119,175; in pasture, 29,598; in woodland, 53,395; pro-
duced in wheat, 460,669 bushels; in corn, 1,157,149; wool, 103,654 pounds.
School census, 1886, 11,823; teachers, 178 ; and 118 miles of railroad.

»WNSHIPS AND CENSI

JS. 1840.

1880.

Townships and Cj

Amanda,

282

1,456

Ottawa,

Auglaize,

1,344

1,749

Perry,

Bath,

1,512

1,532

Richland,

German,

856

1,589

Shawnee,

Jackson,

1,176

1,893

Spencer,

Marion,

672

4,488

Sugar Creek,

Monroe,

2,182

1840.

923
756

1880.

7,669
1,465
3,372
1,241
1,646
1,032

The population in 1830 was 578 ; 1850, 12,116 ; 1860, 19,185 ; 1880, 31,314,
of whom 25,625 were Ohio born, 3 were Chinese, and 4 Indians.

The initial point in the occupancy of the county by the whites was the building
of a fort on the west bank of the Auglaize in September, 1812, by Col. Poague,
of Gen. Harrison's army, which he named in honor of his wife Fort Amanda. A
ship-yard was founded there the next year, and a number of scows built by the
soldiers for navigation on the Lower Miami, as well as for the navigation of the
Auglaize, which last may be termed one of the historical streams of Ohio, as it
was early visited by the French, and in its neighborhood were the villages of the
<iost noted Indian chiefs ; it was also on the route of Harmer's, Wayne's, and
Harrison's armies. To-day it is but a somewhat diminutive river, owing to the
drainage of the country by canals and ditches, and the clearing off of the forests ;
in the past it was a navigable stream, capable of floating heavily laden flat-boats
and scows.

The fort was a quadrangle, with pickets eleven feet high, and a block-house at
each of the four corners. The storehouse was in the centre. A national cemetery
was established here, where are seventy-five mounds, the graves of soldiers of the
war of 1812.

Among the first white men who lived at this point was a Frenchman, Francis
Deuchoquette. He was interpreter to the Indians. It was said he was present at
the burning of Crawford, and interfered to save that unfortunate man. He was
greatly esteemed by the early settlers for his kindly disposition. In 1817 came
Andrew Russell, Peter Diltz, and William Van Ausdall; and in 1820 numerous
others.

Russell opened on the Auglaize the first farm probably in the county, and there
was born the first white child, a girl, who became Mrs. Charles C. Marshall, of

(241)

242 ALLEN COUNTY.

Delphos. She was familiarly called the << Daughter of Allen county." She died

in i 87L aa k , T V rnnninirham delivered before the Pioneer Associa-
*£Z£$££* mi U ,^ 2ve the lowing additional *_ »po»

1825, forty-six years ago. He has remained^ on the iarra ^ere

that of Joseph Walton They came in MarcM826 ^

Shawneetown, an Indian vdlage, was situated le g" nute Mm ^

settlement, at the mouth of Hog creek A portion ot the vi g ^

old Ezekiel Hoover farm and a P ortl fl p n n ^. ^^upon good terms with their
his little, neighborhood soon beeam "W^'^^&to been civilized,
red neighbors. He says Hai-Aiteh-Tah the vrar c ™\ h t busi .

would have been a man of mark in any comn ^' <*™™ ™ was made they
ness man of the tribe here Soon after the McC ^e^etgment w^ ^
heard from the Indians at Shawneetown that the United btates go
erected a mill at Wapakoneta^ The ^tlers had no wadi to th e nru ,^ ^
^tm^^o^^^ «* thelndian method

° f Sr^re^any of the children of the ^ders to whom the^ njnjerf
Quilna is a.household word. To ^J^^^JTaaSS of his personal
of heart, and a thorough "V^^J^£^ „ e w neighbors,
ease was too »^ rf > ^^f^^^^ Jowph wU and Benjamin
In the month ot June, i 5 Zb ' , ^ V>ri F c^ilm^nf To his great surprise,
Dolph, while out hunting found ^^^^L £tKn . g few miles of
Mr.Wire learned tha " d o ^ n J™k nllelrned from the hunters
another white settlement heated on b ^ Cr £ Lippin cott, Samuel Jacobs,
there were five families : Christopher Wood, Mo rgan U gp ^ ^
Joseph Wood and Samuel Purdy It» his behe ^ ferm ? ^e

^^^^

3~r s^ ^ «■* ° f Li - on the

lands the families of that name have occ jed hever anc* Cnristoph er Wood

Lima was surveyed in 1831 by ^apf James ™ • jL_ geat and was on the
was one of the commissioner » appointed I to ^J^f™£ Bo h of these were
board to plat the v llage - n \ Xi Sentncly h 1 1 769, was an Indian scout, and
remarkable men. Wood was born ™ ^^V/^. of 1812 . Riley was the
engaged in all the border campaigns inclusive ot the way I i « ~ Connect i C ut.

firft Pettier in Van Wert county He was a native of JJ^J* ^ ^ coast of
Early in life, while m ^command of _ a ^fl, he was ship wrec ^ maAs

Africa, and fell into the hands of the ArUbs ^ s ^ry

like a romance. For a foliar account of himsee V A> rW ^ ^

Lima was named by Hon Patrick Cx bjode. in g ^^

ALLEN COUNTY.

243

John Mark and John Bashore, all with families, except Brewster, who was a

Sl°n tt ^JT^iT 8 ft?^ W , hite Citizen ^ and his ^ughter, Marion

Mitenell Brown, the first white child born here.

Three years later, the picture Lima presented is thus given in the cheery
reminiscences of Robert Bowers : ^

My father brought me to Lima in the fall
of 1834. I was then a boy of twelve years
of age, and as green as the forest leaves in
U ? e ~" a « rare s P ec ^ men to transplant on new
and untried soil, where there was nothing to
develop the mind but the study of forest
leaves, the music of the bull-frog and the
howl of the wolf. The boys and girls were their
own instructors, and the spelling schools that
i^ere held by appointment and imposed upon
our lathers by turns, were our highest
academical accomplishments, and unfortu-
nately for myself I never even graduated at
them. Lima was then a town of very few
souls. I knew every man, woman and child
in the settlement, and could count them all
without much figuring. No newspaper office,
no outlet or inlet either by rail or earth.
In the spring we travelled below, in the sum-
mer we travelled on top. Our roads were
trails and section lines. Emigrants were con-
stantly changing the trails seeking better and
♦dryer land for their footing and wheeling.
Yet under all our disadvantages we were
Aappy, and always ready to lend a helping
iiand and render assistance wherever it was
needed. The latchstring was always out and
often the last pint of meal was divided, re-

fardless where the next would come from,
he nearest mills were at settlements in ad-
joining counties, and the labor of going
thither through the wilderness and the delays
on their arrival in getting their grain ground,
so great that they had recourse to hand-mills,
hominy blocks and corn-crackers; so the
labor was largely performed within the family
■circle. [A very pleasing picture of this is given

"J ' *he s reminiscences of Mr. Bowers ; he says :]
Ihe horse and hand miller, the tin grater
were always reliable and in constant use as a
means of preparing our breadstuff. I was
my father s miller, just the age to perform
the task. My daily labor was to gather corn
and dry it in a kiln, after which I took it on
a grater made from an old copper kettle or
tin bucket, and after supper made meal for
the johnny-cake for breakfast ; after breakfast
1 made meal for the pone for dinner ; after
dinner I made meal for the mush for supper.
And now let me paint you a picture of our
domestic life and an interior view of my
father s house. The names I give below ; a
great many will recognize the picture only too
well drawn, and think of the days of over
forty years ago. Our house was a cabin con-
taining a parlor, kitchen and dining-room.
Connected was a shoe shop, also a broom
and repair shop. To save fuel and light and
have .everything handy, we had the whole
thing m one room, which brought us all to-
gether so we could oversee each other better.
After supper each one knew his place. In
our house there were four mechanics. I was
a shoemaker and corn-grater. My father
could make a sledge, and the other two boys
could strip broom corn. My sisters spun
yam and mother knit and made garments.
Imagine you see us all at work ; sister Mar-
garet sings a sonff, father makes chips and
mother pokes up the fire : Isaac spins a yarn,
John laughs at him, and thus our evenings
are snent in our wild home, for we were all
simple, honest people, and feared no harm
from our neighbors.

Thewant of mi Is is everywhere a great deprivation in a new country • varied

iKiS ^w f ° r ove T min ? iL The en S™™g annexed shows' a sub-
stitute for a mill that was used m the early settling of Western New York and
probably to some extent in Ohio. It consists of a stump hollowed out by Ire at
peS T^J l0g ^^f t0 *? eU i ° f a ^ WB »»t over to actls a
Cstl oltn^lZt SW and **"»*> * *** a **?* ™* ^0 convert a
The early settlers in Western New York when they owned a few slaves which
some of them.did, employed them in this drudgery, hence the procaTs ?^«S
termed "mggermg corn.- People of humanity in our time wouW not be Sy
of usmg such an expression as this. No one thing shows the general r^ffl

?888 • Prob^ E f A W V 1°' ^'M G L ' & N « W - G <™V officers in
1888: ^obate Judge, John F. Lindemann ; Clerk of Court Eugene C

Sf™ 6 4ir^\ M S?? R £° agland ; P ™^ing Attorney, Isa^c S Motter •
Auditor, William D. Pohng, Cyrus D. Crites ; Treasurer, Jacob B. Sund7rland '

16 *

244 ALLEN COUNTY.

Recorder, George Monroe; Surveyor, James Pillars; Coroner, John C. Couvery*
Commissioners, John Akerman, Abraham Crider, Alexander Shenk. News-
papers : Gazette, Republican, C, Parmenter, editor ; Democrat, Democratic, Mr.
Timmonds, editor ; Republican, Republican, daily and weekly, Long, Winder &
Porter, publishers ; Times, daily and weekly, O. B. Selfridge, Jr. ; Courier, Ger-
man, Democratic. Churches : two Methodist Episcopal, one Colored Methodist
Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one Old School Presbyterian, one Mission Presbyterian^
one Baptist, one Colored Baptist, one German Catholic, one Evangelical Lutheran,,
two Lutheran, one German Reformed Lutheran, one Episcopalian, one United
Brethren, one Christian, one Reformed English. Banks : City, T. T. Mitchell,
president, E. B. Mitchell, cashier ; First National, S. A. Baxter, president, C. M.
Hughes, Jr., cashier; Lima National, B. C. Faurot, president, F. L. Langdon,.
cashier; Merchants', R. Mehaffey, president, R. W. Thrift, Jr., cashier.

Manufactures and Employees. — The Lima Engine Manufacturing Company, 6
hands; Sinclair & Morrison, well-drilling tools, 10; W. Schultheis, leather, 23;
E. F. Dunan, builders 7 wood-work, 8 ; C. H. & D. R. R. shops, railroad
repairs, 154; Lima Machine Works, locomotives, 150; the Cass Manufacturing
Company, handles, sucker-rods, etc.j 10 ; E. W. Cook, job machinery, 37 ; the

Early Settlers Pounding Corn.

Lima Paper-Mills, straw-board and egg-cases, 128 ; Enterprise Cracker Company^
crackers, 10; Woolsey & Co., bent wood-work, etc., 78; Castle & Muller r
drilling and fishing tools, 8 ; Lafayette Car- Works, railroad cars and repairs, 300 ;
L. E. and W. R. R. Company, locomotive repairs, 103; Dr. S. A. Baxter, boxes
and staves, 8.— State Report 1887. Population in 1860, 2,354 ; in 1880, 7,567 ;
school census 1886, 3,345. Estimated population in 1888, 18,000.

Lima has several fine business blocks. The court-house is one of the most
imposing in Ohio ; it covers half an acre, and was erected, with the stone jail
adjacent, at a cost of $350,000 ; it is constructed of Berea stone, ornamented with
red granite columns. It is 160 feet in height, and has a tower and clock. Its
interior finished in granite, and with encaustic tiled floors, is furnished in the finest
cherry, and is adorned with statuary. It is the large structure with a tower
shown in the street view.

The Faurot Opera Block, finished in 1882, contains not only an opera-house
(which is said to have only one equal. to it in the State) and a fine music-hall, but
also eight large business rooms, numerous offices, a dining-hall, and the Lima
National bank, facing upon Main and High streets, and remarked for its beauty.

Annexed is a view of Lima, drawn by us in 1846, when the place w r as but a

ALLEN COUNTY.

245

T 1 a w V ^ Jt WaS taken near the then resid ence of Col. James Cunningham, an
the Wapakoneta road. The stream shown in the view is the Ottawa river, often
called Hog river— a name derived from the following circumstance : McKee, the

Dratvn by Henry Howe in 1846.
View of Lima from the Wapakoneta Road.

British Indian agent, who resided at the Machachac towns, on Mad river during:
the incursion of Gen. Logan in 1786, was obliged to flee with his effects. He had
Ins swine driven on to the borders of this stream ; the Indians thereafter called it

J. W. Mock, Photo,, Lima, 1887.
Street View in Lima.

Knhfo sepe, which signifies Hog river The eccentric Count Coffenbury, in his
poem The Forest Rangers," terms it Swinonia. A sketch of the count is given
elsewhere m this work, with extracts from his amusing poetry. ■

Although a substantial and growing manufacturing city, it was not until May,

246 ALLEN COUNTY.

1885, that it was discovered that Lima was in the largest oil-field known on the
globe, not even excepting the famous Russian oil-fields. Its discovery was a
matter of accident, the history of which, and the position of Lima a year later
consequent upon it, has thus been given.

" It was while boring for gas at his paper-mill that Mr. B. C. Faurot found oil
at a depth of 1,251 feet, and though Eastern speculators pronounced the product
worthless, they soon leased land. In the following August (1885) a citizens'
company was formed and a well was put down, which yielded about sixty barrels
per diem. When the manufactories began to use the oil for fuel it brought the
low price of forty cents a barrel. The work began in earnest in February, 1886,
when the Mandeville company, from Olean, N. Y., leased land known as the Shade
farm, at the suburbs of the city, and opened wells which made 200 barrels a day.
When refined, the oil proved to be an article of excellent quality. Other wells
were soon sunk, and some of them were found to yield some 600 barrels daily. A
refinery was built ; the work moved on rapidly, and in less than one year there
was an increase of at least 1,500 more inhabitants. There are now about 116 oil-
wells, with a flow of about 5,000 barrels a day from 125 or more wells. A firm
has for some time been manufacturing rigs. Drilling is going on, and another
refinery is about to be erected, with a capacity of 2,500 barrels per day. An
average of thirty-five wells is developed each month. The Standard Oil Com-
pany is now erecting a refinery."

By May, 1887, there were seventy wells in the city of Lima, and in the entire
Lima field over 300. What is termed the Lima oil-field extends southwest about
twenty-five miles, through Wapakoneta and St. Mary's, in Auglaize county, into
Mercer county, just south of Celina. The entire profitable oil territory of North-
western Ohio is much larger. It covers all of Allen and Hancock counties, the
south part of Wood, and parts of Seneca, Wyandot, Hardin, Putnam, Auglaize,
and Mercer counties. The general position of Lima at this period (May, 1887)
was thus defined by President Baxter, of the Board of Trade :

" The enterprise and dash of our people is inherited ; it came to us from our
fathers who are dead and gone. We are reaping the benefits of their labors and
sacrifices. We have a magnificent agricultural country, as fine railroad facilities
as any city in the country. For thirty years we have had a substantial, healthy
growth, with scarcely a single backset. We have the general shops of the Cincin-
nati, Hamilton and Dayton, and Lake Erie and Western railroads; a machine-
works, with a specialty that brings orders from all parts of the globe ; a straw-
board and egg-case concern, with facilities that cannot be excelled on earth; a
contract car-shops, that employ more men than the combined industries of our
neighboring town of Findlay; two wagon and carriage material manufacturers,
that manage to disturb the markets of the country by the cheapness of their
products. The town is filled with little concerns of all kinds in the manufacturing
line, and last night a single bank in the city paid 1,800 checks to skilled labor
employed in the various industries. In addition to what we have had heretofore,
the past year has developed here the largest oil-field in area in the world, and of
which Lima is the nucleus. Within ten months probably $5,000,000 of capital
has been brought in, and the future of Lima as the head-centre of the oil distribu-
tion is fixed and assured by the action of the Standard Oil Company in building
here the largest and most complete refinery in their entire system. Two other
pipe-lines and a refinery, operated by gritty young fellows, are also in operation,
and more coming. We have 500 oil-wells in operation, with a daily production
of 20,000 barrels, and there is already stored, within a radius of a few miles, prob-
ably 1,000,000 barrels of oil, with the oil business as yet only in its toddling
- infancy, the developed territory being capable of sustaining fifty-fold more wells and
operated with much greater economy. The possibilities of the oil business are
simply beyond comprehension to the ordinary mind, and those actively engaged in
the production, handling, and purchase seem the most muddled of all. These are

ALLEN COUNTY. 247

the things that bring the solid wealth to our coffers. To spend it we have, to begin
with, a daisy town. We have a system of public-schools that are as near perfec-
tion as can be made, and, by the way, we have scrupulously kept the schools out
of politics and religion. Every denomination of church is represented. We go to
the handsomest little opera-house in the West. For a nickel we can ride two
miles on a splendidly equipped electrical street-railroad. For light we can use
electricity or gas, each the very perfection of their kind; and for thirst and clean-
liness a system of water-works has been provided that, although it broke our hearts
and exhausted our purses to build them, more than compensate for all they cost.
As to natural gas, we already have enough to set the ordinary village crazy."

From a circular issued in Lima early in the year 1888 we extract some interest-
ing details relating to the oil refineries :

In the development of the oil industry, Refinery has a capacity of 1,000 barrels of
the new concerns that have grown up within refined oil daily. They own sixty tank cars,
the past two years are too numerous to men- have fourteen acres of land upon which their
tion. Among the heaviest producers of crude works are located, and a capital of $100,000
oil may be mentioned the Ohio Oil Company, is invested. The Solar Refinery has 1 21 acres
with a capital of one million dollars. They of land upon which their works are located
are producmgover 4,000 barrels daily, and when and employ a capital of half a million dollars,
a fair price is obtained for "Lima Crude," Their capacity is 5,000 barrels daily. The
have the territory and facilities for increasing Solar is probably the largest refinery in the
their production fourfold. Schofield, Sher- country, and additions are being made con-
mer & Teagle, oil refiners of Cleveland, have stantly to the works. During the past year
about fifty producing wells, with fifteen miles and a half more than a million dollars has
of pipeline, and a tankage capacity of 150,- been used in the erection of new business
000 barrels. They have employed in this field buildings, manufacturing establishments and
somewhere near $200,000. The Buckeye Pipe dwelling-houses, and the present year prom-
Lme Company have some 250 miles of pipe ises still greater investments in building en-
hne, about 170 large iron tanks of 36,000 barrels terprises. Real estate in Lima and through-
capacity each, and employ m the neighbor-? out the county has always been held at very
hood of $3,000,000 in taking care of the moderate values. The county is one of the
product of the field. The Excelsior Pipe finest agricultural districts in the State,wheat,
Line has something over thirty miles of pipe, com and oats being the staple products, and
with a tankage capacity of about 100,000 bar- there is hardly an acre in the county that is
rels, and employ $100,000 in taking care of not capable of cultivation,
the crude product. The Eagle Consolidated

The great enterprise of piping oil from the Lima fields to Chicago manufactur-
ing establishments is now, m this the year 1888, being undertaken by the Standard
Oil Company, who practically control all the oil territory around Lima. The total
length of pipe will be about 210 miles, and the entire investment aggregate over
$2,000,000.

The view of the derricks was taken from a bridge, the successor of the covered
bridge over the Ottawa shown in the' old view of Lima, and looking easterly.
The oil-wells, with their derricks, are a marked feature of this entire region.
Nowhere are they so plentiful as around the town. Experience soon showed they
were often too close for profit, sometimes not over an acre apart, when the flow
proved too weak • one well in ten acres was found near enough. The life of a well
on the Bradford, Pennsylvania, oil-field is usually about ten years; how long in
that of Lima remains to be tested. A single steam-engine in places answers for
the pumping of several wells, the power being transmitted from well to well by
cables and shafting. The wells are named from the original proprietors of the
land. To illustrate, one is named « Shade well, No. 11/" it being the eleventh
well on the land of Mr. Nelson Shade. The cost of drilling for wells varies from
sixty-five cents to $1.50 a foot. The oil is struck at from 1,250 to 1,500 feet.

Another marked feature of the oil region is the tanks for the storage of the oil,
which vary in capacity from 250 to 3,500 barrels. They resemble huge tubs, are
covered on top with boards, and housed or shedded over. The tanks are some-
times struck by lightning; in a single storm in October, 1885, several were thus

248

ALLEN COUNTY.

destroyed. Very little else was destroyed but the tanks. No flames of conse-
quence were seen, but immense volumes of smoke |>oured forth, which seemed as a
protection, acting as an impenetrable curtain to outside objects.

The Black Swamp tract, in which this county partially lies, has been the scene
of much unwritten history in the early settlement of the country. Father Finley
— a sketch of whom is elsewhere given in this work — has preserved a pleasant
anecdote connected with the war of 1812 in his sketch of the life of an eminent
Methodist minister, Rev. William H. Raper. At the time he was a lad of nine-
teen, and volunteered in the company of Capt. Stephen Smith, of Clermont
county, which marched to the frontier. From his brightness, notwithstanding his
youth, he was chosen sergeant.

J. W. Mock, Photo., Lima.
Fikld ok Derricks. Lima.

THE BLACK SWAMP MUTINY.

A day or two before the battle of the
Thames, Raper' s company was told to march
up the lake some fifteen miles to prevent the
landing of the British from their vessels, and
the engagement took place during their ab-
sence. This circumstance rendered it neces-
sary for his company, which was now the
strongest, to be put in charge of the pris-
oners taken by Commodore Perry and Gen.
Harrison, and march them across the State to
the Newport Station in Kentucky.

His superior officers having been taken
sick, the command devolved upon him. It
was a responsible undertaking for so young
an officer. The company consisted of 100
soldiers, and the prisoners numbered 400.
Their route was through the wilderness

of the Black Swamp, which at that season
was nearly covered with water. In their
march they became bewildered and lost. For
three days and nights they wandered about in
the swamp without food, and became so scat-
tered, that on the morning of the third day
he found himself with a guard of only twelve
men, and one hundred prisoners, ^ Seeing
their weakness the prisoners mutinied, and
refused to march. No time was to be lost ;
Raper called out his men, commanded them
to make ready, which they did by fixing bay-
onets and cocking their guns. He then gave
the prisoners five minutes to decide whether
they would obey him or not. At the expira-
tion of the last minute the soldiers were
ordered to present arms, take aim, and — but
before the word "fire," had escaped his lips,
a large Scotch soldier cried "hold," and

ALLEN COUNTY.

249

stepping aside, asked the privilegt of saying
a word to his companions : it was granted,
^whereupon he addressed them as follows:
*' We have been taken in a fair fight, and are
prisoners ; honorably so, and this conduct is
disgraceful to our king's flag, not becoming
true soldiers. Now," said he, " I have had
no hand in raising this mutiny, and I propose
that all who are in favor of behaving them-
selves as honorable prisoners of war shall
rally around me, and we will take the others
in hand ourselves, and the American guard
shall stand by and see fair play. ' ' This speech
had the desired effect, the mutiny was brought
to an end without bloodshed, and Raper de-
livered his prisoners at Newport. They had
among the prisoners two Indians, whom
Haper forced at the point of the sword to lead
them out of the swamp. After Raper' s
arrival in Newport he was offered a com-
mission in the regular army. Such was his
love for his mother that he would take no
important step without consulting her. The
answer was characteristic of the noble mothers
of that day. "My son, -if my country was
still engaged in war and I had fifty sons I
would freely give them all to her service, but,
as peace is now declared, I think something
better awaits my son than the camp-life of a
soldier in time of peace." In 1819 Raper
became a minister in the Methodist Church,
and while travelling in Indiana, upon the first
visit to one of his appointments, a fine, large
man approached him, called him brother, and
said : "I knew you the moment I saw you,
but I suppose you have forgotten me. I am
the Scotch soldier that made the speech to
the prisoners the morning of the mutiny in
the Black Swamp. After we were exchanged
as prisoners of war, my enlistment termi-
nated. I had been brought to see the justice

of the American cause and the greatness of
the country, and I resolved to become an
American citizen. I came to this State,
rented some land, and opened up a farm. I
have joined the Methodist Church, and,
praise God ! the best of all is, I have obtained
religion ! Not among the least of my bless-
ings is a fine wife and noble child. So come, ' '
said he, "dinner will be ready by the time
we get home." And the two soldiers, now as
friends and Christians, renewed their ac-
quaintance, and were ever after fast friends.

At another time Raper met with a singular
accident while riding to one of his appoint-
ments. Swimming nis horse over a swollen
creek, the horse became entangled and sank,
but with great effort he managed to catch
hold of the limb of a tree overhead, where
he was enabled to rest and hold his head
above water. While thus suspended, the
thought rushed upon him, "Mother is pray-
ing for me, and I shall be saved." After
resting a moment he made an effort and got
to shore, his horse also safely landing. His
mother, ninety miles away, that morning
awoke suddenly in affright with the thought
upon her, "William is in great danger,"
when she sprang from her bed, # and falling on
her knees prayed for some time in intense
supplication for his safety, until she received
a sweet assurance that all was well. When
they met and related the facts, and compared
the time, they precisely agreed.

This hero of the Black Swamp died in
1 852, closing a life of great usefulness. Father
Finley says of him that he was an eloquent
preacher, a sweet, melodious singer, was filled
with the spirit of kindness, while his con-
versational powers were superior, replete with
a fund of useful incidents gathered from
practical life in camp, pulpit and cabin.

Delphos, on the border line of Van Wert and Allen counties, and on the T.
St. L. and K. C. ; P. Ft. W. and C. ; D. Ft. W. and C. ; C. and W. ; P. and C.
railroads, lies within the oil and gas belt of Northwestern Ohio, seventy-four miles
southwest of Toledo, and in a country of great fertility. The Miami and Erie
canal divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The post-office is in Van Wert
county.

Newspapers : Courant, E. B. Walkup, editor ; Herald, Democratic, Tolan &
Son, editors and proprietors. Churches : one Presbyterian, two Methodist, one
United Brethren, one Catholic, one Christian, one Reformed, one Lutheran.
Banks : Commercial, R. K. Lytle, president, W. H. Fuller, cashier ; Delphos
National, Theo. Wrocklage, president, Jos. Boehmer, cashier.

Manufactures and, Employees. — The Ohio Wheel Company, 62 hands ; Hartwell
Bros., handles, neck-yokes, etc., 14 ; Delphos Union Stave Company, 23 ; Pitts-
burg Hoop and Stave Company, 50 ; L. F. Werner, woollen yarns, flannels, etc.,
8; Steinle & Co., lager beer, 60; Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City R. R., car
repairs, 100 ; Weyer & Davis, hoops, etc., 17 ; Shenk & Lang, Miller & Morton,
flour, etc. ; Krift & Ricker, D. Moening, builders' wood- work. — State Report 1887.
Also Empire Excelsior Works, Delphos Chemical Works, pearlash, etc. Popu-
lation in 1880, 3,814. School census in 1886, 782; E. W. Greenslade, principal.

Delphos was laid out in 1845, directly after the opening of the Miami and Erie
<anal. The different portions of it were originally known as Section 10, Howard,
and East and West Bredeick. Its general name for many years was Section 10.

2 so ALLEN COUNTY.

It is said that Delphos could not have been settled without the aid of quinine-
The air was so poisoned with malarial effluvia from swamps and marshes, that not
only the pioneers but also the very dogs of the settlement suffered intensely from
fever and ague. Ferdinand Bredeick built the first cabin ; E. N. Morton the first
saw- and the first grist-mills; and Mrs. George Lang (maiden name, Amelia
Bredeick) was the first child born here. The original settlers were German
Catholics. In December, 1845, thirty-six male members met in a cabin, and made
arrangements to build a church. It was the first established at Delphos, and " its
honored founder, Rev. John O. Bredeick, was the benevolent guardian of the
spiritual and material interests of the German settlers, who were pioneers in the
inhospitable forests of North America." It was a huge, ungainly structure. It *
was succeeded in 1880 by an elegant church, erected at an expense of over
$100,000 ; it has a chime of bells, and its appointments are all in keeping — stained
glass windows, paintings, statuary, altars, frescos, organ, etc.

Samuel Forrer, the civil-engineer, is regarded as the pioneer of this region, as he
ultimately settled here in Delphos. He was connected with the Ohio canal sur-
veys from July, 1825, to 1831, and located the Miami and Erie canal; in 1871,
when he was seventy-eight years of age, he still held the position of consulting;
engineer of this work. Earlier he had been canal commissioner and member of
the board of public works.

Knapp's "History of the Maumee Valley," published in 1872, has these inter-
esting items :

"The great forests, once so hated because they formed a stumbling-block in the
tedious struggles to reduce the soil to a condition for tillage, have been converted
into a source of wealth. Within a radius of five miles of Delphos, thirty-five
saw-mills (now perhaps doubled) are constantly employed in the manufacture of
lumber, and a value nearly equalling the product of these mills is annually ex-
ported in the form of lumber. Excepting in the manufacture of maple sugar, and
for local building and fencing purposes, no use until recent years had been made
of the timber, and its destruction from the face of the earth was the especial object
of the pioneer farmers, and in this at that time supposed good work they had the
sympathies of all others who were interested in the development of the country.
The gathering of the ginseng crop once afforded employment to the families of the
early settlers, but the supply was scanty and it soon became exhausted. Some
eighteen years ago, when the business of the town was suffering from stagnation.
Dr. J. W. Hunt, an enterprising druggist, and now a citizen of Delphos, bethought
himself that he might aid the pioneers of the wilderness, and add to his own trade,
by offering to purchase the bark from the slippery elm trees, which were abundant
in the adjacent swamps. For this new article of commerce he offered remunerative
prices, and the supply soon appeared in quantities reaching hundreds of cords of
the cured bark ; and he has since controlled the trade in Northwestern Ohio and
adjacent regions. The resources found in the lumber and timber and in this bark
trade, trifling as the latter may appear, have contributed, and are yet contributing,
almost as much to the prosperity of the town and country as the average of the
cultivated acres, including the products of the orchard."

Bluffton, on the L. E. and W. and C. and W. railroads, is seventy-five miles
southwest of Sandusky, in the northeast corner of the county. It was laid out in
1837, under the name of Shannon, which it retained many years. Newspaper:
News, Independent, N. W. Cunningham, editor. Churches : one Lutheran, one
Methodist, one Catholic, one Reformed, one Presbyterian, and one Dissenters.
Bank : People's, Daniel Russell, proprietor and cashier.

Manufactures and Employees. — Althaus & Bro., builders' wood-work, 10 hands;
A. J. St. John, handles, lumber, etc., 10 ; A. Klay, machinery, 5 ; J. M. Town-
send & Son, lumber, etc., 5 ; W. B. Richards, flour and feed, 3. — State Report
1886. Population in 1880, 1,290. School census 1886, 464 ; S. C. Patterson,
superintendent. West of the town is a large Mennonite settlement. Large stone
quarries are in its vicinity.

ALLEN COUNTY.

251

Spencervii.le, laid out in 1844-45, at the intersection of C. A. and D. Fk
W. C. railroads, and on the Miami and Erie canal, is fourteen miles from
Lima. Newspaper : Journal, Independent, S. L. Ashton, editor. Bank : Citi-
zens', Post & Wasson ; I. B. Post, cashier. Churches : one Methodist, one Ger-
man Methodist, two Baptist, one Catholic, one German Reformed, and one
Christian.

Manufactures and Employees. — J. S. Fogle, Sr., lumber, $ hands; Richard
Hanse, churns, 10 ; George Kephart, clotlfes-racks, etc., 10 ; Kolter & Kraft, flour
and feed, 6 ; R. H. Harbison, builders' wood-work, and also staves and heading,
31 ; W. A. Reynolds, lumber and feed, 5.— State Eepo7i 1886. Census 1880,
532. School census 1886, 468 ; C. R. Carlo, principal.

Small villages, with census in 1880: Elida, 302 ; Lafayette, 333 ; Westmin-
ster, 225; Cairo, 316; Beaver Dam, 353.

ASHLAND.

Ashland County was formed February 26, 1846. The surface on the south
is hilly, the remainder of the county rolling. The soil of the upland is a sandy
loam ; of the valleys — which comprise a large part of the county — a rich sandy
and gravelly loam, and very productive. A great quantity of wheat, oats, corn,
potatoes, etc., is raised, and grass and fruit in abundance. A majority of the pop-
ulation are of Pennsylvania origin. Its present territory originally comprised the-
townships of Vermillion, Montgomery, Orange, Green, and Hanover, with parts
of Monroe, Mifflin, Milton, and Clear Creek, of Richland county ; also the prin-
cipal part of the townships of Jackson, Perry, Mohican, and Lake, of Wayne
county; of Sullivan and Troy, Lorain county; and Ruggles, of Huron county.
The townships from Lorain and Huron counties are from the Connecticut Western
Reserve tract. Area, 371 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were
130,947; in pasture, 47,607; woodland, 45,137; lying waste, 3,128; produced
in wheat, 443,339 bushels; in corn, 861,675; cheese, 476,850 pounds; flax,
564,200; wool, 268,573 ; maple sugar, 57,850. School census 1886, 7,336;
teachers, 153. It has 29 miles of railroad.

Townships and Census.

1880.

Clear Creek,

1,154

Green,

2,287

Hanover,

2,316

Jackson,

1,486

Lake,

886

Mifflin,

846

Milton,

1,192

Mohican,

1,693

Townships and Census.

1880.

Montgomery,

4,638

Orange,

1,448

Perry,

1,492

Ruggles,*
Sullivan,

726

795

Troy,

715

Vermillion,

2,209

Population in 1860 was 22,951 ; in 1880, 23,883, of whom 18,852 were Ohia
born.

Ashland in 1846. — Ashland, the county-seat, was laid out (1815) by William
Montgomery, and bore for many years the name of Uniontown ; it was changed ta

2$2

ASHLAND COUNTY.

its present name in compliment to Henry Clay, whose seat near Lexington, Ken-
tucky, bears that name. Daniel Carter, from Butler county, Pennsylvania, raised
the first cabin in the place about the year 1811, which stood where the store of
William* Granger now is in Ashland. Kobert Newell, three miles east, and Mr.
Fry, one and one-half miles north of the village, raised cabins about the same
time. In 1817 the first store was opened by Joseph Sheets, in a frame building
now kept as a store by the widow Yonker. Joseph Sheets, David Markley,

Drawn by Henry Howe in 1846.
Public Buildings in Ashland.

Samuel Ury, Nicholas Shaeffer, Alanson Andrews, Elias Slocum, and George W,
Palmer Avere among the first settlers of the place. Ashland is a flourishing village,
eighty-nine miles northwest of Columbus, and fourteen from Mansfield. It con*
tains five churches, viz., two Presbyterian, one Episcopal Methodist, one Lutheran,
&nd one Disciples ; nine dry-goods, four grocery, one book, and two drug stores ;
two newspaper -printing-offices; a flourishing classical academy, numbering over
100 pupils of both sexes, and a population estimated at 1,300. The above view
was taken in front of the site selected for the erection of a court-house, the Metho-
dist church building seen on the left being now used for that purpose; the struc-
tures with steeples, commencing on the right, are the First Presbyterian church,
the academy, and the Second Presbyterian church. At the organization of the

qMftjtfC >

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i u

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i ^

m In

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far

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1

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tiki

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Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1888.
Public Buildings in Ashland.

first court of common pleas for this county, at Ashland, an old gentleman by the
name of David Burns was one of the grand jurors who, as a remarkable fact, it is
said, was also a member of the first grand jury ever impanelled in Ohio. The
court met near the mouth of Wegee creek, in Belmont county, in 1795; the

ASHLAND COUNTY.

253

country being sparsely settled, he was compelled to travel forty miles to the place
of holding court. — Old Edition.

County officers for 1888: Auditor, Samuel L. Arnold; Clerk, Milton Win-
bigler; Commissioners, Nathan J. Cresson, John Martin, Jacob Kettering*; Coroner,
William H. Reinhart ; Prosecuting Attorney, Frank C. Semple ; Probate Judge,
Emanuel Finger ; Recorder, Edwin S. Bird ; Sheriff, Randolph F. Andress ; Sur-
veyor, John B. Weddell ; Treasurers, James W. Brant, Thomas C. Harvey.

Ashland, the county-seat, is about fifty miles southwest of Cleveland, on the
line of the N. Y. P. and O. railroad. It is a well-built town, with a fine farming
country round about. Newspapers : Press, Democratic, W. T. Albertson, editor ;
Times, Republican, W. H. Reynolds, editor ; Brethren Evangelist, religious and
Prohibition, A. L. Garber, editor; Gazette, Republican, Hon. T. M. Beer, man-
ager. Churches : one Presbyterian, two Lutheran, one Disciples, two Brethren,
one Evangelical, one Reformed, and one Catholic. Banks: Farmers', E. J. Gross-
cup, president, George A. Ullman, cashier; First National, J. O. Jennings, presi-
dent, Joseph Patterson, cashier.

Manufactures and Employees. — Shearer, Kagey & Co., doors, sash, etc., 16 hands ;
F. E. Myers & Bro., pumps, 65 ; Kauffman & Beer, woven-wire mattresses, 20 ;
H. K. Myers & Co., flour, etc. ; Klugston & Hughes, grain elevator. — State
Report 1887. Population in 1880,3,004. School census 1886, 1,169; Joseph
E. Stubbs, superintendent.

Ashland has the high distinction of having given the first citizen of Ohio to
volunteer as a soldier for the Union
-army. This was Loein Andrews,
who was born here in a log-cabin, April
1, 1819, being the fourth child born in
Ashland. His father, Alanson An-
drews, later opened a farm southwest of
the village. At the age of seventeen he
delivered with great credit a Fourth of
July oration at Carter's Grove just east
of the town. From 1840 to 1843 he
was a student at Gambier, but from
want of pecuniary means was obliged to
leave, and then took charge of the Ash-
land academy. He pursued his studies
without a teacher, and with signal suc-
<iess. He lectured before institutes
throughout the State, and had scarcely
&n equal in influence as an educator.
So greatly was he valued for power of
intellect and general capacity that, in
1854, he was chosen to the presidency
of Gambier, and he brought up the
institution from an attendance of thirty
to over 200 pupils. Princeton con-
ferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He had peculiarly winning qualities that
made him a born leader. It was in February, 1861, that, believing war inevitable,
he offered his services to Gov. Dennison. In April he raised a company in Knox
oounty for the Fourth regiment, and was elected colonel. It was ordered to West
Virginia, where, owing to exposure, he was taken sick of typhoid fever, and died
September 18, 1861, and was buried at Gambier in a spot of his own selection.
He was but forty-two years of age — in his prime — and of great moral influence.
He was about five feet eight inches in height, and weighed about 130 pounds; hair
sandy, and inclined to curl. His eye was a clear gray, his face manly, full of
benevolence, his carriage erect, with a sprightly gait.

LORIN ANDREWS,

Ohio's First Volunteer for the Union Army.

254

ASHLAND COUNTY.

Upon a high, commanding site upon the outskirts of the town stand the some-
what imposing structures of the Ashland Preparatory College, W. C. Perry, prin-
cipal. This institution is under the auspices of the Society of Dunkards, or Ger-
man Baptists, of whom there are many in parts of this county. The following
account of these peculiar and excellent people is from the " County History."
The quiet simplicity and earnestness of their lives is on a par with that of the
members of the Society of Friends :

The German Baptists or, as they are com-
monly called by outsiders, thinkers or Dunk-
ards (the name being derived from the German
word to dip), had their first organization in
Germany about the year 1708, in a portion
of country where Baptists are said to have
been unknown ; the original organization con-
sisted of eight persons, seven of whom were
bred Presbyterians and one in the Lutheran
faith ; they agreed to "obey from the heart
that form of doctrine once delivered unto the
saints." Consequently, in the year 1708,
they repaired to the river Eder, near Schwar-
zenau, and were buried with Christ in bap-
tism. They were baptized by trine immer-
sion and, organizing a church, chose Alex-
ander Mack their first minister. He was not,
however, the originator of their faith or
practice, the church never having recognized
any person as such. Meeting with opposi-
tion and persecution, they emigrated to
America and settled, in the year 1719, near
Philadelphia and Gennantown. Pennsylvania.
And from that little band or eight persons
have sprung all the Dunkers in America.
As the church has no statistics, its numbers
can only be estimated. The estimate is about
100,000 souls, inostly in Pennsylvania, Vir-

gnia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland,
ansas, Iowa and Nebraska. They are
mostly farmers, some mechanics and a few
professional men, but such a thing as a
Dunkard lawyer is unknown,

Their religion inculcates industry and fru-
gality, abstaining from extravagance and
worldly display. They . are very desirable
citizens in any community, as by their in-
dustry and freedom from excesses of all kinds,
they create and develop the wealth of a
country blessed with their presence, and by
their example exert a healthy influence upon
the morals of those associated with them.

They regard the New Testament as the only
rule of their faith and practice ; believe in the
Trinity and contend for the literal interpreta-
tion of the Old and New Testaments, as works
of Divine inspiration. All idiots, infants and
those who die before knowing good from evil
will be saved without obedience, having been
sufficiently atoned for by the death of Christ.
None, however, are recognized as members
of the church until after baptism, which must
be entire immersion, the applicant kneeling
and being dipped forward three times, one for
each person of the Godhead.

Feet-washing is their next ordinance, the
authority for which is narrated in John 13.
It is observed as a preparation for the love-
feast and communion. The brethren wash the
feet of brethren only, and sisters of sisters :

the sexes never washing the feet of each
other, as has been sometimes stated. Those-
who perform this are not chosen, but any
person of the same sex may voluntarily per-
form it.

The love-feast is a real meal, the quality or
kind of food being unlimited, Christ* s supper
being the authority for it. After this, imme-
diately preceding the communion, is the salu-
tation of the kiss as observed by the apostles
and Christian churches following them. In
this ordinance the sexes do not interchange
salutation.

At communion, the next ordinance, the
sisters with heads covered with plain caps and
brethren with heads uncovered give thanks
for bread and wine< The minister breaks-
bread to the brethren and they to each other ;
he also breaks bread to the sisters, but they
do not break bread 1 to each other; it is the
same in passing thie wine. The communion
is always observed at night, the hour of its
institution by Christ ; usually once or twice a
year in every church.

There are also the ordinances of laying on
of hands and anointing the sick with oil r
founded on James 5:14, 15.

The church government is republican ire
form, matters of difference and questions of
doubt being first submitted to the council
of each church, and when not settled they
are carried to the district council composed
of one delegate each from twenty churches,,
sometimes less. If still unsettled it is carried
to the national conference if a matter of gen-
eral interest ; but no local matter can be re-
ferred to that body.

In the lower councils all matters are decided
by vote of brethren and sisters ; but the sisters
do not participate in the official deliberations
of the national conference.

Their mode of worship does not materially
differ from that of other denominations, save
that the Lord's prayer is repeated after every
prayer, and the service closed without bene-
diction ; the minister simply says : " We are
dismissed in the name of the Lord," or some
similar phrase. During the service the sisters
keep their heads covered with a plain covering,
in compliance with Paul, who says : " It is a
shame for a woman to worship or prophesy
with her head uncovered. ' '

The Dickey Church (so named after Elias
Dickey, one of its leading speakers), the
pioneer Dunkers' church of Asnland county,
was erected about 1860 in Montgomery town-
ship, but a new and larger edifice was erected
in 1877. It owes its institution to the efforts
of the late Jos. Hoop, who about 1839-40 in-
vited Mr. Tracy to address a few people at his

ASHLAND COUNTY. 255

fiouse, and the meetings were continued until Their speakers receive no salary, but if one

the present organization was formed. The should be a poor man devoting his time and

Maple Grove or Beighly church was erected talents to the spreading of their faith, they

four or five years before the Dickey building, regard it as incumbent upon them to reward

but the latter was the earliest church organi- him by gifts,
zation.

Jeromeville is a small village eight miles southeast of Ashland, on Jerome
fork of Mohican, which has one Presbyterian, one Methodist, and one Disciples
church, and in 1880 had 314 inhabitants. In that vicinity, about the year 1762,
Mohican John, a noted chief of Connecticut Mohegans, to the number of about
200 it is supposed, emigrated to Ohio, and established a village upon- the west side
of Jerome fork, on the site of the farms of Rev. Elijah Yocum and Judge Edmund
Ingmand. In the war of 1812 it was about the only settlement within the present
limits of the county, and consisted of a few families, who erected pickets for their
safety. There was at that time a Frenchman, named John Baptiste Jerome, who
resided there and gave name to the locality. He had been an Indian trader, and
had taken a squaw for a wife. The people of that nation always became more
-easily domesticated among the aborigines than the English. From very early
times it was the policy of the French government not to allow their soldiers to
take wives with them into the wilderness. Hence the soldiers and traders fre-
quently married among the Indians, and were enabled to sustain themselves with
far less difficulty. In 1812, when the Indians were removed, his wife went with
them, and later he married a German woman. He removed to the mouth of Huron
river, and died there. He began trading with the Indians when seventeen years
of age, and was with them in Wayne's campaign. The Indian village consisted
of about thirty bark huts or wigwams. The names of the heads of the families
were Aweepsah, Opetete, Catotawa, Nesohawa, Buckandohee, Shias, Ground
Squirrel, Buckwheat, Philip Canon icut, Billy Montour, and Thomas Jelloway.

Hill, in the " County History/' says that Jerome was a brave and kindly man,
small, wiry, and vivacious. Having been with the Indians at the battle of the
4( Fallen Timbers," he often related anecdotes of that battle, describing the amaze-
ment of the Indians at the .rapidity and violence of the movements of Wayne's
army, the Indians comparing him to a huge " black snake," and ascribing almost
--supernatural powers to him. He came like a huge anaconda, inclosed and crushed
them in such a frightful manner that they abandoned all hope of resistance, and
were glad to make peace. He asserted that for a very long time the very name of
*" Mad Anthony " sent a chill of horror through the body of an Indian.

The Delaware Indians had a settlement at or near Jeromeville, which they left
at the beginning of the war of 1812. Their chief was old Capt. Pipe, who resided
near the road to Mansfield, one mile south of Jeromeville. When young he was a
great warrior, and the implacable foe of the whites. He was in St. Clair's defeat,
where, according to his own account, he distinguished himself, and slaughtered
■white men until his arm was weary with the work. He had a daughter of great
beauty. A young chief, of noble mien, became in love with her, and on his suit
being rejected mortally poisoned himself with the May apple. A Capt. Pipe,
"whose Indian name was Tauhangecaupouye, removed to the small Delaware
reserve, in the upper part of Marion county, and when his tribe sold out theii
Ohio possessions accompanied them to Kansas.

Helltown and Greentown were two Indian villages in the southern part of this
county. Greentown was so named after Thomas Green, a Connecticut Tory, who,
sympathizing with the British and Indians in the destruction of the valley of the
Wyoming, fled to Ohio and joined the Delawares, acquiring great influence among
them. Among the Greentown Indians was a very aged, full-blooded, ugly-look-
ing savage, who was known to the early settlers as Tom Lyons. He was born in
New Jersey, and was one of the friendly Delawares with the whites at the massacre
of Wyoming in 1778. On a few occasions he related his achievements. He had

256 ASHLAND COUNTY.

been in many battles on the border, and taken many scalps. He related some of
his acts of extreme cruelty, and a few of his barbarities inflicted upon the wives
and children of the border settlers. He was with the other Greentown and
Jerometown Indians in the battle of the Fallen Timbers, and, as related in Hill's
" History of Ashland County," gave this graphic account. It was in reply to a
question of Allen Oliver, who asked him what he thought of Wayne as a white
chief:

44 Wayne be great chief. He be one devil Wayne great fight — brave white chief. He

to fight. Me hear his dinner horn way over he one devil"

there go toot, toot ; then over here it go toot, While going through the description of the

toot ; then way over side it gfo toot, toot. Then fight, " Old Tom ' ' gesticulated and grinned,

his soldiers run forward — shoot, shoot ; then as much as if in the midst of the battle,

run among logs and brush. Indians have got Terror was evinced in the whole of the mimic

to get out and run. Then come Long Knives battle he was then fighting over, and being

with pistols and shoot, shoot. Indians run ; about the ugliest-looking Indian the settlers

no stop ; Old Tom see too much fight to be had ever seen, the effect of his speech was to

trap — he run into woods — he run like devil — the highest degree expressive,
he keep run till he clear out of danger.

The exact location of the Indian village Helltown is not known, but it was sup-
posed to l>e on the south line of what is now Green township, on the banks of the
Clear fork of the Mohican. It probably derived its name from a Pennsylvania
captive who spoke the German language, in which " Hell " signifies clear or trans-
parent, so called after the stream on which it was situated.

When Col. Crawford Jn the spring of 1782 invaded the Indian settlements of
the upper Sandusky the Helltown Indians fled thither for safety. The village
was the home of a number of well-known Delaware chiefs, among others Thomas
Armstrong; also the occasional residence of the noted Capt. Pipe, one of Col.
Crawford's executioners. In 1783 Thomas Armstrong, with the original inhab-
itants of Helltown (that village having been abandoned) and a few Mingoes and
Mohawks, established the village of Greentown, some three miles west of the
present village of Perrysville. It was on a bluff extending to the north banks of
Black fork, or "Armstrong's" creek, almost entirely surrounded by alder marshes,
and a very strong position. The huts, numbering about 150, were constructed of
poles covered with bark, and irregularly placed around a knoll, with a playground
in the centre, at the west side of which was built the council house and cemetery
in a grove.

Up to 1795 it was a station on the route for captives on the way to Detroit and
other points in the Indian Territory.

Two tragedies in the autumn of 1812 were enacted by the Indians not far from
the old Indian village of Greentown. These were the murder of Martin Ruifner^
Frederic Zimmer (or in English Frederic Seymour) and family, on the Black fork
of the Mohican, and the tragedy at the cabin of Mr. James Copus. Hill's " History
of Ashland County " gives very full details. We here first take the briefer his-
tory as published on pages 429-30 in the first edition of this work. In a note
there we stated that our informant for the first tragedy was Mr. Henry Nail, from
whose lips, now just forty-two years ago, we derived it ; and for the second, we
said :

"■We have three different accounts of this affair: one from Wyatt Hutchinson,
of Guernsey, then a lieutenant in the Guernsey militia ; one from Henry Nail, who
was with some of the wounded men the night following ; and the last from a gen-
tleman living in Mansfield at the time. Each differs in some essential particulars.
Much experience has taught us that it is almost impossible to get perfectly accurate
verbal narratives of events that have taken place years since, and which live only
in memory." And to this remark of ours made in that long ago we here add the
additional reason for conflicting testimony, viz., the rarity of ]>erfect accuracy of
observation and strength of memory, combined with the faculty of clearness in
statement :

ASHLAND COUNTY.

257

The Massctcre of the Rvffner Family. —
There was living at this time—said Mr. Nail
— on the Black Fork of the Mohican, about
half a mile west of where Petersburgh now
is [now Mifflin], a Mr. Martin Kuffner. Hav-
ing removed his family for safety, no person
was with him in his cabin, excepting abound
boy. About two miles southeast stood the
cabin of the Seymours. This family con-
sisted of the parents— both very old people
— a maiden daughter Catharine, and her
brother Philip, who was a bachelor.

One evening Mr. Ruffner sent out the lad
to the creek bottom, to bring home the cows,
when he discovered four Indians and ran.
They called to him, saying that they would
not harm him, but wished to speak to him.
Having ascertained from him that the Sey-
mours were at home, they left, and he hurried
back and told Ruffner of the circumstance ;
upon which he took down his rifle and started
for Seymour's. He arrived there, and was
advising young Seymour to go to the cabin
of a Mr. Copus, and get old Mr. Copus and
his son to come up and help take the Indians
prisoners, when the latter were seen ap-
proaching. Upon this young Seymour passed
out of the back door and hurried to Copus' s,
while the Ijfdians entered the front door, with
their riflespi hand.

The Seymours received them with an ap-
parent cordiality, and the daughter spread
the table for them. The Indians, however,
did not appear to be inclined to eat, but soon
arose and commenced the attack. Ruffner,
who was a powerful man, made a desperate
resistance. He clubbed his rifle, and broke
the stock to pieces ; but he fell before superior
numbers, and was afterwards found dead and
scalped in the yard, with two rifle balls
through him, and several fingers cut off by a
tomahawk. The old people and daughter were
found tomahawked and scalped in the house.

In an hour or so after dark, young Seymour
returned with Mr. Copus and son, making
their way through the woods by the light of
a hickory bark torch. Approaching the
cabin, they found all dark and silent within.
Young Seymour attempted to open the door,
when it flew back. Reaching forward, he
touched the corpse of the old man, and ex-
claimed in tones of anguish, "here is the
blood of my poor father!" Before they
reached the place, they heard the Indians
whistling on their powder chargers, upon
which they put out the light and were not
molested.

These murders, supposed to have been com-
mitted by some of the Greentown Indians,
spread terror among the settlers, who imme-
diately fortified their cabins and erected sev-
eral block-houses. Among the block-houses
erected was Nails', on the Clear fork of the
Mohican ; Beams' , on the Rocky fork ; one
on the site of Ganges, and a picketed house on
the Black Fork, owned by Thomas Coulter.

The Copus Tragedy.— Shortly after this, a
party of twelve or fourteen militia from
Guernsey county, who were out on a scout,
without any authority burnt the Indian village
of Greentown, at this time deserted. At
night they stopped at the cabin of Mr. Copus,
on the Black Fork, about nine miles from Mans-
field. The next morning, as four of them were
at a spring washing, a few rods from the cabin,
they were fired upon by a party of Indians in
ambush. They all ran for the house, except
Warnock, who retreated in another direction,
and was afterwards found dead in the woods,
about half a mile distant. His body was
resting against a tree, with his handkerchief
stuffed in a wound in his bowels. Two of the
others, George Shipley and John Tedrick,
were killed and scalped between the spring-
and the house. The fourth man, Robert
Dye, in passing between the shed and cabin,
suddenly met a warrior with his uplifted
tomahawk. He dodged and escaped into the
house, carrying with him a bullet in his
thigh.

Mr. Copus at the first alarm had opened
the door, and was mortally wounded by a rifle
ball in his breast. He was laid on the bed,
and the Indians shortly attacked the cabin.
"Fight and save my family," exclaimed he,
"for I am a dead man." The attack was
fiercely made, and several balls came through
the door, upon which they pulled up the pun-
cheons from the floor and placed them against
it. Mrs. Copus and her daughter went up inta
the loft for safety, and the last was slightly
wounded in the thigh, from a ball fired from
a neighboring hill. ^ One of the soldiers,
George Launtz, was in the act of removing
a chunk of wood to fire through, when a ball
entered the hole and broke his arm. After
this, he watched and saw an Indian put his
head from behind a stump. He fired, and
the fellow's brains were scattered over it.
After about an hour the Indians, having suf-
fered severe loss, retreated. Had they first
attacked the house, it is probable an easy
victory would have been gained by them.

We now give the incidents of these tragedies, and in an abridged form, as told
in the " County History : "

Martin Ruffner and brother-in-law Richard
Hughes erected cabins near each other in the
spring of 1812, about half a mile northwest
of the present site of Mifflin. Mr. Fred-
erick Zimmer, Sr. , put up a cabin two and a half
miles southeast of Mr. Martin Ruffner and
occupied it with his wife, daughter Catherine,
Zimmer's son Philip Zimmer, aged 19, and

Michael Ruffner, brother of Martin, whom
he hired to assist him. Martin Ruffner and
a bound boy, Levi Berkinhizer, occupied the
Ruffner cabin.

One day in September Michael Ruffner
met two well-armed Indians near the Zimmer
cabin, and being suspicious of their intentions
he mounted a fleet horse and rode rapidly

258

ASHLAND COUNTY.

to Zimmer' s and put them on their guard,
and Philip Zimmer was despatched to inform
James Copus, who lived two miles further
south. Having warned Copus he proceeded
to inform John Lambright, who returned
with him and was joined by Mr. Copus ; pro-
ceeding to the Zimmer cabin, which they
Teached early in the evening. Finding no
light in the cabin Copus crept cautiously up
to it; the door was ajar, but with some ob-
struction against it : cautiously feeling his
way, he placed his hand in a pool of blood.
Returning to his companions he informed
them of his discovery, and further investiga-
tion proved that Frederick Zimmer, wife and
daughter and Martin Ruffner had been mur-
dered. RufFner had made a desperate resist-
ance ; he had fought his way from the cabin
into the yard, his gun being bent nearly
double from clubbing it ; several of his fingers
had been chopped off by a tomahawk and he
was shot twice through the body. The fiends
had scalped their victims, who had been
treacherously set upon while furnishing them
refreshment, as was indicated by the table
being nigh spread.

It is supposed eight or ten Indians were
engaged in the slaughter, whose enmity Mr.
dimmer had incurred by tying clap-boards to
their ponies' tails to frighten them away from
the corn fields : any injury to an Indian's dog or
pony being a cause for enduring resentment.
Martin Ruffner and the Zimmers were buried
in one large grave on a knoll near the scene
*of the tragedy. The cabins of Martin Zim-
mer and Richard Hughes near the Zimmers'
were not disturbed, young Berkinhizer having
slept alone in that of Ruffner the night of
the tragedy, Ruffner having been very friendly
^with the Indians, although perfectly fearless
in his dealings with them.

After his discovery of the murder of the
Zimmers Mr. Copus and Mr. Lambright re-
turned to their cabins for their families, and
removed them to the block-house at Jacob
Beams'.

After several days in the block-house Mr.
Copus, believing the Indians owed him no ill
will, insisted on returning with his family to
his cabin on the Black Fork. Capt. Martin
protested against it, but as Copus persisted
in going he sent nine soldiers with him as an
escort. They reached the cabin in safety and
retired for the night, the soldiers occupying
the barn. In the night the dogs kept up a
^continuous barking and Mr. Copus got up
toward daylight and invited the soldiers into
the cabin.

In the morning the soldiers leaning their
guns against the cabin (although cautioned to
keep possession of them by Mr. Copus)
passed out to the spring at the base of a hill
aiear the sixth cabin for the purpose of wash-

ing. They had reached the spring, when
some Indians from their concealment in a
corn field near by rushed out, cut off their
retreat and began hooting and tomahawking
them. Mr. Copus seizing his gun rushed
for the cabin door ; just as he opened it, he
met an Indian ; both fired at the same in-
stant and both were mortally wounded. The
ball from the Indian's gun passed through
the leather strap sustaining Mr. Copus' s
powder horn (which is now in the possession
of Mr. Wesley Copus) and into his breast ;
he staggered to his bed and died in a short
time, begging the soldiers to defend and save
his family. Two of the soldiers fled toward
the forest, but were soon overtaken, killed
and scalped; another, Mr. Warnock, suc-
ceeded in escaping his pursuers, but was shot
through the bowels and foot ; his body was
afterwards found seated leaning against a tree
with his handkerchief stuffed into the wound
in his bowels. Mr. Geo. Dye, another soldier,
was shot through the thigh just as he was
entering the cabin.

The knoll near the cabin being- covered
with dwarfed timber served the Indians as a
shelter from which they fired volley after
volley into the cabin, wounding Nancy Copus,
a little girl, above the knee and breaking the
arm of Geo. Launtz, a soldier, who had the
satisfaction however of returning his compli-
ments with a bullet, which caused the Indian
who had shot him to bound into the air and
roll down the hill on the way to the "happy "
hunting grounds of his fathers.

The battle lasted about five hours, after
which the Indians withdrew, carrying off their
dead and wounded, but fired a parting salute
into a flock of Mr. Copus' s sheep, killing
most of them.

After the withdrawal of the Indians a sol-
dier was despatched to the block -house at
Beams' for assistance. Shortly after Capt.
Martin, having been out with a party of sol-
diers on a scouting expedition, arrived at the
cabin, too late to be of any assistance. An
effort was made to pursue the Indians, but
was abandoned as useless. Mr. Copus and
the soldiers were buried in a large grave a
rod or two from the cabin, under an apple
tree. Capt. Martin then took the family and
returned to the block-house. Mrs. Copus
and her children remaining in the block-house
several weeks removed to Guernsey county,
but in the spring of 1815 returned to their
cabin.

The number of Indians engaged in this at-
tack was estimated at forty-five, there having
been discovered back of the corn field the re-
mains of forty-five fires in holes scooped in
the ground, to prevent observation, over which
the Indians roasted ears of corn the evening
before the attack.

Two handsome monuments in Mifflin township now mark the resting-places of
ihe victims of these tragedies. The Ruffner-Zimmer monument is ten miles
southerly from Ashland, and the Copus monument twelve miles. They are so
alike in structure that the engraving annexed gives a correct idea of the other.

ASHLAND COUNTY,

259

These monuments were erected, at an expense of nearly $500, near the sites of the
occurrences they commemorate. The project had its inception with Dr. 8. Kiddle,
historian of the Ashland Pioneer Society, who interested its members, and the
necessary sum was raised by subscription in this and in Richland county. The
history of their dedication is thus given by him :

Monument in Commemoration of the Copus Massacre.

The date for the unveiling of the Ruffner-
Copus Monument was fixed for Friday, Sep-
tember IS, 1882, just seventy years to the day
when the tragic scenes took place, and prepa-
rations were made for what was expected
would be a memorable day in the history of
Ohio. The expectations of the committee
were more than realized. Early in the day
the people began to arrive at the Copus Hill
from every direction ; a-foot, on horseback
and in every imaginable kind of conveyance,
until fully 6,000 had assembled in the forest
overlooking the scene of the Copus battle.
The day was balmy— one of those pleasant fall
days — and the thousands present came with
baskets filled ready for the pic-nic. The ex-
ercises opened with music by the Mt. Zion
band, followed by prayer by Rev. J. A. Hall,
then music, then the address of welcome by
the gentleman above named. Rev. P. R, Rose-
berry followed in a few remarks, after which
the venerable Dr. Wm.BushnelI,of Mansfield,
and Andrew Mason, Esq., of Ashland, in re-
sponse to calls, entertained the audience.
Mrs. Sarah Vail, daughter of James Copus,
17

who was present at the time her father and
the three soldiers were killed, and who now
resides hard by at the age of eighty-four
years, was introduced to the multitude. Mrs.
Baughman, mother of A. J. Baughman, was
also introduced to the audience : this lady's
father, Capt. Cunningham, assisted in burying
the dead at Copus Hill. A recess was then
taken for the pic-nic and an hour later R. M.
Campbell, Esq., of Ashland, was introduced
and spoke at length. Hon. Henry C. Hedges,
of Mansfield, was then introduced and made
some touching remarks ; at the close of his
address the Huff Brothers Band played a
dirge ; following this, Dr. P. H. Clark, of
Ashland, delivered an appropriate address
which was full of interest for the occasion ;
at its close a procession of vehicles to the
number of about 1,200 was formed and passed
by the Copus Monument as it was unveiled.
The multitude then proceeded to the Ruffner
Monument, when it was also unveiled. Thus
the ceremonies of the day ended ; a day long
to be remembered.

2<5o ASHLAND COUNTY.

Under the names of Copus and the slain soldiers was carved, at the suggestion
of Miss Rosella Rice, of Perrysville, the name of the eccentric Johnny Apple-
seed, whom she knew well, and whose good deeds she has commemorated with her
pen. A novel, founded upon these tragedies and the early times in this region,
entitled, " Philip Seymour, or Pioneer Life in Richland County ," by Rev. James
F. McGaw, published in Mansfield in 1857 and 1883, has had quite a local
popularity.

Perrysville, sixty miles northeast of Columbus, on the P. Ft. W. & C. rail-
road. It has churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Lutheran,
and in 1880, 476 inhabitants. A correspondent sends us some items :

Perrysville was laid out June 10, 1815, by here with Miss Nancy Tannehill and pro-
Thomas Coulter and was the second village posed, but was just one too late : she was
established in the county. At that early day already engaged. He died March 11, 1845,
whiskey drinking was the general custom. in St. Joseph township, Indiana, at the house
At one period there were nine still houses in of Wm. W orth. When he died he had on
the township in active operation, and they for clothing next to his body a coarse coffee
were unable to keep up with the demands sack slipped over his head ; around his waist
of the thirsty. Jeremiah Conine, on the parts of four pantaloons ; over these a white
present Van Horn farm, was the pioneer dis- pair complete. He was buried two and a
tiller. Hop picking was then an important half miles north of Fort Wayne. The prin-
industry; the hops sold for fifty cents a pound. cipal white settlers in this section in 1809
Mrs. Betsy Coulter, nee Rice, in 1815 opened were Andrew Craig, an exhorter and local
the first school in her own home. She took minister in the Methodist Church who fre-
spinning and weaving as part pay for tuition. quently preached to the Greentown Indians,
Johnny Appleseed was a frequent visitor James Cunningham, Samuel Lewis and Henry
here. He was a constant snuff consumer McCart.
and had beautiful teeth. He was smitten

Hayesvtlle, about seventy miles northeast of Columbus, is a fine trading
town, in the centre of an extensive farming, wool-growing, and stock-raising dis-
trict. Newspaper : Hayesville Journal, Independent, H. H. Arnold. Churches :
1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 United Presbyterian. Population in 1880, 563.

Loudonville, about sixty-five miles southwest of Cleveland, on the Black
fork of the Mohican river, also on the P. Ft. W. & C. railroad. It is surrounded
by a very productive agricultural district. Newspapers : Advocate, Independent,
P. H. Stauffer, editor ; Democrat, Democratic, J. G. Herzog, editor. Churches :
1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 2 Lutheran, 1 Catholic, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Evangelical.
Banks: Farmers', J. Schmidt, president, A. C. Ullman, cashier; Loudonville
Banking Company, G. Schauweker, president, J. L. Quick, cashier. Among the
principal industries is one of the finest and best equipped roller-process mills in
the State. Population in 1880, 1,497. School census in 1886, 547 ; Elliott D.
Wigton, superintendent. Savannah and Polk have each about 400 inhabitants.

William B. Allison, the eminent member of the United States Senate from Iowa,
was born in Perry township this county, March 2, 1829. He was educated at
Allegheny College, Pa., and Western Reserve College, Ohio, practised law at Ash-
land and Wooster, and removed to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1857.

ASHTABULA COUNTY.

261

ASHTABULA.

Ashtabula was formed June 7, 1807, from Trumbull and Geauga, and organ-
ized January 22, 1811. The name of the county was derived from Ashtabula
river, which signifies, in the Indian language, Fish river. For a few miles parallel
with the lake shore it is level, the remainder of the surface slightly undulating,
and the soil generally clay. Butter and cheese are the principal articles of export,
and in these it leads all other counties in the amount produced. Generally not
sufficient wheat is raised for home consumption, but the soil is quite productive in
corn and oats. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 129,992; in pasture, 150,152;
woodland, 62,223; lying waste, 3,700; produced 'in wheat, 234,070 bushels;
corn, 382,238; oats, 677,555; apples, 587,385; pounds butter, 1,042,613; and
cheese, 354,400. School census, 9,441 ; teachers, 543. Area 537 square miles,
being the largest county in Ohio. It has 191 miles of railroad.

Townships and Census.

1840.

1880.

Townships and Census.

1840.

1880.

Andover,

881

1,168

Monroe,

1,326

1,459

Ashtabula,

1,711

5,522

Morgan,

643

1,223

Austiiiburg,

1,048

1,208

New Lyme,

527

893

Cherry Valley,

689

698

Orwell,

458

973

Conneaut,

2,650

2,947

Pierpont,

639

1,046

Denmark,

176

697

Plymouth,

706

780

Dorset,

613

Richmond,

384

1,011

Geneva,

1,215

3,167

Rome,

765

668

Harpersfield,

1,399

1,116

Saybrook,

934

1,384

Hartsgrove,

553

798

Sheffield,

683

688

Jefferson,

710

1,952

Trumbull,

439

960

Kingsville,

1,420

1,621

Wayne,

767

835

Lenox,

550

820

Williamsfield,

892

974

Milford,

173

Windsor,

875

964

The population in 1820 was 7,369 ; in 1830, 14,584 ; in 1840, 23,724 ; in 1850,
31,789 ; in 1880, 36,875, of whom 1,274 were employed in manufactures and
2,814 were foreign born.

This county is memorable from being not only the first settled on the Western
Reserve, but the earliest in the whole of Northern Ohio. The incidents connected
with its early history, although unmarked by scenes of military adventure, are of
an interesting nature.

On the 4th of July, 1796, the first surveying party of the Western Reserve
landed at the mouth of Conneaut creek. Of this event, John Barr, Esq., in his
sketch of the Western Reserve, in the " National Magazine" for December, 1845,
has given a narrative :

The sons of revolutionary sires, some of
them sharers themselves in the great bap-
tism of the republic, they made the anniver-
sary of their country's freedom a day of cere-
monial and rejoicing. They felt that they
had arrived at the place of their labors, the —
to many of them — sites of home, as little allur-
ing, almost as crowded with dangers, as were
the levels of Jamestown, or the rocks of Ply-
mouth to the ancestors who had preceded
them in the conquest of the seacoast wilder-
ness of this continent. From old homes and
friendly and social associations they were
almost as completely exiled as were the

cavaliers who debarked upon the shores of
Virginia, or the Puritans who sought the
strand of Massachusetts. Far away as they
were from the villages of their birth and boy-
hood ; before them the trackless forest, or the
untraversed lake, yet did they resolve to cast
fatigue and privation and peril from their
thoughts for the time being, and give to the
day its due, to patriotism its awards. Muster-
ing their numbers they sat down on the east-
ward shore of the stream now known as Con-
neaut, and, dipping from the lake the liquor
in which they pledged tKeir country — their
goblets some tin cups of no rare workmanship,

ASHTABULA COUNTY. 263

Judge James Kingsbury, who arrived at Conneaut shortly after the surveying
party, wintered with his family at this place in a cabin which stood on a spot now
covered by the waters of the lake. This was about the first family that wintered
on the Reserve.

The story of the sufferings of this family cares, who had followed him through all the

has often been told, but in the midst of plenty, dangers and hardships of the wilderness with-

where want is unknown, can with difficulty be out repining, pale and emaciated, reduced by

appreciated. The surveyors, in the prosecu- meagre famine to the last stages in which lire

tion of their labors westwardly, had princi- can be supported, and near tfie mother, on a

pally removed their stores to Cleveland, while little pallet, were the remains of his youngest

the family of Judge Kingsbury remained at child, born in his absence, who had just ex-

€onneaut. Being compelled by business to pired for the want of that nourishment which

leave in the fall for the State of New York, the mother, deprived of sustenance, was

with the hope of a speedy return to his family, unable to give. Shut up by a gloomy wilder-

the judge was attacked by a severe fit of sick- ness she was far distant alike from the aid or

ness, confining him to his bed until the setting sympathy of friends, filled with anxiety for

in of winter. As soon as able he proceeded an absent husband, suffering with want and

on his return as far as Buffalo, where he destitute of necessary assistance, and her

hired an Indian to guide him through the children expiring around her with hunger,

wilderness. At Presque Isle, anticipating Such is the picture presented by which the

the wants of his family, he purchased twenty wives and daughters of the present day may

pounds of flour. In crossing Elk creek on form some estimate of the hardships endured

the ice he disabled his horse, left him in the by the pioneers of this beautiful country. It

snow, and mounting his flour on his own appears that Judge Kingsbury, in order to

back pursued his way filled with gloomy fore- supply the wants of his family, was under the

bodings in relation to the fate of his family. necessity of transporting his provisions from

On his arrival late one evening his worst Cleveland on a hand sled, and that himself

apprehensions were more than realized in a and hired man drew a barrel of beef the whole

scene agonizing to the husband and father. distance at a single load.
Stretched on her cot lay the partner of his

Mr. Kingsbury was the first who thrust a sickle into the first wheat field planted
on the soil of the Reserve. His wife was interred at Cleveland, about the year
1843. The fate of her child — the first white child born on the Reserve, starved
to death for want of nourishment — will not soon be forgotten.

Conneaut in 1846. The harbor of Conneaut is now an important point of
transshipment. It has a pier with a light-house upon it, two forwarding houses
and eleven dwellings. Several vessels ply from here, and it is a frequent stopping
place for steamers. Two miles south of the harbor, twenty-two from Jefferson,
twenty-eight from Erie, Pa., is the borough of Conneaut on the west bank of Con-
neaut creek. It contains four churches, eleven stores, one newspaper printing office,
a fine classical academy, Mr. L. W. Savage and Miss Mary Booth, principals, and
about 1,000 inhabitants. — Old Edition.

Conneaut, on Lake Erie, sixty-eight miles east of Cleveland, also on the L. S.
& M. S. and N. Y. C. & St. L. Railroads. The main shops of the Nickel Plate
railroad are located here. It is expected that the harbor will shortly be opened by
the Conneaut, Jamestown and Southern Railroad, giving improved shipping
facilities.

Newspapers : Herald, Republican, W. T. Findlay, editor ; The Reporter , Repub-
lican, J. P. Reig, editor. Churches : 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1
Catholic and 1 Christian. Banks : Conneaut Mutual Loan Association, Theron
S. Winship, president, C. Hay ward, cashier; First National, S. J. Smith, presi-
dent, B. E. Thayer, cashier. Principal industries are railroad shops, paper mill,
Record Manufacturing Company, Cummins Canning Factory. Population in 1880,
1,256 ; school census in 1886, 564 ; E. C. Gary, superintendent.

The first permanent settlement in Conneaut When the settlers arrived some twenty or

was in 1799. Thomas Montgomery and Aaron thirty Indian cabins were still standing, which

Wright settled here in the spring of 1798. were said to present an appearance of neat-

Eobert Montgomery and family, Levi and ness and comfort not usual with this race.

John Montgomery, Nathan and John King, The Massauga tribe, which inhabited the

and Samuel Bemus and family came the same spot, were obliged to leave in consequence of

season. the murder of a white man named Williams.

ASHTABULA COUNTY.

265

and gradually increasing, was now blowing
nearly a gale, but intent on securing his prize
Sweatland was not in a situation to yield to
the dictates of prudence. The deer, which
was a vigorous animal of its kind, hoisted its
flag of defiance, and breasting the waves
stoutly showed that in a race with a log canoe
and a single paddle he was not easily out-
done.

Sweatland had attained a considerable dis-
tance from the shore and encountered a heavy
sea before overtaking the animal, but was not
apprised of the eminent peril of his situation
until shooting past him the deer turned
towards the shore. He was however brought
to a full appreciation of his danger when, on
tacking his frail vessel and heading towards
the land, he found that with his utmost exer-
tions he could make no progress in the de-
sired direction, but was continually drifting
farther to sea. He had been observed in his
outward progress by Mr. Cousins, who had
arrived immediately after the hounds, and by
his own family, and as he disappeared from
sight considerable apprehensions were enter-
tained for his safety.

The alarm was soon given in the neighbor-
hood, and it was decided by those competent
to judge that his return would be impossible,
and that unless help could be afforded he was
doomed to perish at sea. Actuated by those
generous impulses that often induce men to
peril their own lives to preserve those of
others, Messrs. Gilbert, Cousins and Belden
took a light boat at the mouth of the creek
and proceeded in search of the wanderer, with
the determination to make every effort for
his relief. They met the deer returning
towards the shore nearly exhausted, but the
man who was the object of their solicitude
was nowhere to be seen. They .made stretches
off shore within probable range of the fugitive
for some hours, until they had gained a dis-
tance of five or six miles from land, when
meeting with a sea in which they judged it
impossible for a canoe to live they abandoned
the search, returned with difficulty to the
shore, and Sweatland was given up for lost.

The canoe in which he was embarked was
dug from a large whitewood log by Major
James Brookes, for a fishing boat ; it was
about fourteen feet in length and rather wide
in proportion, and was considered a superior
one of the kind. Sweatland still continued
to lie off, still heading towards the land, with
a faint hope that the wind might abate, or
that aid might reach him from the shore.
One or two schooners were in sight in course
of the day, and he made every signal in his
power to attract their attention, but without
success. The shore continued in sight, and
in tracing its distant outline he could distin-
guish the spot where his cabin stood, within
whose holy precincts were contained the cher-
ished objects of his affections, now doubly
endeared from the prospect of losing them
forever. As these familiar objects receded
from view, and the shores appeared to sink
beneath the troubled waters, the last tie
which united him in companionship to his

fellow-men seemed dissolved, and the busy
world, with all its interests, forever hidden
from his sight.

Fortunately Sweatland possessed a cool
head and a stout heart, which, united with a
tolerable share of physical strength and power
of endurance, eminently qualified him for the
part he was to act in this emergency. He
was a good sailor, and as such would not
yield to despondency until the last expedient
had been exhausted. One only expedient
remained, that of putting before the wind
and endeavoring to reach the Canada shore,
a distance of about fifty miles. This he re-
solved to embrace as his forlorn hope.

It was now blowing a gale, and the sea was
evidently increasing as he proceeded from the
shore, and yet he was borne onwards over the
dizzy waters by a power that no ^human
agency could control. He was obliged to
stand erect, moving cautiously from one ex-
tremity to the other, in order to trim his
vessel to the waves, well aware that a single
lost stroke of the paddle, or a tottering move-
ment, would swamp his frail bark and bring
his adventure to a final close. Much of his
attention was likewise required in bailing his
canoe from the water, an operation which he
was obliged to perform by making use of his
shoes, a substantial pair of stoggies, that hap-
pened fortunately to be upon his feet.

Hitherto he had been blessed with the cheer-
ful light of heaven, and amidst all his perils
could say, "The light is sweet, and it is a
pleasant thing for the eyes to behold the sun, ' '
but to add to his distress, the shades of night
were now gathering around him, and he was
soon enveloped in darkness. The sky was
overcast, and the light of a few stars that
twinkled through the haze alone remained to
guide his path over the dark and troubled
waters. In this fearful condition, destitute
of food and the necessary clothing, his log
canoe was rocked upon the billows during
that long and terrible night. When morning
appeared he was in sight of land, and found
he had made Long Point, on the Canada
shore. Here he was met by an adverse wind
and a cross sea, but the same providential aid
which had guided him thus far still sustained
and protected him ; and after being buffeted
by the winds and waves for nearly thirty
hours, he succeeded in reaching the land in
safety.

What were the emotions he experienced on
treading once more L ' the green and solid
earth," we shall not attempt to inquire, but
his trials were not yet ended. He found him-
self faint with hunger and exhausted with
fatigue, at the distance of forty miles from any
human habitation, whilst the country that in-
tervened was a desert filled with marshes and
tangled thickets, from which nothing could
be obtained to supply his wants. These diffi-
culties, together with the reduced state of his
strength, rendered his progress towards the
settlements slow and toilsome. On his way
he found a quantity of goods, supposed to
have been driven on shore from the wreck of
some vessel, which, although they afforded

ASHTABULA COUNTY.

267

X<. Hills ; Sheriff, Starr O. Latimer ; Surveyor, John S. Sill ; Treasurer, Amos
35. Luce.

Newspapers : Ashtabula Sentinel, J. A. Howells, editor, Republican ; Jefferson
Gazette, Republican, Hon, E. L. Lampsen, editor. Churches : one Congregational,
one Baptist, one Methodist, one Episcopal, and one Catholic. Banks : First Na-
tional, N. E. French, president, J. C. A. Bushnell, cashier ; Talcott's Deposit,
Henry Talcott, president, J. C. Talcott, cashier. Population in 1880, 1,008.

The village is well situated on a slight eminence which falls off in each direction.
Its streets are wide, well kept and finely shaded. It has been the home of a
number of prominent men, including Senator B. F. Wade, Hons. J. R. Giddings,
A.G. Riddle, Wm. C. Howells, Rufus P. Ranney, etc. Mr. Howells is the father
of W. D. Howells, the author, and is one of the oldest editors, if not the oldest,
in the State ; he was at one time United States Consul in Canada. The eminent
Rufus P. Ranney was born in 1813 in Blanford, Mass. ; passed his youth in
Portage county ; studied law with Wade and Giddings ; in 1839 became a partner
with Mr. Wade ; was twice Supreme Judge ; member of the Constitutional Con-
tention, United States District Attorney for Northern Ohio in 1857 ; in 1859 was
the Democratic candidate for governor against Wm. Dennison. He now resides
in Cleveland and is considered by many as the first lawyer in Northern Ohio.

Drawn by Henry Howe, in 1846.
County Buildings at Jefferson.

TRAVELLING NOTES.

Tues., Oct 5. — At noon I stepped from
the cars at Jefferson. There is not in any
land a community of 1,200 people who live
in more substantial comfort and peace than
this. The streets are broad, well shaded, the
home lots large, where about every family has
its garden and fruit trees, where all seem to
be on that equal plane of middle life that
answered to the prayer of Agar ,; and, more-
over, as the home of Joshua R. Giddings and
Benj. F. Wade, those Boanerges of freedom,
and the spot of their burial, it has an honor
and memory of extraordinary value. The
village, too, is well named, being in memory
of one who said that God was just and his
justice would not sleep forever, for he had
no attribute that sympathized with human
slavery.

The Old Man and His Grapes. — After
leaving the cars I turned into the main street

leading to the centre, when my attention was
arrested by the sight of an old man four rods
from the road standing on a chair plucking
grapes from an arbor by the side of his cot-
tage. One of the pretty things in rural life
is the sight of people plucking fruit ; in-
stinctively, the thoughts go up, and there
drops into the heart with a grateful sense the
words "God giveth the increase." Early
this morning while in a hack going from
Chardon to Painesville I had passed an apple
orchard where men and boys were on ladders
plucking the golden and crimson fruit and
carefully placing it in bags hanging from
branches ; and the sight was pleasing.

It is a weak spot in the education of city
people that they can know nothing of the
gratification that comes from the cultivation
and development of the fruits of the earth,
nor that exquisite pleasure, the sense of per-
sonal ownership that must arise in the breast

ASHTABULA COUNTY.

269

To illustrate the fruitfulness of the land
Mr. Howells showed me thirty-six pears
clustered on a single stem only about twenty
inches long ; the entire weight was eleven
pounds. He told me that this county last
year raised 587,000 bushels of apples. One
cider factory, that of Woodworth, at West
Williamsfield, sent off in 1885 twenty car-
loads of sixty barrels each, fifty-two gallons
in a barrel — in all 62,400 gallons.

The old-fashioned cider mill is here a thing
largely in the past — the rustic cider mill,
unpainted and brown as a rat, with its faith-
ful old horse going around in a circle turning
the cumbrous wheel, was always a picturesque
object, and the spot attractive by its huge
piles of apples in many colors, especially to

the boys and girls who flocked hither to
4 * suck cider through a straw. J ' *

Few peaches are now raised on the Re-
serve ; formerly they were so superabundant
that tney could not use them all and had to
feed them to the swine ; now in the absence
of the peaches we have to look for the exqui-
site tints on the cheeks of the merry, healthy
children.

Anecdotes of Giddings. — Mr. Howells gave
me some anecdotes of the renowned Joshua.
When he came home from Congress after the
long session often prolonged into the heated
term of midsummer he would, as one might
say, "turn out to grass.'* He went about
the village barefoot with old brown linen
pants, old straw hat, and in his shirt sleeves

Frank Henry Howe, Photo., 1887.

Giddings and Wade's Monuments, Jefferson.

The monument of Giddings is in the foreground : that of Wade in the distance.

engage in games of base ball of which he was
very fond, and enter people's houses and talk
with the women ana children, for he knew
everybody and was eminently social. "On
an occasion of this kind," said Mr. Howells,
"he picked up my wife, then a child, and
illustrated his prodigious strength by holding
her out at arm's-length, she standing on his
hand."

To a question Mr. Howells answered me
that Mr. Giddings was such an even common
sense man so devoid of eccentricities that
there were but few floating anecdotes in re-
gard to him. "1 once, however," said he,
"remember hearing him relate this startling
incident When a young man clearing up
the forest he one day leaned over and grasp-
ing at both ends a decaying log he lifted it
up with outstretched arms to take it away,

and had it drawn up to within a few inches
of his nose when he discovered curled up in a
hollow place within a huge rattlesnake." I
presume at this discovery Mr. Giddings gently,
very gently laid down that log ; it would be
characteristic of him if characteristic of any-
body.

The homesteads of Giddings and Wade
were near each other in the centre of the
village. Mr. Howells showed them to me,
and then we went to visit their graves in the
cemetery. I felt as though he was an emi-
nently proper person to pilot me to a grave-
yard, for only a few weeks had elapsed since
he was in the most noted graveyard in Old
England, the scene of Gray's elegy; there
he stood by the grave of Gray and witnessed
an old-fashioned burial, that of a rustic borne
on the shoulders of four men, with four others

ASHTABULA COUNTY.

271

played old-fashioned base ball here in Jeffer-
son. He also was fond of ten-pins. On an
occasion when he was in Congress he and
Mr. Bliss, another member, engaged as part-
ners in a game of ten-pins with Mr. John A.
Bingham and my brother Grotius. Bingham
was a poor player and always beaten ; but
Grotius excelled. In the result they k skunked '
the others, when Bingham was so overjoyed
that he cheered and then tumbled and rolled
on the floor in excess of hilarity. Grotius
was an officer in the regular army and in one
of the battles in which he was engaged,
although the men lay most of the time flat
on the ground, 400 of the 1,200 engaged were
killed and wounded."

When in Congress Mr. Giddings' physical
strength and commanding person gave him
great advantages over ordinary men. This
with his power of denunciation and indomi-
table pluck and habit of plain speaking,
made him an object of intense hatred by the
Southern fire-eaters. As it was his habit to
carry a heavy cane, they stood in wholesome
awe of the Ashtabula giant. And well they
might ; for one who had passed his young life
in felling big oaks down in Wayne and occa-
sionally " toting " live rattlesnakes around on
logs could not but be an object of wholesome
respect even with a fire-eater.

"My father," said Mr. G., "after his
famous encounter with Black, on the floor of
Congress, met an amusing incident which he
used to relate with glee. He was walking on
Congress avenue, as usual swinging his cane,
when he met Black coming toward him. The
latter happened to have his head down and
did not see father until he got within about
three rods of him, when on looking up he
suddenly stopped short as if astounded, and
then in a twinkling dodged down an alley-
way."

Another anecdote is told of Giddings.
Preston Brooks challenged him to personal
combat. Mr. Giddings did not wish any
harsh means used with his political enemies
if he could avoid it. Brooks continued his
threats. Finally one day when he was having
a wordy combat with the bully, he got out of
patience and told him he would fight him and
he could choose his time, place and weapon..
To this Brooks replied, "Now is my time
and my weapon a pistol." "Very well,"
rejoined Giddings ; " all I want to settle this
affair is a York shilling raw-hide." With
such a contemptuous expectoration of speech
as this, but two alternatives were left the
bully : assassination, or a howling and gnash-
ing of his teeth. Mr. Giddings was not as-
sassinated.

Joshua Reed Giddings was born in
Athens, Pa. , in 1 795, and at eleven years of
age came to, Ash tabula county with his
parents. In 1838 he was elected as a Whig
to Congress, but soon became prominent as
an advocate of the right of petition and the
abolition of slavery and the domestic slave
trade.

In 1841 the '' Creole," an American vessel,
sailed from Virginia to Louisiana